Datasets:

RegalFire
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Scientific-Biology-QA

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null	[ { "answer_html": "<p>I have a hard time to understand exactly what and how you are modelling your scenarios, so it is difficult to answer the question. For one; are you modelling survival rates of individuals under different scenarios, or are you modelling actual evolution across time (e.g trait or allele frequ...	true	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	A Fog	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76192/a-fog	registered	2023-07-11T08:02:44	<p>I am making a program for simulating natural selection. Now, I have discovered an interesting difference between positive selection and negative selection.</p> <p>Positive selection occurs when the population size is limited by resources. Take bird territories as an example. Assume that there are not enough suitable...	CC BY-SA 4.0	2	I am making a program for simulating natural selection. Now, I have discovered an interesting difference between positive selection and negative selection. Positive selection occurs when the population size is limited by resources. Take bird territories as an example. Assume that there are not enough suitable terri...	ee30c3c0cc5226c8c18e26e6991ccd62ca9eebf377ebac7dd51c86041a67a62f	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "A Fog", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76192/a-fog", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-11T08:02:44", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b11976af222c2a36168e832...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	05188bba43145321e60401c24b853027c296be37818e3f9fd227e4783280bc4f	[ "evolution", "ecology", "natural-selection", "statistics", "computational-model" ]	112,535	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112535/models-of-evolution-by-positive-versus-negative-selection	Models of evolution by positive versus negative selection
112,555	[ { "answer_html": "<p>It depends on the phenotype you're quantifying. If you want to quantify height, for example, just measure it and record the number. However, you seem to be implying "overall" phenotypic variation of all phenotypes. You may be interested in looking up "PheWASs," or phenom...	true	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	user107952	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/9675/user107952	registered	2023-07-11T16:12:11	<p>It is easy to quantify and measure genotypic variation, because genes are digital, like the 1's and 0's of a computer. You just check how many places the gene "letters" A,C,G,and,T differ. But how does one quantify and measure phenotypic variation? The reason I am asking this question is because there are ...	CC BY-SA 4.0	2	It is easy to quantify and measure genotypic variation, because genes are digital, like the 1's and 0's of a computer. You just check how many places the gene "letters" A,C,G,and,T differ. But how does one quantify and measure phenotypic variation? The reason I am asking this question is because there are several speci...	704558d4087d05036402c7ce80999bbc327b4e2d9463b0f9b6f865e70a502449	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "user107952", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/9675/user107952", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-11T16:12:11", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b11976af222c2a...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	a5b33b3199264628af9366dd5c4212a5a7173633988b9e28425291f96a490262	[ "dna", "definitions" ]	112,539	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112539/how-to-quantify-and-measure-phenotypic-variation	How to quantify and measure phenotypic variation?
112,863	[ { "answer_html": "<p>I searched for this question and obtained the answer, which I will expand on.</p>\n<p>There is a mechanism called 'allele exclusion' (allelic exclusion),\nwhich means that when one of a pair of immunoglobulin/TCR genes is successfully reconstituted and\nbecomes a functional gene, the other...	false	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	Blue Various	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/53374/blue-various	registered	2023-07-12T11:27:53	<p>I have not been able to find any literature that clearly states this, but if I understand correctly, T and B cells are diploid.</p> <p>If so, there are two sets of genomes, and if both are TCR/VDJ reconstituted, it would seem that one cell would have two different TCR/antibodies. In other words, there will be a TCR/...	CC BY-SA 4.0	0	I have not been able to find any literature that clearly states this, but if I understand correctly, T and B cells are diploid. If so, there are two sets of genomes, and if both are TCR/VDJ reconstituted, it would seem that one cell would have two different TCR/antibodies. In other words, there will be a TCR/antibo...	c6b777265fa60f400b5c8708d65758cd427a3a6ec296a6589350ae717008e042	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "Blue Various", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/53374/blue-various", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-12T11:27:53", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b11976af2...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	812f481a41f1f39e83f0299658f6c7d98cc9c0808c238e6cf67cbe7aeb224fdf	[ "immunology", "antibody" ]	112,544	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112544/why-dont-each-of-t-and-b-cells-make-two-different-tcrs-antibodies-except-for-t	Why don't each of T and B cells make two different TCRs/antibodies, except for the class switch?
