Datasets:

Vereye
/

benchmark-synthid-image-protocol

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""score.py - recomputes EVERY number of this benchmark from the folder's tables (Python 3, standard library only), prints them
(results/summary.txt is this printout) and writes results/summary.json; check.py compares both with the published copies.
Inputs, per set (sets/<set>/):
  results/cells.csv   one row per attacked copy verified by Vereye's verify code: set, photo, transformation, mode, group, marked (1 = a
                      copy of the SEALED photo, 0 = its identically attacked UNMARKED twin), label, params, pixel_sha256, file_sha256,
                      verdict, identified (1 = the exact key registered for this photo was read), owners_named (registered keys read),
                      other_owners (registered keys of OTHER photos read), crc_keys (keys read that pass the check, registered or not), ms
  results/rivals.csv  the same photos and seeds for WAM and TrustMark (when run): method, ..., marked, bitacc, rawacc, mask, present, ident
Numbers:
  * owner identified per mode over the SynthID-Image paper's 29 transformations (group 'extra' - our own jpeg row - is reported apart),
    with the pre-registered conservative bounds (PREREGISTRATION.md section 5): the wider of a photo-resampled 95 % interval and an
    exact Clopper-Pearson interval on the effective sample size n / deff (Kish's design effect of the photo clusters);
  * unmarked twins: owners named, and twins on which ANY check-valid key was read; the design bound of the decoder's check;
  * the rivals at the SynthID-Image paper's calibration (a threshold at 0.1 % false positives on the WORST-mode unmarked twins, each twin
    decoded against its own photo's message), strict and counting ties, next to the values the paper reports for them;
  * the pre-registered comparison with SynthID-O on the 512 px held-out set; every place Vereye is lower; a per-transformation table.
  python3 scripts/score.py [--json results/summary.json]"""
import collections, csv, glob, json, math, os, random, sys
KIT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
SYNTHID = {'table1_detection': {'random': 99.98, 'worst': 99.72}, 'table2_payload': {'random': (99.96, 99.97), 'worst': (98.84, 98.90)},
           'source': 'Gowal et al., "SynthID-Image: Image watermarking at internet scale", arXiv:2510.09263 (2025), Tables 1 and 2: '
                     '10,000 ImageNet validation images at 512 x 512, TPR at 0.1 % FPR; not run here (SynthID is not public)'}
# what the paper reports for the rivals we re-ran (aggregate random / worst; the lower end of an interval): the calibration check
PAPER_RIVALS = {('wam', 'mask'): ((90.62, 83.37), 'Table 1'), ('wam', 'bitacc'): ((81.26, 69.11), 'Table 2'), ('trustmark', 'rawacc'): ((78.61, 68.73), 'Table 1'),
                ('trustmark', 'bitacc'): ((78.61, 68.73), 'Table 1')}
# the paper's per-group values (Table 1: detection; Table 2: payload; the lower end of an interval), group -> (random, worst)
GROUPS_REPORTED = {
  'SynthID-O, Table 1': {'color': (100.00, 100.00), 'combination': (99.96, 98.06), 'noise': (99.98, 99.96), 'overlay': (100.00, 100.00), 'quality': (99.99, 99.99), 'spatial': (99.98, 99.97)},
  'SynthID-O, Table 2': {'color': (99.99, 99.99), 'combination': (99.92, 91.96), 'noise': (99.89, 99.74), 'overlay': (100.00, 100.00), 'quality': (99.96, 99.97), 'spatial': (99.98, 99.97)},
  'WAM, Table 1': {'color': (81.29, 84.00), 'combination': (96.08, 55.96), 'noise': (100.00, 100.00), 'overlay': (100.00, 100.00), 'quality': (99.97, 99.38), 'spatial': (84.34, 76.04)},
  'TrustMark-Q, Table 1': {'color': (99.65, 98.93), 'combination': (64.00, 21.22), 'noise': (100.00, 99.99), 'overlay': (99.99, 99.87), 'quality': (100.00, 99.99), 'spatial': (40.75, 25.76)}}
SYNTHID['groups_reported'] = GROUPS_REPORTED
# the decoder's check (Vereye's code constants): a 24-bit CRC; at most 512 check attempts in a first read, 1,771 in all
CRC_BITS, CHECKS_FIRST, CHECKS_MAX = 24, 512, 1771
# the calibration gate's rivals and their Table 1 scores, and the photos the pre-registration (version b, section 2) declares for them
GATE_SCORES, GATE_PHOTOS = (('wam', 'mask'), ('trustmark', 'rawacc')), 50
MODES = ('random', 'worst')

# ---- exact intervals, standard library only
def betacf(a, b, x):
  """the continued fraction of the regularized incomplete beta function (Numerical Recipes 6.4, Lentz)"""
  qab, qap, qam = a + b, a + 1, a - 1; c = 1.0; d = 1 - qab * x / qap; d = 1 / (d if abs(d) > 1e-300 else 1e-300); h = d
  for m in range(1, 400):
    m2 = 2 * m; aa = m * (b - m) * x / ((qam + m2) * (a + m2)); d = 1 + aa * d; d = 1 / (d if abs(d) > 1e-300 else 1e-300); c = 1 + aa / c; c = c if abs(c) > 1e-300 else 1e-300; h *= d * c
    aa = -(a + m) * (qab + m) * x / ((a + m2) * (qap + m2)); d = 1 + aa * d; d = 1 / (d if abs(d) > 1e-300 else 1e-300); c = 1 + aa / c; c = c if abs(c) > 1e-300 else 1e-300; de = d * c; h *= de
    if abs(de - 1) < 3e-14: break
  return h
def ibeta(a, b, x):
  if x <= 0: return 0.0
  if x >= 1: return 1.0
  lb = math.lgamma(a + b) - math.lgamma(a) - math.lgamma(b) + a * math.log(x) + b * math.log(1 - x)
  return math.exp(lb) * betacf(a, b, x) / a if x < (a + 1) / (a + b + 2) else 1 - math.exp(lb) * betacf(b, a, 1 - x) / b
def beta_q(q, a, b):
  lo, hi = 0.0, 1.0
  for _ in range(200):
    mid = (lo + hi) / 2
    if ibeta(a, b, mid) < q: lo = mid
    else: hi = mid
  return (lo + hi) / 2
def clopper_pearson(x, n):
  """95 % two-sided exact interval for x successes in n trials (x, n may be non-integer: an effective sample size)"""
  lo = (0.025) ** (1 / n) if x >= n else 0.0 if x <= 0 else beta_q(0.025, x, n - x + 1)
  hi = 1.0 if x >= n else 1 - (0.025) ** (1 / n) if x <= 0 else beta_q(0.975, x + 1, n - x)
  return lo, hi

