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Token Classification
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Sub-tasks:
named-entity-recognition
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Persian
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| # Persian NER annotation guidelines, v2.2 | |
| Labels: `PER`, `LOC`, `ORG`, `DAT`. Everything else is `O`. Spans are contiguous token | |
| sequences on the PerDT `--merge-subtokens` tokenization; an entity text must be reproducible | |
| by joining consecutive tokens with single spaces. | |
| These conventions were inferred from PerDT's silver NER layer (Beheshti-NER output with manual | |
| corrections, `corpus/perdt-ner-iob/train.txt`, 26,196 sentences) so that new annotations agree | |
| with the bulk of the existing data. Where the silver layer is inconsistent, the majority rule | |
| is stated and the minority is called out as an error to correct. Counts are train-split. | |
| ## General | |
| 1. Annotate every mention, including repeats within a sentence. | |
| 2. Do not nest or overlap. The longest span that is itself a name wins: | |
| `دانشگاه تهران` is one `ORG`, not `ORG` around a `LOC`; `شرکت مخابرات ایران` is one `ORG`. | |
| 3. Coordinated names are separate spans: `ایران و عراق` is `LOC` + `LOC`. | |
| 4. Nationality and language adjectives and demonyms are `O`: `ایرانی` (181/181 `O`), | |
| `آمریکایی`, `ایرانیان`, `مسلمانان`, `فارسی`, `انگلیسی`. | |
| 5. Religions, ideologies, scriptures and literary works are `O`: `اسلام`, `قرآن`, `شاهنامه`. | |
| 6. Generic role nouns are `O` and sit outside the span: `رئیس جمهور ایران` labels only | |
| `ایران` (`LOC`); `وزیر` and `رئیس` precede `ORG` spans but are never inside them. | |
| ## PER | |
| 7. Personal names, including religious and historical figures: `علی`, `احمدینژاد`, | |
| `داریوش`, `اوباما`, `پیامبر`, `رسول خدا`, `امام حسین`. | |
| 8. Secular honorifics and titles are `O`, outside the span: `آقای` (140/141 `O`), `دکتر` | |
| (104/107 `O`), `آیتالله`, `استاد`, `ارتشبد`. `آقای احمدینژاد` → `[احمدینژاد]`. | |
| 9. Religious titles fused with the name are inside the span: `امام` (217 `B-PER`), `حضرت` | |
| (129 `B-PER`), `سید`: `[امام صادق]`, `[حضرت علی]`, `[سید محمدحسن ابوترابیفرد]`. | |
| 10. Blessing formulas: the spelled-out `علیهالسلام` directly after a name is inside the span | |
| (88/98): `[امام صادق علیهالسلام]`. The abbreviated parenthetical `( ع )` / `( ص )` is | |
| entirely `O`: `[امام حسین] ( ع )`. (The silver layer tags the opening `(` as `I-PER` 295 | |
| times; that is a tokenization artefact, correct it.) | |
| 11. `خدا` and `الله` alone are `O` (520/566); `رسول خدا` as a name of the Prophet is `PER`. | |
| 12. Patronymic chains are one span: `[احمد بن محمد بن عیسی]`. | |
| ## LOC | |
| 13. Countries, cities, provinces, regions, continents, bodies of water, planets: | |
| `ایران`, `تهران`, `خاورمیانه`, `اروپا`, `خلیج فارس`, `مریخ`. | |
| 14. Geographic head nouns are INSIDE the span when directly followed by the name: | |
| `[شهر تهران]` (88 vs 4), `[استان گلستان]` (69 vs 0), `[منطقهٔ ...]` (32 vs 4), | |
| `[کشور روسیه]` (27 vs 5). Alone, without a name, they are `O` (`کشور` alone 440 `O`). | |
| 15. `جهان` ("the world") is `LOC` when it denotes the world as a place (`در جهان`, | |
| `بزرگترین تالاب جهان`), 202 vs 87. `زمین` is `LOC` only as the planet (`کرهٔ زمین`), | |
| otherwise `O` (250 `O`). | |
| 16. Metonymic country/capital names acting as governments stay `LOC`: `تهران اعلام کرد`. | |
| 17. `مردم ایران`, `ملت ایران`: only `ایران` is labelled. | |
| 18. Compass terms are `O` unless they are part of a named region: `غرب` alone `O` | |
| (84 vs 15), and `غرب` meaning "the West" as a civilisation or political bloc is `O` | |
| too (`مدلبرداری از غرب`, `پوششهای مبتذل غرب`). `[غرب تهران]`, `[خاورمیانه]` are `LOC`. | |
| ## ORG | |