null	[ { "answer_html": "<p>So the book invokes individuals with low levels of psychopathology and negative thought. They have very high scores in psychometric health tests.</p>\n<p>Yes most of us have <strong>average symptom levels</strong> of mental disorder, and there are those with very high and very low levels of...	true	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	TheRedHyacinth	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76194/theredhyacinth	registered	2023-07-13T03:24:49	<p>I was studying human health and diseases in a book and first it defined general health as: <strong>“The overall complete physical, social, and mental well being.”</strong> It further went to say that health is being efficient, devoid of negative thoughts, etc.</p> <p>The word complete is throwing me off, here. Isn't...	CC BY-SA 4.0	2	I was studying human health and diseases in a book and first it defined general health as: “The overall complete physical, social, and mental well being.” It further went to say that health is being efficient, devoid of negative thoughts, etc. The word complete is throwing me off, here. Isn't that the definition of...	7cb515ee4c745a6f72c711eedf0aea3f978fee083653ac138199e2b27726b49f	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "TheRedHyacinth", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76194/theredhyacinth", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-13T03:24:49", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b1197...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	3f305071b35849aa07c8fa47b1ea01e4ac8874ce98306160e40cbe445cb50ff9	[ "human-biology", "health" ]	112,549	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112549/what-is-health	What is health?
null	[ { "answer_html": "<p>Since, the topic itself is under research i would refrain from making bold assumptions but my hypothesis (based on evolutionary benefit; extra nutrient availability in pistil) is plausible enough and helpful for understanding your topic, but before that let me explain to you some prerequisi...	false	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	TheRedHyacinth	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76194/theredhyacinth	registered	2023-07-13T05:29:19	<p>In over 60% of angiosperms, pollen grains are shed off at 2-celled stage (Vegetative cell and a generative cell) and in the other 40% it is shed off at 3-celled stage (Vegetative cell and 2 male gametes). During the pollen pistil interaction, if the pollen grain is 2- celled, it divides to form a 3-celled stage duri...	CC BY-SA 4.0	2	In over 60% of angiosperms, pollen grains are shed off at 2-celled stage (Vegetative cell and a generative cell) and in the other 40% it is shed off at 3-celled stage (Vegetative cell and 2 male gametes). During the pollen pistil interaction, if the pollen grain is 2- celled, it divides to form a 3-celled stage during ...	31441dc4a4a61a08aabedf96f29b2d85736fce2ed5d0ffaeb76e4a1bd3dbdbb6	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "TheRedHyacinth", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76194/theredhyacinth", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-13T05:29:19", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b1197...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	71cec1af09cf68171095924852220cb4bb81e1218155392dfe7ff9c66a28e251	[ "botany", "pollination" ]	112,550	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112550/why-do-pollen-grains-tend-to-remain-in-the-2-celled-stage-in-most-angiosperms	Why do pollen grains tend to remain in the 2 celled stage in most angiosperms?
112,662	[ { "answer_html": "<p>The original question's guess happened to be exactly how heritability is defined in the Falconer's formula.</p>\n<p>Given genetic relatedness (1 for mz identical twin, 0.5 for dz fraternal twin) on the <span class=\"math-container\">$x$</span> axis and twin correlation for the phenotype on ...	false	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	BigMistake	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/75355/bigmistake	registered	2023-07-13T07:33:15	<p>Is broad-sense heritability just the slope of the line that passes through the coordinates:</p> <ol> <li>(1, The phenotypic correlation among monozygotic twins)</li> <li>(0.5, The phenotypic correlation among dizygotic twins</li> <li>[Optionally] (0, The phenotypic correlation among unrelated individuals)?</li> </ol...	CC BY-SA 4.0	0	Is broad-sense heritability just the slope of the line that passes through the coordinates: (1, The phenotypic correlation among monozygotic twins) (0.5, The phenotypic correlation among dizygotic twins [Optionally] (0, The phenotypic correlation among unrelated individuals)? Here, the X axis is the r...	400fb0b952b99efbf7126aaf06594fa70e5c81b922b2d83532f9b5911ae9faea	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "BigMistake", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/75355/bigmistake", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-13T07:33:15", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b11976af222c2...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	8bea2d4a2b331a7ae975a85ccbe5f570fbbfb0d29325cc24f3c53a4edf389355	[ "genetics", "human-genetics", "twins" ]	112,552	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112552/is-heritability-just-slope	Is heritability just slope?
null	[ { "answer_html": "<p>It does not because it causes no structural damage to mosquito in either stage i.e while penetrating into endolymph via gut and also while penetrating the salivary gland since there is complimentary protein ligand (on surface of gut and on surface of salivary gland) which facilitates its en...	true	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	TheRedHyacinth	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76194/theredhyacinth	registered	2023-07-14T11:22:30	<p>I was studying the life cycle of Plasmodium, and I read that the infectious form (sporozoites) is what causes malaria in humans. I also read that this form resides in the salivary glands of the female Anopheles(carrirer of Plasmodium). My question is that if the sporozoites reside in the salivary glands, do they aff...	CC BY-SA 4.0	1	I was studying the life cycle of Plasmodium, and I read that the infectious form (sporozoites) is what causes malaria in humans. I also read that this form resides in the salivary glands of the female Anopheles(carrirer of Plasmodium). My question is that if the sporozoites reside in the salivary glands, do they affect...	616f9d79c642bef6d82ec49b0a20906ce999a1cdbcf85ba5287118b33ce1a420	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "TheRedHyacinth", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76194/theredhyacinth", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-14T11:22:30", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b1197...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	314b86352b9486090b7b505ab7f51e7ea9cb6aaa83d518bb30e27a64f0291a03	[ "infectious-diseases", "host-pathogen-interaction" ]	112,558	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112558/does-plasmodium-affect-the-female-anopheles-mosquito	Does Plasmodium affect the female Anopheles mosquito?