def deff_of(rows):
  """Kish's design effect 1 + (m - 1) ICC of the misses clustered by photo (ANOVA ICC, at least 0)"""
  by = collections.defaultdict(list)
  for r in rows: by[r['photo']].append(0 if r['identified'] == '1' else 1)
  P = len(by); m = sum(len(v) for v in by.values()) / P; ps = [sum(v) / len(v) for v in by.values()]; pb = sum(ps) / P
  if P < 2 or m < 2 or pb in (0, 1): return 1.0
  msb = m * sum((p - pb) ** 2 for p in ps) / (P - 1); msw = sum(m * p * (1 - p) for p in ps) / (P * (m - 1))
  icc = max(0.0, (msb - msw) / (msb + (m - 1) * msw)) if msb + (m - 1) * msw > 0 else 0.0
  return max(1.0, 1 + (m - 1) * icc)

def photo_bootstrap(rows, B=4000, seed=20261028):
  """95 % interval of the identified rate when the PHOTOS are resampled with replacement (copies of one photo are not independent)"""
  by = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [0, 0])
  for r in rows: by[r['photo']][0] += r['identified'] == '1'; by[r['photo']][1] += 1
  P = sorted(by); rng = random.Random(seed); v = []
  for _ in range(B):
    s = [by[rng.choice(P)] for _ in P]; v.append(100 * sum(a for a, _ in s) / sum(b for _, b in s))
  v.sort(); return (round(v[int(0.025 * B)], 2), round(v[int(0.975 * B) - 1], 2))

def vereye(rows):
  out = {}
  m29 = [r for r in rows if r['marked'] == '1' and r['group'] != 'extra']
  for md in MODES:
    m = [r for r in m29 if r['mode'] == md]; ok = sum(r['identified'] == '1' for r in m)
    g = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [0, 0]); t = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [0, 0])
    for r in m: g[r['group']][0] += r['identified'] == '1'; g[r['group']][1] += 1; t[r['transformation']][0] += r['identified'] == '1'; t[r['transformation']][1] += 1
    u = [r for r in rows if r['marked'] == '0' and r['mode'] == md]
    ex = [r for r in rows if r['marked'] == '1' and r['group'] == 'extra' and r['mode'] == md]
    bs = photo_bootstrap(m) if m else (None, None); de = deff_of(m) if m else 1.0; ne = len(m) / de; cp = clopper_pearson(ok / de, ne) if m else (0, 0)
    out[md] = {'identified': ok, 'copies': len(m), 'pct': round(100 * ok / len(m), 2) if m else None, 'photo_bootstrap95': bs,
               'deff': round(de, 3), 'clopper_pearson95_eff': (round(100 * cp[0], 2), round(100 * cp[1], 2)),
               'bounds95': (round(min(bs[0], 100 * cp[0]), 2), round(max(bs[1], 100 * cp[1]), 2)) if m else None,
               'misses_on_photos': len({r['photo'] for r in m if r['identified'] != '1'}),
               'groups': {k: [a, b] for k, (a, b) in sorted(g.items())}, 'transformations': {k: [a, b] for k, (a, b) in sorted(t.items())},
               'unmarked_twins': len(u), 'unmarked_owner_named': sum(int(r['owners_named'] or 0) > 0 for r in u),
               'unmarked_any_key': sum(int(r['crc_keys'] or 0) > 0 for r in u),
               'marked_other_owner': sum(int(r['other_owners'] or 0) > 0 for r in m),
               'extra_jpeg': [sum(r['identified'] == '1' for r in ex), len(ex)]}
  return out

def fnum(x):
  try: return float(x)
  except (TypeError, ValueError): return None

def rivals(rows):
  """per method and score: the 0.1 %-FPR threshold on worst-mode twins and the paper's TPR (mean over the 29 transformations), strict
  (a score above the threshold) and counting ties at the threshold, next to what the SynthID-Image paper reports for the method"""
  out = {}
  for meth in sorted({r['method'] for r in rows}):
    R = [r for r in rows if r['method'] == meth and r['group'] != 'extra']; scores = ('bitacc', 'rawacc') if meth == 'trustmark' else ('bitacc', 'mask')
    out[meth] = {'photos': len({r['photo'] for r in R})}
    for sc in scores:
      un = sorted((fnum(r[sc]) if fnum(r[sc]) is not None else 0.0) for r in R if r['marked'] == '0' and r['mode'] == 'worst')
      if not un or all(fnum(r[sc]) is None for r in R if r['marked'] == '1'): continue
      thr = un[min(len(un) - 1, math.ceil(0.999 * len(un)) - 1)]
      res = {'threshold': thr, 'worst_twins': len(un), 'photos': out[meth]['photos'], 'fpr_worst_pct': round(100 * sum(x > thr for x in un) / len(un), 3),
             'fpr_worst_with_ties_pct': round(100 * sum(x >= thr for x in un) / len(un), 3)}
      if (meth, sc) in PAPER_RIVALS: res['paper_reported'], res['paper_table'] = PAPER_RIVALS[(meth, sc)]
      for md in MODES:
        t = collections.defaultdict(list); te = collections.defaultdict(list)
        for r in R:
          if r['marked'] == '1' and r['mode'] == md: x = fnum(r[sc]) or 0.0; t[r['transformation']].append(x > thr); te[r['transformation']].append(x >= thr)
        res[md] = round(100 * sum(sum(v) / len(v) for v in t.values()) / len(t), 2) if t else None
        res[md + '_with_ties'] = round(100 * sum(sum(v) / len(v) for v in te.values()) / len(te), 2) if te else None
        res[md + '_by_transformation'] = {k: round(100 * sum(v) / len(v), 1) for k, v in sorted(t.items())}
        res[md + '_marked_copies'] = sum(len(v) for v in t.values())
      out[meth][sc] = res
    ex = collections.defaultdict(list)
    for r in R:
      if r['marked'] == '1': ex[(r['mode'], r['transformation'])].append(r['ident'] in ('1', 'True', 'true'))
    out[meth]['exact_message'] = {md: round(100 * sum(sum(v) / len(v) for (m, _), v in ex.items() if m == md) / max(1, len({k for k in ex if k[0] == md})), 2) for md in MODES}
    if meth == 'trustmark':
      tw = [r for r in R if r['marked'] == '0']; mk = [r for r in R if r['marked'] == '1']
      out[meth]['present_flag'] = {'twins_pct': round(100 * sum(r['present'] in ('1', 'True', 'true') for r in tw) / max(1, len(tw)), 2),
                                   'marked_pct': round(100 * sum(r['present'] in ('1', 'True', 'true') for r in mk) / max(1, len(mk)), 2)}
    ps = [fnum(r['psnr']) for r in R if r['marked'] == '1' and fnum(r.get('psnr'))]
    out[meth]['psnr_db'] = round(sum(ps) / len(ps), 2) if ps else None
  return out