| 19. Companies, institutions, ministries, parties, armed groups, sports clubs, media outlets, | |
| banks, universities, international bodies: `گوگل`, `طالبان`, `استقلال`, `سازمان ملل`, | |
| `بانک مرکزی`, `مجلس شورای اسلامی`, `صدا و سیما`, `اینترپل`, `ساواک`. | |
| 20. Organisational head nouns are INSIDE the span when followed by a specifier: | |
| `[دولت ایران]`, `[وزارت امور خارجه]`, `[شرکت مخابرات ایران]`, `[تیم استقلال]`, | |
| `[سفارت ایران]`, `[ارتش دریایی ایران]`, `[دانشگاه تهران]`, `[تیم ملی بوکس]`. | |
| A head noun with no specifier is `O`, even when it clearly denotes one institution in | |
| context: `دولت` alone 221 `O`, `تیم` 129 `O`, `مجلس` 132 `O`, and likewise bare | |
| `شهرداری`, `فدراسیون`, `وزارت`, `سفارت`, `دانشگاه`, `تیم ملی`. "The municipality | |
| collects its dues" labels nothing; `[شهرداری تهران]` is `ORG`. | |
| 21. A country name inside such a phrase belongs to the `ORG` span, not a separate `LOC` | |
| (103 `ORG` spans end in `ایران`). | |
| 22. Political entities named as states are `ORG`: `جمهوری اسلامی`, `جمهوری اسلامی ایران`, | |
| `رژیم صهیونیستی`, `رژیم ایران`. | |
| 23. News agencies cited as sources are `ORG`: `به گزارش خبرنگار [مهر]`. | |
| ## DAT | |
| 24. Absolute dates and years, including the head noun `سال`/`ماه`/`روز` when present: | |
| `[سال 1974]`, `[ماه رمضان]`, `[روز جمعه]`, `[سیام اکتبر سال 1910]`, | |
| `[سال هزار و هشتصد و یازده]`, `[ماه ژوئن سال 2011]`. | |
| 25. Relative date expressions are `DAT`: `امروز` (149), `فردا`, `دیروز`, `امسال`, | |
| `[سال گذشته]`, `[سال جاری]`, `[هفتهٔ آینده]`, `[این هفته]` (10 vs 0), `[روز گذشته]`. | |
| The vague deictics `این روزها` (0/24), `این ماه` (0/6) and `این سال` (0/3) are `O`: | |
| the silver layer treats them as "nowadays", not as a dated period. | |
| 26. Durations anchored to now are `DAT`: `[10 سال پیش]`, `[سه دهه پیش]`, `[یک ماه قبل]`. | |
| Unanchored durations are `O`: `به مدت سه سال`. | |
| 27. A date range with `از ... تا/الی ...` is ONE span including `از` and `تا`: | |
| `[از بهمن 1343 تا خرداد 1357]`, `[از سال 1375 تا سال 1386]`, `[از 420 تا 438 میلادی]`. | |
| `[از آغاز امسال] تاکنون`: `تاکنون` is outside. | |
| 28. Calendar suffixes are inside: `[سال 1251 شمسی]`, `[438 میلادی]`; the abbreviated | |
| `ه . ش` after a year is outside. | |
| 29. Eras and dynasties as periods are `O` (`هخامنشی`, `ساسانی`), and so are historic | |
| empires named after them (`امپراطوری پارس`); named festivals `نوروز`, `عاشورا` are | |
| `O` on their own (`نوروز` 30 `O` vs 3 `DAT`, `عاشورا` 41/0), including attributive | |
| use (`تشریفات نوروز`). A festival phrase headed by `سال`/`ماه`/`روز`, or carrying a | |
| year, is `DAT` under rule 24: `[ماه رمضان]`, `[سال نو چینی]`, `[نوروز امسال]`. | |
| 30. Times of day, clock times, money and percentages are `O` in this label set. | |
| ## Cases v1 left open, decided in v2 | |
| 31. Events are `O`. The label set has no EVENT class, and an event is not the organisation | |
| that runs it: `نمایشگاه CES`, `جام جهانی`, `المپیک`, `لیگ قهرمانان آسیا` are all `O`. | |
| The organising or competing body is still `ORG` when named: `[فدراسیون فوتبال]`. | |
| 32. Habitual and frequency expressions are `O`: `هر روز`, `هر شب`, `هر هفته`, `روزانه`, | |
| `همهروزه`. Only absolute dates (rule 24), relative dates (rule 25) and now-anchored | |
| durations (rule 26) are `DAT`. `هر روز` is a habit; `امروز` is a date. | |
| 33. A religious title is part of a `PER` span only when a personal name follows it | |
| (rule 9): `[امام صادق]`, `[حضرت علی]`, `[امام خمینی]`. Standing alone it is `O`, | |
| whatever it refers to in context: `امام` with no name following is `O` 128 times | |
| against 12 `PER`, `حضرت` 81 against 3. So `حضرت فرمودند`, `آن حضرت`, `به محضر حضرت` | |
| and `امام ( ع ) فرمود` label nothing. Collective references are `O` as well: | |
| `ائمهٔ اطهار`, `اهلبیت`, `معصومین`. `پیامبر` and `رسول خدا` stay `PER` (rule 7): | |