null	[ { "answer_html": "<p><a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23314498/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">This reference</a> states the force needed to fracture a finger was 467 N{1}. The Galapagos finch has a strong beak in the bird world, only 70 N{2}. Most animals that will take your limbs will both have sharp ...	true	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	mu88	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76234/mu88	registered	2023-07-15T12:14:13	<p>I'd like to know whether the biggest seagulls are strong enough to bite off a finger?</p>	CC BY-SA 4.0	2	I'd like to know whether the biggest seagulls are strong enough to bite off a finger?	4346305bf55fdf7b37ba116834083402ace7fc8cf9c6828f2641f70ebf4eeff8	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "mu88", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76234/mu88", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-15T12:14:13", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b11976af222c2a36168e832bf...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	bb3dcb39aa952e5ddad1adaed850cddce758829793ae89e8175a93ee1e405b3f	[ "ornithology" ]	112,564	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112564/bite-force-of-seagulls	Bite force of seagulls
112,604	[ { "answer_html": "<p>The light-vented bulbul looks quite promising, but I think this bird looks less song-birdy - the size and the large beak makes me think probably not.</p>\n<p>I think the Taiwan scimitar-babbler (Pomatorhinus musicus) is the most promising.\nyou can check out this gallery: <a href=\"https://...	false	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	uhoh	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/27918/uhoh	registered	2023-07-17T08:59:56	<p>I received these photos from a friend today - a slightly larger than average size bird tapping on the window glass; maybe a brownish body with a white throat and white beak and black head.</p> <p>The tail is spread in a fairly wide fan, maybe to scare "the other bird" reflected in the window?</p> <p>There'...	CC BY-SA 4.0	4	I received these photos from a friend today - a slightly larger than average size bird tapping on the window glass; maybe a brownish body with a white throat and white beak and black head. The tail is spread in a fairly wide fan, maybe to scare "the other bird" reflected in the window? There's a front view and ...	94cf5cf568b326f9990bb0aac5869caf909c6f843e23d3e7cdf81eae11bb373e	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "uhoh", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/27918/uhoh", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-17T08:59:56", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b11976af222c2a36168e832bf...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	374a590deae131027d9b82fbcabf2b0181baa4e048ac01204cd7a0724a8d3cfd	[ "species-identification", "ornithology" ]	112,575	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112575/bird-in-taipei-knocking-on-the-window-glass-juvenile-hawk-white-throat-white	Bird in Taipei knocking on the window glass - juvenile hawk? white throat, white beak(?) striped breast, black head(?) brownish body(?), not small
112,588	[ { "answer_html": "<p>The restriction endonuclease (RE) isolated from <em>E. coli</em> K strain was a type I restriction endonuclease, identified/characterized by <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5312500/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Meselson and Yuan</a><sup>1</sup> in 1968. Type I REs are site speci...	false	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	Meenakshi	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76271/meenakshi	registered	2023-07-17T23:44:06	<p>I kind of have confusion between the first restriction endonuclease to be isolated and discovered. In class XII NCERT, it says that, "In the year 1963, the two enzymes responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophage in Escherichia coli were discovered. One of these added methyl groups to the DNA, while ...	CC BY-SA 4.0	3	I kind of have confusion between the first restriction endonuclease to be isolated and discovered. In class XII NCERT, it says that, "In the year 1963, the two enzymes responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophage in Escherichia coli were discovered. One of these added methyl groups to the DNA, while the othe...	448550b780f9d9d7cd10f44ac59ae2c8cd1adb3a866a3d71acc3517c169bd39d	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "Meenakshi", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76271/meenakshi", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-17T23:44:06", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b11976af222c2a3...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	d35ad2b66494f31009d9fd9219da0e68f896f079fc0888c8edabb7ca1899a4cd	[ "biotechnology", "restriction-enzymes" ]	112,586	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112586/which-was-the-first-restriction-endonuclease-to-be-isolated	Which was the first restriction endonuclease to be isolated?
null	[ { "answer_html": "<p>From my experience, this is definitely a species of Coprinopsis, as you said. However, when it comes to this and related genera I find that the great diversity of species makes it pretty hard to pin down IDs. Coprinopsis martinii/acuminata like you suggested indeed seem pretty promising app...	false	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	Living.my.cottagcore.dream	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76277/living-my-cottagcore-dream	registered	2023-07-18T13:18:55	<p>I'm new at trying to describe mushrooms though I will try my best.</p> <ul> <li>subtract from growth : grass</li> <li>color : light grey/brown then a faded orange at the top</li> <li>gill color is also light brown</li> <li>ovate shape</li> <li>believe the gills attachment is adnate</li> <li>I think that this mushroo...	CC BY-SA 4.0	2	I'm new at trying to describe mushrooms though I will try my best. subtract from growth : grass color : light grey/brown then a faded orange at the top gill color is also light brown ovate shape believe the gills attachment is adnate I think that this mushroom could be part of the coprinopsis f...	df81eabd802381f0cdc338a637a509b4d843fcd54fdbdd96971b1ac4042a924a	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "Living.my.cottagcore.dream", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76277/living-my-cottagcore-dream", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-18T13:18:55", "raw_file": "raw/code...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	de2d869310af649d031ae1807f0706fea659df06220a515d98534b2bd1e382d6	[ "species-identification", "mycology" ]	112,592	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112592/trying-to-identify-a-mushroom-found-in-my-backyard	Trying to identify a mushroom found in my backyard