def rival_bounds95(rows, meth, sc, thr, md):
  """a rival's 95 % interval EXACTLY like Vereye's (the wider of the photo bootstrap and Clopper-Pearson on the effective sample size),
  of its rate counting ties at the threshold as detected (the higher rate: the stricter gate for Vereye). Addendum 2026-10-28 (critic
  round 3, F1): the margin it replaces (a Wald interval times a typed-in sqrt(29)) could not trip on the real rival rows."""
  R = [{'photo': r['photo'], 'identified': '1' if (fnum(r[sc]) or 0.0) >= thr else '0'} for r in rows
       if r['method'] == meth and r['group'] != 'extra' and r['marked'] == '1' and r['mode'] == md]
  if not R: return None
  ok = sum(r['identified'] == '1' for r in R); bs = photo_bootstrap(R); de = deff_of(R); cp = clopper_pearson(ok / de, len(R) / de)
  return (round(min(bs[0], 100 * cp[0]), 2), round(max(bs[1], 100 * cp[1]), 2))

def rivals_ok(riv, rows=None):
  """the pre-registered calibration gate: no rival scores higher here than the paper reports for it by more than its own 95 % interval
  (its lower bound above the reported value); FAILS CLOSED: without rival rows "ahead" cannot be declared (critic round 3, M2)"""
  bad = []
  if not riv or not rows: return ['no rival rows: the calibration gate cannot run, so "ahead" cannot be declared']
  # BOTH rivals, each scored by its Table 1 score, on at least the photos the pre-registration declares (critic round 4, M2: with one
  # rival, a subset of photos or an empty score column the gate passed by default)
  for meth, k in GATE_SCORES:
    x = (riv.get(meth) or {}).get(k)
    if not (isinstance(x, dict) and 'threshold' in x): bad.append(f'{meth} {k}: missing, so "ahead" cannot be declared'); continue
    if x.get('photos', 0) < GATE_PHOTOS: bad.append(f'{meth} {k}: {x.get("photos", 0)} photos, fewer than the {GATE_PHOTOS} declared')
  for meth, sc in riv.items():
    for k, x in sc.items():
      if not (isinstance(x, dict) and 'paper_reported' in x) or x['paper_table'] != 'Table 1': continue
      for i, md in enumerate(MODES):
        b = rival_bounds95(rows, meth, k, x['threshold'], md); x[md + '_bounds95_with_ties'] = b
        if b is None: bad.append(f'{meth} {k} {md}: no marked rows'); continue
        if b[0] > x['paper_reported'][i]: bad.append(f'{meth} {k} {md}: {x[md + "_with_ties"]:.2f} % here (95 % {b[0]:.2f}-{b[1]:.2f}) vs {x["paper_reported"][i]:.2f} % reported')
  return bad

def prereg(v, riv, rows=None):
  """PREREGISTRATION.md section 5 (version b), its own words for the three statements (critic round 3, M5)"""
  s, why = {}, rivals_ok(riv, rows)
  for md in MODES:
    lo, hi = v[md]['bounds95']; t1 = SYNTHID['table1_detection'][md]; t2lo, t2hi = SYNTHID['table2_payload'][md]
    if lo > t1 and lo > t2hi and not why: s[md] = 'ahead of SynthID-O'
    elif lo > t1 and lo > t2hi: s[md] = 'ahead by the bounds, NOT declared: the rival calibration gate failed'  # critic round 4 (minor)
    elif hi < min(t1, t2lo): s[md] = 'behind SynthID-O'
    else: s[md] = 'not distinguishable from SynthID-O at this sample size'
    s[md + '_bounds95'] = [lo, hi]
    s[md + '_miss_ratio'] = round((100 - v[md]['pct']) / (100 - t1), 2) if t1 < 100 else None
  s['rival_calibration_flags'] = why
  return s

def weaker(v, riv, vsub):
  """every group where a value REPORTED in the SynthID-Image paper is above Vereye's, and every transformation where a rival measured
  here is (on exactly the rivals' photos)"""
  out = {'groups': [], 'transformations': []}
  for md_i, md in enumerate(MODES):
    for g, (a, b) in v[md]['groups'].items():
      for who, G in GROUPS_REPORTED.items():
        if g in G and G[g][md_i] > 100 * a / b: out['groups'].append(f'{md} {g}: Vereye {100 * a / b:.2f} % < {who} {G[g][md_i]:.2f} %')
    for meth, sc in (riv or {}).items():
      key = 'mask' if meth == 'wam' else 'rawacc'
      if key not in sc: continue
      for t, x in sc[key][md + '_by_transformation'].items():
        a, b = (vsub or v)[md]['transformations'].get(t, (None, None))
        if a is not None and x > 100 * a / b: out['transformations'].append(f'{md} {t}: Vereye {100 * a / b:.1f} % < {meth} {x:.1f} % (same photos)')
  return out