| they are used as the name of one person, not as a title before a name. | |
| 34. Peoples, tribes and ethnic groups are `O`, consistent with rule 4: `قوم مایا`, | |
| `ترکمن`, `اعراب`, `کردها`. A place named after such a group is still `LOC`. | |
| 35. A personal name used as an epithet is still `PER`: `[امیرکبیر] فوتبال ایران`. The name | |
| is the entity; the metaphor does not change that. (The silver layer usually leaves | |
| these unlabelled; this is a deliberate deviation.) | |
| 36. `دنیا` is `O`, and does NOT follow rule 15 the way `جهان` does. The two words diverge | |
| sharply in the silver layer: `جهان` is `LOC` 202 times against 87 `O`, while `دنیا` is | |
| `O` 240 times against 20 `LOC`. So `در سراسر دنیا` and `قفس دنیا` label nothing, while | |
| `در جهان` is `LOC`. | |
| 37. Century expressions are `DAT`, including the head noun and any calendar suffix: | |
| `[قرن سوم هجری]`, `[قرن بیستم]`, `[اوایل قرن نوزدهم]`. | |
| 38. Brands, products, software and vehicle models are `O`: `بنز`, `فتوشاپ`, `ویندوز`, | |
| `فایرفاکس`. The company behind them is `ORG` when the sentence names the company | |
| (`[شرکت مایکروسافت]`), not when it names the product. | |
| 39. Deities, angels and mythological beings are `O`, extending rule 11: `خدا`, `الله`, | |
| `یزدان`, `شیطان`, `ابلیس`, `جبرئیل`. Prophets and imams named as people stay `PER`. | |
| 40. Religious denominations, theological and philosophical schools, and political | |
| movements are `O`, extending rule 5: `شیعه` (41 `O`), `سنی` (28), `معتزله` (5), | |
| `اشاعره`, `صوفیه`, `مارکسیسم` (4). A named organisation belonging to one is still | |
| `ORG` (`[حزب توده]`). | |
| ## Changelog | |
| v2, derived from adjudicating 500 annotated sentences against the silver layer | |
| (`annotation/data/llm/ner-v1-default/pool-500.agreement.json`): | |
| - Rules 31–37 added. 31–34 close gaps that produced most of the real annotation errors | |
| under v1 (events tagged `ORG`, habituals tagged `DAT`, collective religious references | |
| tagged `PER`, ethnonyms tagged `LOC`). 35–37 decide cases where v1 was silent. | |
| - Rules 18, 20 and 29 were already correct but were violated repeatedly, so each now names | |
| the exact forms that were mislabelled: `غرب` as "the West", bare `شهرداری`/`فدراسیون`/ | |
| `مجلس`/`تیم ملی`, and bare `نوروز`. | |
| - Rules 1–17, 19, 21–28, 30 are unchanged from v1. Numbering is stable across versions. | |
| - A first v2 draft over-corrected: it dropped `[کلینیک نور]` (`ORG` with a name, rule 20). | |
| Rules 25 and 29 were re-checked against train-split counts (`این روزها` 0/24 `O`, | |
| `نوروز` 30 `O` vs 3 `DAT`) and now state both directions explicitly. | |
| v2.1, after annotating the full 1455-sentence test split and adjudicating every | |
| disagreement: | |
| - Rule 33 is reverted and rewritten. v2 claimed a bare `امام`/`حضرت` denoting a specific | |
| person is `PER`, generalising from 11 instances of `امام (`. The base rate contradicts | |
| it: with no personal name following, `امام` is `O` 128 times against 12 `PER` and | |
| `حضرت` 81 against 3. That single rule caused 7 of the 19 real annotation errors left on | |
| the full split. | |
| - Rules 38 (brands and products) and 39 (deities and mythological beings) added; they | |
| cover 5 more of those 19 errors (`بنز`, `فتوشاپ`, `جاماسپ`, `شیطان`, `یزدان`). | |
| v2.2, after relabelling the first 2,000 train sentences (largely literary and memoir prose, | |
| a genre the test split barely contains): | |
| - Rule 36 is reversed. v2.1 claimed `دنیا` behaves like `جهان`; the silver layer says the | |
| opposite, `دنیا` `O` 240 against 20 `LOC` while `جهان` is `LOC` 202 against 87 `O`. | |
| - Rule 40 added: denominations, theological schools and political movements are `O` | |
| (`شیعه` 41 `O`, `سنی` 28, `معتزله` 5, `مارکسیسم` 4). `معتزله` tagged `ORG` was an error | |
| with no rule to prevent it. | |