112,630	[ { "answer_html": "<p>I found <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmarachne_formicaria\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this ant mimicking spider</a>. Could it have been a female? The green legs don´t fit and the 4(?) white dots. I don´t have much experience with spiders, but that might just be variation of t...	false	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	Faloney	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76280/faloney	registered	2023-07-18T14:53:26	<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/CsvIb.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/CsvIb.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a>I saw this tiny insect and I first thought it was an ant because of the body shape. However its legs were really really green, I’m adding photos but it’s hard to see...	CC BY-SA 4.0	3	[image: enter image description here; source: https://i.sstatic.net/CsvIb.jpg] (https://i.sstatic.net/CsvIb.jpg)I saw this tiny insect and I first thought it was an ant because of the body shape. However its legs were really really green, I’m adding photos but it’s hard to see how green they actually were. It also move...	ee6d8fb7fecc99e721e81b3df47f4333bb300817538bbf64ead1e73c3cca373e	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "Faloney", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76280/faloney", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-18T14:53:26", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b11976af222c2a36168...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	33f33c87f8afc0f77d50b3e2cedf8f2cc390d58238d20c8e08a5c6bd430d8420	[ "species-identification", "entomology" ]	112,593	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112593/i-ve-been-searching-the-internet-for-days-and-i-can-t-seem-to-find-out-what-inse	I’ve been searching the internet for days and I can’t seem to find out what insect this is, can anyone help?
112,603	[ { "answer_html": "<p>It's a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_worm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Tube Worm</a>.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://i.sstatic.net/QLLmE.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.sstatic.net/QLLmE.png\" alt=\"Squiggled tubes on a rock\" /></a></p>\n<p><sup>Calcareous...	false	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	Katie Mulholland	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76287/katie-mulholland	registered	2023-07-19T03:25:47	<p>This is Calcareus tube worm and Was found and Located on Culebra Island, Puerto Rico</p> <p>Picture 1: A up close image of the shell</p> <p>Picture 2: a view of the top part of the shell showing the shells coloring.</p> <p>Credits for the answer: @Jiminy Cricket</p> <p>Website Credits:</p> <p><a href="https://gohiki...	CC BY-SA 4.0	1	This is Calcareus tube worm and Was found and Located on Culebra Island, Puerto Rico Picture 1: A up close image of the shell Picture 2: a view of the top part of the shell showing the shells coloring. Credits for the answer: @Jiminy Cricket Website Credits: https://gohiking.ca/animals/fish/marine-w...	d5013c1f95291f9dde7cd8259e97ae080b0d7e3102ddff01b14676b7d6343454	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "Katie Mulholland", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76287/katie-mulholland", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-19T03:25:47", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	516da9fbdee1078de6c24262ec87f85eb664e189ce1ab6042d77a155262d1c02	[ "species-identification", "marine-biology", "invertebrates" ]	112,598	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112598/what-type-of-shell-is-thisanswered	What type of shell is this?(Answered)
112,629	[ { "answer_html": "<p>This is a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">beetle</a> rather than a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">termite</a>:\nin comparison to a termite, most beetles have sclerotized forewings (so-called <a href=...	false	false	{ "attribution_required": true, "collected_at": "2026-10-01T03:03:12.794960+00:00", "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/01e5186067e30dc1b8d7a145670ab7edd6b017797b271a481af8b7b7f55f13c2_0.json", "raw_sha256": "6c3960de7e1d...	mherzl	https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76297/mherzl	registered	2023-07-19T16:17:02	<p>Noticed this bug on my kitchen floor, and am wondering whether it is a termite:</p> <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/yPA4a.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/yPA4a.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a> <a href="https://i.sstatic.net/6rZ1h.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src=...	CC BY-SA 4.0	2	Noticed this bug on my kitchen floor, and am wondering whether it is a termite: [image: enter image description here; source: https://i.sstatic.net/yPA4a.jpg] (https://i.sstatic.net/yPA4a.jpg) [image: enter image description here; source: https://i.sstatic.net/6rZ1h.jpg] (https://i.sstatic.net/6rZ1h.jpg) [image: en...	ae7d0c524635f06ed37c82bbcf75818ebe33ae82016368b270cd276cb5a82301	[ { "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "contributor": { "display_name": "mherzl", "profile_url": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/76297/mherzl", "user_type": "registered" }, "created_at": "2023-07-19T16:17:02", "raw_file": "raw/codex_api_v1/0afc9875e3b11976af222c2a36168e8...	English keyword/first-person heuristic; not clinical review	Stack Exchange	biology	train	32f350551e90d4f6d082d51fbedbcbc0c096087b44f2291d8b87d47d7ff16ef2	[ "species-identification", "entomology" ]	112,610	https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/112610/is-this-bug-a-termite	Is this bug a termite?