if __name__ == '__main__':
  J = {'synthid_reported': SYNTHID, 'sets': {}}
  for d in sorted(glob.glob(os.path.join(KIT, 'sets', '*'))):
    S = os.path.basename(d); meta = json.load(open(os.path.join(d, 'set.json'))); cells = list(csv.DictReader(open(os.path.join(d, 'results', 'cells.csv'), newline='')))
    e = {'role': meta['role'], 'size': meta['size'], 'photos': len({r['photo'] for r in cells}), 'copies': len(cells), 'vereye': vereye(cells)}
    ps = [json.load(open(f))['sealed']['psnr_db_vs_original'] for f in sorted(glob.glob(os.path.join(d, 'photos', '*', 'info.json')))]
    e['vereye']['psnr_db'] = round(sum(ps) / len(ps), 2) if ps else None
    rf = os.path.join(d, 'results', 'rivals.csv'); vsub = None; rr = None
    if os.path.exists(rf):
      rr = list(csv.DictReader(open(rf, newline=''))); e['rivals'] = rivals(rr); ph = {r['photo'] for r in rr}
      if ph and len(ph) < e['photos']:  # the rivals ran on part of the set: Vereye on exactly those photos too (like for like)
        vsub = vereye([r for r in cells if r['photo'] in ph])
        e['vereye_on_rival_photos'] = {'photos': len(ph), **{md: {'pct': vsub[md]['pct'], 'identified': vsub[md]['identified'], 'copies': vsub[md]['copies']} for md in MODES}}
    if meta.get('synthid_comparison'): e['preregistered_statement'] = prereg(e['vereye'], e.get('rivals'), rr)
    e['where_vereye_is_lower'] = weaker(e['vereye'], e.get('rivals'), vsub)
    J['sets'][S] = e
  tw = sum(e['vereye'][m]['unmarked_twins'] for e in J['sets'].values() for m in MODES)
  J['design_bound'] = {'crc_bits': CRC_BITS, 'checks_first_read': CHECKS_FIRST, 'checks_max': CHECKS_MAX, 'twins': tw,
                       'per_image_low_pct': 100 * CHECKS_FIRST / 2 ** CRC_BITS, 'per_image_high_pct': 100 * CHECKS_MAX / 2 ** CRC_BITS,
                       'expected_low': tw * CHECKS_FIRST / 2 ** CRC_BITS, 'expected_high': tw * CHECKS_MAX / 2 ** CRC_BITS}
  out = sys.argv[sys.argv.index('--json') + 1] if '--json' in sys.argv else None
  if out: json.dump(J, open(out, 'w'), indent=1, sort_keys=True)
  for S, e in J['sets'].items():
    print(f'\n== {S} ({e["role"]}, {e["size"]} px): {e["photos"]} photos, {e["copies"]} copies, Vereye PSNR {e["vereye"]["psnr_db"]} dB')
    for md in MODES:
      v = e['vereye'][md]
      print(f'  Vereye {md}: owner identified {v["identified"]} / {v["copies"]} = {v["pct"]} %  bounds {v["bounds95"]} (photo bootstrap {v["photo_bootstrap95"]}, '
            f'exact on n/deff {v["clopper_pearson95_eff"]}, deff {v["deff"]}; misses on {v["misses_on_photos"]} photos) | twins: owner named {v["unmarked_owner_named"]} / '
            f'{v["unmarked_twins"]}, any key {v["unmarked_any_key"]} | marked copies with another owner named {v["marked_other_owner"]} | extra jpeg {v["extra_jpeg"][0]}/{v["extra_jpeg"][1]}')
      print('    groups: ' + ' '.join(f'{g} {a}/{b}' for g, (a, b) in v['groups'].items()))
    if 'vereye_on_rival_photos' in e:
      x = e['vereye_on_rival_photos']; print(f'  Vereye on the {x["photos"]} photos the rivals ran on: random {x["random"]["pct"]} %, worst {x["worst"]["pct"]} %')
    for meth, sc in e.get('rivals', {}).items():
      print(f'  {meth} ({sc["photos"]} photos): ' + ' | '.join(f'{k} thr {x["threshold"]:.4g} (fpr {x["fpr_worst_pct"]} %, with ties {x["fpr_worst_with_ties_pct"]} %) random {x["random"]} ({x["random_with_ties"]}) '
            f'worst {x["worst"]} ({x["worst_with_ties"]})' + (f' [paper {x["paper_reported"][0]} / {x["paper_reported"][1]}, {x["paper_table"]}]' if 'paper_reported' in x else '')
            for k, x in sc.items() if isinstance(x, dict) and 'threshold' in x) + f' | exact message {sc["exact_message"]} | psnr {sc["psnr_db"]} dB'
            + (f' | presence flag on twins {sc["present_flag"]["twins_pct"]} %' if 'present_flag' in sc else ''))
    if 'preregistered_statement' in e: print(f'  PRE-REGISTERED STATEMENT vs SynthID-O: {e["preregistered_statement"]}')
    wl = e['where_vereye_is_lower']
    print(f'  WHERE VEREYE IS LOWER ({len(wl["groups"])} group values reported in the SynthID-Image paper, {len(wl["transformations"])} transformations measured here):')
    for x in wl['groups'] + wl['transformations']: print('    ' + x)
    print('  PER TRANSFORMATION (identified / detected %, random | worst):')
    R = e.get('rivals', {})
    for t in sorted(e['vereye']['random']['transformations']):
      cells_ = []
      for md in MODES:
        a, b = e['vereye'][md]['transformations'][t]; c = [f'Vereye {100 * a / b:.1f}']
        for meth, key in (('wam', 'mask'), ('trustmark', 'rawacc')):
          if key in R.get(meth, {}): c.append(f'{meth} {R[meth][key][md + "_by_transformation"].get(t, float("nan")):.1f}')
        cells_.append(' '.join(c))
      print(f'    {t:26s} ' + ' | '.join(cells_))
  DB = J['design_bound']
  print(f'\nDesign bound of the check: at most {CHECKS_FIRST}-{CHECKS_MAX} attempts per image at 2^-{CRC_BITS} each = {DB["per_image_low_pct"]:.4f}-{DB["per_image_high_pct"]:.4f} % '
        f'per image; {DB["expected_low"]:.2f}-{DB["expected_high"]:.2f} wrong keys expected over the {tw:,} unmarked twins (a wrong key must also be registered to name anyone)')
  print(f'SynthID-O (reported, not run): Table 1 {SYNTHID["table1_detection"]}  Table 2 {SYNTHID["table2_payload"]}')

	#!/usr/bin/env python3
	"""score.py - recomputes EVERY number of this benchmark from the folder's tables (Python 3, standard library only), prints them
	(results/summary.txt is this printout) and writes results/summary.json; check.py compares both with the published copies.

