Datasets:

PDFluent
/

pdf-document-layout-ground-truth

pretty_name: PDFluent PDF Document Layout Ground Truth (sample)
license: other
license_name: mixed-per-config
license_link: >-
  https://huggingface.co/datasets/PDFluent/pdf-document-layout-ground-truth#licences-and-attribution
language:
  - en
size_categories:
  - 1K<n<10K
task_categories:
  - object-detection
  - image-to-text
tags:
  - pdf
  - document-ai
  - document-understanding
  - layout-analysis
  - table-extraction
  - heading-detection
  - math-formula-recognition
  - latex
  - ocr
  - rag
  - ground-truth
  - pdf-to-markdown
  - document-parsing
configs:
  - config_name: default
    default: true
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/default/train.jsonl
  - config_name: third_party_scans
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/third_party_scans/train.jsonl
  - config_name: share_alike
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: data/share_alike/train.jsonl

PDFluent PDF Document Layout Ground Truth Dataset

Block-level layout annotations for born-digital PDFs (headings, paragraphs, tables, reading order) with LaTeX formulas and scan pages. For researchers and developers building document parsing, RAG tools, and LLM pipelines. Made by the team behind PDFluent SDK 1.3.0. PDFluent 1.3.0 ranks above every engine on the published opendataloader-bench leaderboard (as of 3 November 2026)*.

*Overall score 0.9168 (quality="auto", keep_furniture=True, Linux) against the engines listed in the benchmark README on 3 November 2026; submitted as pull request #37 (https://github.com/opendataloader-project/opendataloader-bench/pull/37). Other engines have submissions open that are not yet on the leaderboard.

Use it in two lines

from datasets import load_dataset
pages = load_dataset("PDFluent/pdf-document-layout-ground-truth", "default", split="train")

The PDF behind each row is in this repository at the path in the asset field.

More examples

import json
from datasets import load_dataset

repo = "PDFluent/pdf-document-layout-ground-truth"
pages = load_dataset(repo, "default", split="train").filter(lambda r: r["kind"] == "page")
formulas = load_dataset(repo, "default", split="train").filter(lambda r: r["kind"] == "formula")
scans = load_dataset(repo, "third_party_scans", split="train")
sa = load_dataset(repo, "share_alike", split="train")

row = pages[0]
annotation = json.loads(row["annotation_json"])
print(row["document_id"], row["page_number"], list(annotation))

The PDF behind each row is in this repository at the path in asset:

from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download

pdf_path = hf_hub_download(repo, row["asset"], repo_type="dataset")

What you get

CC BY 4.0 annotations for born-digital PDFs (free for commercial use with attribution)
FinTabNet scans under CDLA-Permissive-1.0 terms
CC BY-SA 4.0 config for share-alike projects
Evaluate layout analysis, table extraction, and heading detection models
Lightly fine-tune formula recognition and reading order systems

What is in it

The dataset has three configs. default: born-digital PDF pages with block-level layout annotations (headings, paragraphs, tables) and display-formula LaTeX. third_party_scans: scan pages from FinTabNet, with IBM's ground truth. share_alike: pages from CC BY-SA papers, with annotations under CC BY-SA.

Fields

Each row links to a PDF page asset by SHA-256. annotation_json is a string because page, scan and formula ground truth schemas differ.

Field	Meaning
`document_id`	Source document identifier (for example `arxiv:...`)
`source`	Source collection
`kind`	`page`, `formula` or `scan`
`page_number`	Page in the source document
`asset`, `asset_sha256`	Path of the PDF file in this repo and its SHA-256
`annotation_json`	Ground truth as a JSON string (blocks, boxes, reading order, source text, LaTeX)
`annotation_licence`, `annotation_attribution`	Licence and credit for the annotation
`paper_licence`, `paper_attribution_json`	Licence and attribution of the underlying paper

There is one split, train. There is no evaluation split.

Sampling

This is a sample, not the full ground truth. Documents were selected at document level, stratified by source. The sample supports evaluation and light fine-tuning but is too small to train a model to PDFluent's level.

Holdouts and label quality

Documents in PDFluent's benchmark and holdout sets are excluded. The exclusion registry has partial coverage for some sources. Labels are generated automatically and inherit extraction errors.

Licences and attribution

Our annotations in default are CC BY 4.0: credit 'Innovation Trigger B.V., PDFluent ground-truth annotations (2026)' and link to https://pdfluent.com. Paper content keeps its original licence. third_party_scans keeps CDLA-Permissive-1.0. share_alike annotations are CC BY-SA 4.0.

Config	Annotation licence	Underlying content
`default`	CC BY 4.0	arXiv (CC BY 4.0, CC0 1.0), PubMed Central (CC BY), synthetic pages
`third_party_scans`	CDLA-Permissive-1.0	FinTabNet, IBM Research
`share_alike`	CC BY-SA 4.0	arXiv papers under CC BY-SA 4.0

Mandatory credit for default: Innovation Trigger B.V., PDFluent ground-truth annotations (2026), https://pdfluent.com. Keep the credit, the licence link and an indication of your changes. Per-document paper credit is in ATTRIBUTION.tsv. The package as a whole is mixed-source and has no blanket licence; check the config you use.

Licence in plain words

Default config uses our CC BY 4.0 annotations (credit line: Innovation Trigger B.V., PDFluent ground-truth annotations (2026)). Third-party scans follow CDLA-Permissive-1.0 terms. Share-alike config requires CC BY-SA 4.0 for derivatives.

Try PDFluent

Load this dataset in two lines of code. Run the PDFluent SDK on the same PDFs and diff its Markdown against the annotations. See pdfluent.com/docs.

Citation

@misc{pdfluent_layout_ground_truth_2026,
  author       = {{Innovation Trigger B.V.}},
  title        = {PDFluent PDF document layout ground truth (document-level sample)},
  year         = {2026},
  publisher    = {Hugging Face},
  url          = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/PDFluent/pdf-document-layout-ground-truth},
  note         = {PDFluent, https://pdfluent.com}
}