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

RegalFire Scientific Biology QA

RegalFire — AI Data Foundry

A mechanically normalized snapshot of public questions and answers from Biology Stack Exchange. No LLM-generated questions, answers, scientific claims or troubleshooting labels. RegalFire collected and packaged the data; source contributors retain authorship.

882 validated threads; 1,083 answers.
846 QA pairs, 882 ranking records and 3,650 external-reference edges.
Thread splits: train 698, validation 92, test 92.
118 rejected threads are logged as IDs/URLs/reasons, without their bodies.

dataset.jsonl is the full canonical thread corpus. QA pairs are in scientific_qa.jsonl; candidate sets in answer_ranking.jsonl; mechanically extracted URLs and DOI-like identifiers in citation_graph.jsonl. Each derived record retains its canonical thread ID. Each view has corresponding split files under views/. Use the four explicit Hugging Face configurations; do not glob every JSONL file together.

Source and collection

Official Stack Exchange API 2.3, site=biology, using answered questions sorted by creation date, question/answer bodies, and paginated post revisions. Snapshot retrieval times and exact API URLs are retained in SOURCE_MANIFEST.json and per-post provenance. The target was 1,000 answered questions, with no requirement for an accepted answer. Quota and backoff were honored, including a documented initial throttle response and conservative retry. API snapshots can change over time.

License and attribution

All published current question and answer bodies in this release explicitly reported CC BY-SA 4.0 in the API. This is an observed property of this selected snapshot, not an assumption about Stack Exchange history. Historical policy includes CC BY-SA 2.5 and 3.0; per-revision licenses returned by the API are preserved. Missing or unsupported current-post license fields trigger rejection. See official licensing and SOURCE_LICENSE_AUDIT.json.