	Inputs, per set (sets/<set>/):
	results/cells.csv one row per attacked copy verified by Vereye's verify code: set, photo, transformation, mode, group, marked (1 = a
	copy of the SEALED photo, 0 = its identically attacked UNMARKED twin), label, params, pixel_sha256, file_sha256,
	verdict, identified (1 = the exact key registered for this photo was read), owners_named (registered keys read),
	other_owners (registered keys of OTHER photos read), crc_keys (keys read that pass the check, registered or not), ms
	results/rivals.csv the same photos and seeds for WAM and TrustMark (when run): method, ..., marked, bitacc, rawacc, mask, present, ident
	Numbers:
	* owner identified per mode over the SynthID-Image paper's 29 transformations (group 'extra' - our own jpeg row - is reported apart),
	with the pre-registered conservative bounds (PREREGISTRATION.md section 5): the wider of a photo-resampled 95 % interval and an
	exact Clopper-Pearson interval on the effective sample size n / deff (Kish's design effect of the photo clusters);
	* unmarked twins: owners named, and twins on which ANY check-valid key was read; the design bound of the decoder's check;
	* the rivals at the SynthID-Image paper's calibration (a threshold at 0.1 % false positives on the WORST-mode unmarked twins, each twin
	decoded against its own photo's message), strict and counting ties, next to the values the paper reports for them;
	* the pre-registered comparison with SynthID-O on the 512 px held-out set; every place Vereye is lower; a per-transformation table.
	python3 scripts/score.py [--json results/summary.json]"""
	import collections, csv, glob, json, math, os, random, sys
	KIT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
	SYNTHID = {'table1_detection': {'random': 99.98, 'worst': 99.72}, 'table2_payload': {'random': (99.96, 99.97), 'worst': (98.84, 98.90)},
	'source': 'Gowal et al., "SynthID-Image: Image watermarking at internet scale", arXiv:2510.09263 (2025), Tables 1 and 2: '
	'10,000 ImageNet validation images at 512 x 512, TPR at 0.1 % FPR; not run here (SynthID is not public)'}
	# what the paper reports for the rivals we re-ran (aggregate random / worst; the lower end of an interval): the calibration check
	PAPER_RIVALS = {('wam', 'mask'): ((90.62, 83.37), 'Table 1'), ('wam', 'bitacc'): ((81.26, 69.11), 'Table 2'), ('trustmark', 'rawacc'): ((78.61, 68.73), 'Table 1'),
	('trustmark', 'bitacc'): ((78.61, 68.73), 'Table 1')}
	# the paper's per-group values (Table 1: detection; Table 2: payload; the lower end of an interval), group -> (random, worst)
	GROUPS_REPORTED = {
	'SynthID-O, Table 1': {'color': (100.00, 100.00), 'combination': (99.96, 98.06), 'noise': (99.98, 99.96), 'overlay': (100.00, 100.00), 'quality': (99.99, 99.99), 'spatial': (99.98, 99.97)},
	'SynthID-O, Table 2': {'color': (99.99, 99.99), 'combination': (99.92, 91.96), 'noise': (99.89, 99.74), 'overlay': (100.00, 100.00), 'quality': (99.96, 99.97), 'spatial': (99.98, 99.97)},
	'WAM, Table 1': {'color': (81.29, 84.00), 'combination': (96.08, 55.96), 'noise': (100.00, 100.00), 'overlay': (100.00, 100.00), 'quality': (99.97, 99.38), 'spatial': (84.34, 76.04)},
	'TrustMark-Q, Table 1': {'color': (99.65, 98.93), 'combination': (64.00, 21.22), 'noise': (100.00, 99.99), 'overlay': (99.99, 99.87), 'quality': (100.00, 99.99), 'spatial': (40.75, 25.76)}}
	SYNTHID['groups_reported'] = GROUPS_REPORTED
	# the decoder's check (Vereye's code constants): a 24-bit CRC; at most 512 check attempts in a first read, 1,771 in all
	CRC_BITS, CHECKS_FIRST, CHECKS_MAX = 24, 512, 1771
	# the calibration gate's rivals and their Table 1 scores, and the photos the pre-registration (version b, section 2) declares for them
	GATE_SCORES, GATE_PHOTOS = (('wam', 'mask'), ('trustmark', 'rawacc')), 50
	MODES = ('random', 'worst')

	# ---- exact intervals, standard library only
	def betacf(a, b, x):
	"""the continued fraction of the regularized incomplete beta function (Numerical Recipes 6.4, Lentz)"""
	qab, qap, qam = a + b, a + 1, a - 1; c = 1.0; d = 1 - qab * x / qap; d = 1 / (d if abs(d) > 1e-300 else 1e-300); h = d
	for m in range(1, 400):
	m2 = 2 * m; aa = m * (b - m) * x / ((qam + m2) * (a + m2)); d = 1 + aa * d; d = 1 / (d if abs(d) > 1e-300 else 1e-300); c = 1 + aa / c; c = c if abs(c) > 1e-300 else 1e-300; h = d c
	aa = -(a + m) * (qab + m) * x / ((a + m2) * (qap + m2)); d = 1 + aa * d; d = 1 / (d if abs(d) > 1e-300 else 1e-300); c = 1 + aa / c; c = c if abs(c) > 1e-300 else 1e-300; de = d * c; h *= de
	if abs(de - 1) < 3e-14: break
	return h
	def ibeta(a, b, x):
	if x <= 0: return 0.0
	if x >= 1: return 1.0
	lb = math.lgamma(a + b) - math.lgamma(a) - math.lgamma(b) + a * math.log(x) + b * math.log(1 - x)
	return math.exp(lb) * betacf(a, b, x) / a if x < (a + 1) / (a + b + 2) else 1 - math.exp(lb) * betacf(b, a, 1 - x) / b
	def beta_q(q, a, b):
	lo, hi = 0.0, 1.0
	for _ in range(200):
	mid = (lo + hi) / 2
	if ibeta(a, b, mid) < q: lo = mid
	else: hi = mid
	return (lo + hi) / 2
	def clopper_pearson(x, n):
	"""95 % two-sided exact interval for x successes in n trials (x, n may be non-integer: an effective sample size)"""
	lo = (0.025) ** (1 / n) if x >= n else 0.0 if x <= 0 else beta_q(0.025, x, n - x + 1)
	hi = 1.0 if x >= n else 1 - (0.025) ** (1 / n) if x <= 0 else beta_q(0.975, x + 1, n - x)
	return lo, hi

	def deff_of(rows):
	"""Kish's design effect 1 + (m - 1) ICC of the misses clustered by photo (ANOVA ICC, at least 0)"""
	by = collections.defaultdict(list)
	for r in rows: by[r['photo']].append(0 if r['identified'] == '1' else 1)
	P = len(by); m = sum(len(v) for v in by.values()) / P; ps = [sum(v) / len(v) for v in by.values()]; pb = sum(ps) / P
	if P < 2 or m < 2 or pb in (0, 1): return 1.0
	msb = m * sum((p - pb) ** 2 for p in ps) / (P - 1); msw = sum(m * p * (1 - p) for p in ps) / (P * (m - 1))
	icc = max(0.0, (msb - msw) / (msb + (m - 1) * msw)) if msb + (m - 1) * msw > 0 else 0.0
	return max(1.0, 1 + (m - 1) * icc)

	def photo_bootstrap(rows, B=4000, seed=20261028):
	"""95 % interval of the identified rate when the PHOTOS are resampled with replacement (copies of one photo are not independent)"""
	by = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [0, 0])
	for r in rows: by[r['photo']][0] += r['identified'] == '1'; by[r['photo']][1] += 1
	P = sorted(by); rng = random.Random(seed); v = []
	for _ in range(B):
	s = [by[rng.choice(P)] for _ in P]; v.append(100 * sum(a for a, _ in s) / sum(b for _, b in s))
	v.sort(); return (round(v[int(0.025 * B)], 2), round(v[int(0.975 * B) - 1], 2))

	def vereye(rows):
	out = {}
	m29 = [r for r in rows if r['marked'] == '1' and r['group'] != 'extra']
	for md in MODES:
	m = [r for r in m29 if r['mode'] == md]; ok = sum(r['identified'] == '1' for r in m)
	g = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [0, 0]); t = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [0, 0])
	for r in m: g[r['group']][0] += r['identified'] == '1'; g[r['group']][1] += 1; t[r['transformation']][0] += r['identified'] == '1'; t[r['transformation']][1] += 1
	u = [r for r in rows if r['marked'] == '0' and r['mode'] == md]
	ex = [r for r in rows if r['marked'] == '1' and r['group'] == 'extra' and r['mode'] == md]
	bs = photo_bootstrap(m) if m else (None, None); de = deff_of(m) if m else 1.0; ne = len(m) / de; cp = clopper_pearson(ok / de, ne) if m else (0, 0)
	out[md] = {'identified': ok, 'copies': len(m), 'pct': round(100 * ok / len(m), 2) if m else None, 'photo_bootstrap95': bs,
	'deff': round(de, 3), 'clopper_pearson95_eff': (round(100 * cp[0], 2), round(100 * cp[1], 2)),
	'bounds95': (round(min(bs[0], 100 * cp[0]), 2), round(max(bs[1], 100 * cp[1]), 2)) if m else None,
	'misses_on_photos': len({r['photo'] for r in m if r['identified'] != '1'}),
	'groups': {k: [a, b] for k, (a, b) in sorted(g.items())}, 'transformations': {k: [a, b] for k, (a, b) in sorted(t.items())},
	'unmarked_twins': len(u), 'unmarked_owner_named': sum(int(r['owners_named'] or 0) > 0 for r in u),
	'unmarked_any_key': sum(int(r['crc_keys'] or 0) > 0 for r in u),
	'marked_other_owner': sum(int(r['other_owners'] or 0) > 0 for r in m),
	'extra_jpeg': [sum(r['identified'] == '1' for r in ex), len(ex)]}
	return out

	def fnum(x):
	try: return float(x)
	except (TypeError, ValueError): return None

	def rivals(rows):
	"""per method and score: the 0.1 %-FPR threshold on worst-mode twins and the paper's TPR (mean over the 29 transformations), strict
	(a score above the threshold) and counting ties at the threshold, next to what the SynthID-Image paper reports for the method"""
	out = {}
	for meth in sorted({r['method'] for r in rows}):
	R = [r for r in rows if r['method'] == meth and r['group'] != 'extra']; scores = ('bitacc', 'rawacc') if meth == 'trustmark' else ('bitacc', 'mask')
	out[meth] = {'photos': len({r['photo'] for r in R})}
	for sc in scores:
	un = sorted((fnum(r[sc]) if fnum(r[sc]) is not None else 0.0) for r in R if r['marked'] == '0' and r['mode'] == 'worst')
	if not un or all(fnum(r[sc]) is None for r in R if r['marked'] == '1'): continue
	thr = un[min(len(un) - 1, math.ceil(0.999 * len(un)) - 1)]
	res = {'threshold': thr, 'worst_twins': len(un), 'photos': out[meth]['photos'], 'fpr_worst_pct': round(100 * sum(x > thr for x in un) / len(un), 3),
	'fpr_worst_with_ties_pct': round(100 * sum(x >= thr for x in un) / len(un), 3)}
	if (meth, sc) in PAPER_RIVALS: res['paper_reported'], res['paper_table'] = PAPER_RIVALS[(meth, sc)]
	for md in MODES:
	t = collections.defaultdict(list); te = collections.defaultdict(list)
	for r in R:
	if r['marked'] == '1' and r['mode'] == md: x = fnum(r[sc]) or 0.0; t[r['transformation']].append(x > thr); te[r['transformation']].append(x >= thr)
	res[md] = round(100 * sum(sum(v) / len(v) for v in t.values()) / len(t), 2) if t else None
	res[md + '_with_ties'] = round(100 * sum(sum(v) / len(v) for v in te.values()) / len(te), 2) if te else None
	res[md + '_by_transformation'] = {k: round(100 * sum(v) / len(v), 1) for k, v in sorted(t.items())}
	res[md + '_marked_copies'] = sum(len(v) for v in t.values())
	out[meth][sc] = res
	ex = collections.defaultdict(list)
	for r in R:
	if r['marked'] == '1': ex[(r['mode'], r['transformation'])].append(r['ident'] in ('1', 'True', 'true'))
	out[meth]['exact_message'] = {md: round(100 * sum(sum(v) / len(v) for (m, _), v in ex.items() if m == md) / max(1, len({k for k in ex if k[0] == md})), 2) for md in MODES}
	if meth == 'trustmark':
	tw = [r for r in R if r['marked'] == '0']; mk = [r for r in R if r['marked'] == '1']
	out[meth]['present_flag'] = {'twins_pct': round(100 * sum(r['present'] in ('1', 'True', 'true') for r in tw) / max(1, len(tw)), 2),
	'marked_pct': round(100 * sum(r['present'] in ('1', 'True', 'true') for r in mk) / max(1, len(mk)), 2)}
	ps = [fnum(r['psnr']) for r in R if r['marked'] == '1' and fnum(r.get('psnr'))]
	out[meth]['psnr_db'] = round(sum(ps) / len(ps), 2) if ps else None
	return out