Retain attribution when redistributing or displaying records: question title, Biology Stack Exchange source, contributor display names, available profile links, original question/answer URLs, applicable license links, revision contributors, and a description of transformations. Deleted or unavailable profiles are explicitly represented by null URLs; do not invent identities. The canonical thread record contains the full revision attribution for each post. If exporting a derived view alone, carry its referenced canonical attribution along with it.

Example citation format: “[Question title](original question URL), by [question author](profile URL), Biology Stack Exchange; answer by [answer author](profile URL), [original answer](answer URL), CC BY-SA 4.0; collected at the recorded timestamp; mechanically converted from HTML and packaged by RegalFire.”

CC BY-SA 4.0 permits sharing and adaptation, including commercial use, subject to attribution, ShareAlike and no additional restrictions. RegalFire packaging does not replace source licenses. Source HTML can reference third-party quotations/images with separate rights; no external image, paper or other asset is downloaded or repackaged. Explicit conflicting rights notices are rejected. A source post license is not a guarantee about every embedded third-party element.

Transformations and selection

Original API HTML is retained. Mechanical HTML parsing decodes entities, preserves source text, TeX strings, gene/protein identifiers, chemical/scientific notation, code indentation and paragraph boundaries, and adds literal hyperlink destinations and image-reference markers to text. Superscripts/subscripts are flattened in text; original markup remains in HTML. No equation rendering, OCR, translation or paraphrasing is performed. No scripts/styles are executed. Treat retained HTML and external links as untrusted content; sanitize before rendering.

Threads are excluded for empty/short content, negative question scores, closed/migrated state, incomplete answers/accepted-status snapshots, absent licenses, incomplete revision attribution, explicit conflicting rights notices, Unicode replacement characters, exact duplicate question text, or the patient-specific heuristic. Community scores are selection signals, not truth labels. QA chooses the accepted answer when present; otherwise the highest-scoring answer with score at least 1, breaking ties by lowest answer ID. No accepted answer is fabricated. Ranking retains all collected candidates, community scores and accepted status. Citation edges denote references only: DOI patterns, URLs and their correctness are not scientifically verified.

Troubleshooting extraction is omitted because no reliable deterministic problem/attempted-method/solution rule was established.

Validation and leakage

The independent validator does not import the normalizer. It checks nested schema, IDs, source equality, answer relationships, accepted status, authors and revision contributors, per-post licenses, UTF-8, raw SHA-256/HTTP provenance, scientific-text preservation, derived selection, citation coverage, statistics and split content. Controlled corruption tests cover relationships, licenses, attribution, provenance hashes, invented text, accepted status, duplicates, revision removal, sensitivity flags and citation removal.

Exact normalized title/body groups and exhaustive word-trigram Jaccard similarity >= 0.80 are grouped before deterministic SHA-256-based 80/10/10 bucket assignment. The realized sizes differ from exact percentages. This lexical grouping does not establish absence of semantic paraphrases, repeated answers or overlap with other public training corpora. Already-public Stack Exchange content is not a contamination-resistant private benchmark.

Intended uses and limitations

Research in retrieval, provenance-aware QA, answer ranking, attribution and reference extraction. No expert scientific correctness review, citation verification, medical validation or model performance evaluation has been performed. Most ranking records have only one answer; use multi-answer records when testing comparative ranking. Selection excludes low-scoring questions and therefore introduces community/popularity bias. The snapshot covers English Biology Stack Exchange, not all scientific disciplines.

No medical advice

128 retained threads have a medical-sensitivity flag. First-person patient-specific discussions are excluded by an English keyword heuristic. The screen can miss sensitive content and produce false positives. Forum discussion is not medical advice and must not be treated as diagnosis, treatment recommendations or a clinical reference.

Reproduce and verify

Native Windows Python is supported. The local pipeline lives under scientific_forums/codex. Run collector_stackexchange.py --target 1000, audit_raw.py, make_schema.py, normalize_stackexchange.py, then validate_scientific_forum_dataset.py. Collection stores immutable response bodies and separate HTTP metadata, plus a checkpoint. Source payloads remain in the local capture archive; they are not bundled publicly because they include excluded content. Full source validation requires that archive and the audit. A fresh live API collection can differ from this snapshot.

Use python pipeline/validate_scientific_forum_dataset.py --release <downloaded-release> --source-root <scientific_forums-root> with the original local archive. MANIFEST.json lists SHA-256 and byte sizes for every release file except itself, which cannot contain its own hash. Byte-identical re-normalization and no-request collector resume are documented in REPRODUCTION_REPORT.json.