	def rival_bounds95(rows, meth, sc, thr, md):
	"""a rival's 95 % interval EXACTLY like Vereye's (the wider of the photo bootstrap and Clopper-Pearson on the effective sample size),
	of its rate counting ties at the threshold as detected (the higher rate: the stricter gate for Vereye). Addendum 2026-10-28 (critic
	round 3, F1): the margin it replaces (a Wald interval times a typed-in sqrt(29)) could not trip on the real rival rows."""
	R = [{'photo': r['photo'], 'identified': '1' if (fnum(r[sc]) or 0.0) >= thr else '0'} for r in rows
	if r['method'] == meth and r['group'] != 'extra' and r['marked'] == '1' and r['mode'] == md]
	if not R: return None
	ok = sum(r['identified'] == '1' for r in R); bs = photo_bootstrap(R); de = deff_of(R); cp = clopper_pearson(ok / de, len(R) / de)
	return (round(min(bs[0], 100 * cp[0]), 2), round(max(bs[1], 100 * cp[1]), 2))

	def rivals_ok(riv, rows=None):
	"""the pre-registered calibration gate: no rival scores higher here than the paper reports for it by more than its own 95 % interval
	(its lower bound above the reported value); FAILS CLOSED: without rival rows "ahead" cannot be declared (critic round 3, M2)"""
	bad = []
	if not riv or not rows: return ['no rival rows: the calibration gate cannot run, so "ahead" cannot be declared']
	# BOTH rivals, each scored by its Table 1 score, on at least the photos the pre-registration declares (critic round 4, M2: with one
	# rival, a subset of photos or an empty score column the gate passed by default)
	for meth, k in GATE_SCORES:
	x = (riv.get(meth) or {}).get(k)
	if not (isinstance(x, dict) and 'threshold' in x): bad.append(f'{meth} {k}: missing, so "ahead" cannot be declared'); continue
	if x.get('photos', 0) < GATE_PHOTOS: bad.append(f'{meth} {k}: {x.get("photos", 0)} photos, fewer than the {GATE_PHOTOS} declared')
	for meth, sc in riv.items():
	for k, x in sc.items():
	if not (isinstance(x, dict) and 'paper_reported' in x) or x['paper_table'] != 'Table 1': continue
	for i, md in enumerate(MODES):
	b = rival_bounds95(rows, meth, k, x['threshold'], md); x[md + '_bounds95_with_ties'] = b
	if b is None: bad.append(f'{meth} {k} {md}: no marked rows'); continue
	if b[0] > x['paper_reported'][i]: bad.append(f'{meth} {k} {md}: {x[md + "_with_ties"]:.2f} % here (95 % {b[0]:.2f}-{b[1]:.2f}) vs {x["paper_reported"][i]:.2f} % reported')
	return bad

	def prereg(v, riv, rows=None):
	"""PREREGISTRATION.md section 5 (version b), its own words for the three statements (critic round 3, M5)"""
	s, why = {}, rivals_ok(riv, rows)
	for md in MODES:
	lo, hi = v[md]['bounds95']; t1 = SYNTHID['table1_detection'][md]; t2lo, t2hi = SYNTHID['table2_payload'][md]
	if lo > t1 and lo > t2hi and not why: s[md] = 'ahead of SynthID-O'
	elif lo > t1 and lo > t2hi: s[md] = 'ahead by the bounds, NOT declared: the rival calibration gate failed' # critic round 4 (minor)
	elif hi < min(t1, t2lo): s[md] = 'behind SynthID-O'
	else: s[md] = 'not distinguishable from SynthID-O at this sample size'
	s[md + '_bounds95'] = [lo, hi]
	s[md + '_miss_ratio'] = round((100 - v[md]['pct']) / (100 - t1), 2) if t1 < 100 else None
	s['rival_calibration_flags'] = why
	return s

	def weaker(v, riv, vsub):
	"""every group where a value REPORTED in the SynthID-Image paper is above Vereye's, and every transformation where a rival measured
	here is (on exactly the rivals' photos)"""
	out = {'groups': [], 'transformations': []}
	for md_i, md in enumerate(MODES):
	for g, (a, b) in v[md]['groups'].items():
	for who, G in GROUPS_REPORTED.items():
	if g in G and G[g][md_i] > 100 * a / b: out['groups'].append(f'{md} {g}: Vereye {100 * a / b:.2f} % < {who} {G[g][md_i]:.2f} %')
	for meth, sc in (riv or {}).items():
	key = 'mask' if meth == 'wam' else 'rawacc'
	if key not in sc: continue
	for t, x in sc[key][md + '_by_transformation'].items():
	a, b = (vsub or v)[md]['transformations'].get(t, (None, None))
	if a is not None and x > 100 * a / b: out['transformations'].append(f'{md} {t}: Vereye {100 * a / b:.1f} % < {meth} {x:.1f} % (same photos)')
	return out

	if __name__ == '__main__':
	J = {'synthid_reported': SYNTHID, 'sets': {}}
	for d in sorted(glob.glob(os.path.join(KIT, 'sets', '*'))):
	S = os.path.basename(d); meta = json.load(open(os.path.join(d, 'set.json'))); cells = list(csv.DictReader(open(os.path.join(d, 'results', 'cells.csv'), newline='')))
	e = {'role': meta['role'], 'size': meta['size'], 'photos': len({r['photo'] for r in cells}), 'copies': len(cells), 'vereye': vereye(cells)}
	ps = [json.load(open(f))['sealed']['psnr_db_vs_original'] for f in sorted(glob.glob(os.path.join(d, 'photos', '*', 'info.json')))]
	e['vereye']['psnr_db'] = round(sum(ps) / len(ps), 2) if ps else None
	rf = os.path.join(d, 'results', 'rivals.csv'); vsub = None; rr = None
	if os.path.exists(rf):
	rr = list(csv.DictReader(open(rf, newline=''))); e['rivals'] = rivals(rr); ph = {r['photo'] for r in rr}
	if ph and len(ph) < e['photos']: # the rivals ran on part of the set: Vereye on exactly those photos too (like for like)
	vsub = vereye([r for r in cells if r['photo'] in ph])
	e['vereye_on_rival_photos'] = {'photos': len(ph), **{md: {'pct': vsub[md]['pct'], 'identified': vsub[md]['identified'], 'copies': vsub[md]['copies']} for md in MODES}}
	if meta.get('synthid_comparison'): e['preregistered_statement'] = prereg(e['vereye'], e.get('rivals'), rr)
	e['where_vereye_is_lower'] = weaker(e['vereye'], e.get('rivals'), vsub)
	J['sets'][S] = e
	tw = sum(e['vereye'][m]['unmarked_twins'] for e in J['sets'].values() for m in MODES)
	J['design_bound'] = {'crc_bits': CRC_BITS, 'checks_first_read': CHECKS_FIRST, 'checks_max': CHECKS_MAX, 'twins': tw,
	'per_image_low_pct': 100 * CHECKS_FIRST / 2 ** CRC_BITS, 'per_image_high_pct': 100 * CHECKS_MAX / 2 ** CRC_BITS,
	'expected_low': tw * CHECKS_FIRST / 2 ** CRC_BITS, 'expected_high': tw * CHECKS_MAX / 2 ** CRC_BITS}
	out = sys.argv[sys.argv.index('--json') + 1] if '--json' in sys.argv else None
	if out: json.dump(J, open(out, 'w'), indent=1, sort_keys=True)
	for S, e in J['sets'].items():
	print(f'\n== {S} ({e["role"]}, {e["size"]} px): {e["photos"]} photos, {e["copies"]} copies, Vereye PSNR {e["vereye"]["psnr_db"]} dB')
	for md in MODES:
	v = e['vereye'][md]
	print(f' Vereye {md}: owner identified {v["identified"]} / {v["copies"]} = {v["pct"]} % bounds {v["bounds95"]} (photo bootstrap {v["photo_bootstrap95"]}, '
	f'exact on n/deff {v["clopper_pearson95_eff"]}, deff {v["deff"]}; misses on {v["misses_on_photos"]} photos) \| twins: owner named {v["unmarked_owner_named"]} / '
	f'{v["unmarked_twins"]}, any key {v["unmarked_any_key"]} \| marked copies with another owner named {v["marked_other_owner"]} \| extra jpeg {v["extra_jpeg"][0]}/{v["extra_jpeg"][1]}')
	print(' groups: ' + ' '.join(f'{g} {a}/{b}' for g, (a, b) in v['groups'].items()))
	if 'vereye_on_rival_photos' in e:
	x = e['vereye_on_rival_photos']; print(f' Vereye on the {x["photos"]} photos the rivals ran on: random {x["random"]["pct"]} %, worst {x["worst"]["pct"]} %')
	for meth, sc in e.get('rivals', {}).items():
	print(f' {meth} ({sc["photos"]} photos): ' + ' \| '.join(f'{k} thr {x["threshold"]:.4g} (fpr {x["fpr_worst_pct"]} %, with ties {x["fpr_worst_with_ties_pct"]} %) random {x["random"]} ({x["random_with_ties"]}) '
	f'worst {x["worst"]} ({x["worst_with_ties"]})' + (f' [paper {x["paper_reported"][0]} / {x["paper_reported"][1]}, {x["paper_table"]}]' if 'paper_reported' in x else '')
	for k, x in sc.items() if isinstance(x, dict) and 'threshold' in x) + f' \| exact message {sc["exact_message"]} \| psnr {sc["psnr_db"]} dB'
	+ (f' \| presence flag on twins {sc["present_flag"]["twins_pct"]} %' if 'present_flag' in sc else ''))
	if 'preregistered_statement' in e: print(f' PRE-REGISTERED STATEMENT vs SynthID-O: {e["preregistered_statement"]}')
	wl = e['where_vereye_is_lower']
	print(f' WHERE VEREYE IS LOWER ({len(wl["groups"])} group values reported in the SynthID-Image paper, {len(wl["transformations"])} transformations measured here):')
	for x in wl['groups'] + wl['transformations']: print(' ' + x)
	print(' PER TRANSFORMATION (identified / detected %, random \| worst):')
	R = e.get('rivals', {})
	for t in sorted(e['vereye']['random']['transformations']):
	cells_ = []
	for md in MODES:
	a, b = e['vereye'][md]['transformations'][t]; c = [f'Vereye {100 * a / b:.1f}']
	for meth, key in (('wam', 'mask'), ('trustmark', 'rawacc')):
	if key in R.get(meth, {}): c.append(f'{meth} {R[meth][key][md + "_by_transformation"].get(t, float("nan")):.1f}')
	cells_.append(' '.join(c))
	print(f' {t:26s} ' + ' \| '.join(cells_))
	DB = J['design_bound']
	print(f'\nDesign bound of the check: at most {CHECKS_FIRST}-{CHECKS_MAX} attempts per image at 2^-{CRC_BITS} each = {DB["per_image_low_pct"]:.4f}-{DB["per_image_high_pct"]:.4f} % '
	f'per image; {DB["expected_low"]:.2f}-{DB["expected_high"]:.2f} wrong keys expected over the {tw:,} unmarked twins (a wrong key must also be registered to name anyone)')
	print(f'SynthID-O (reported, not run): Table 1 {SYNTHID["table1_detection"]} Table 2 {SYNTHID["table2_payload"]}')