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PCB fabrication me FR-4 substrate sabse common glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material hai. High frequency RF designs me Rogers ya Teflon use hota hai, jabki high heat dissipation applications (jaise LED drivers) me Aluminum / Metal Core PCB use ki jaati hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
IPC-2221 PCB design ka generic standard hai, jabki IPC-A-600 printed boards ki acceptability aur quality inspection criteria define karta hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
PCB vias teen tarah ke hote hain: Through-hole vias jo top se bottom tak penetrate karte hain, Blind vias jo outer layer ko inner layer se jodte hain, aur Buried vias jo sirf inner layers ke beech connect hote hain. High density interconnect (HDI) me laser drilled micro-vias use hote hain.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
Surface finish selection: HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling) sasta hota hai par flat surface nahi deta. ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) flat surface deta hai aur fine-pitch BGA/QFN ke liye best hai. OSP (Organic Solderability Preservative) lead-free aur environmentally friendly option hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
SMT line me solder paste printing pehla critical step hai. Stencil thickness aam taur par 100 se 150 microns hoti hai. Squeegee angle 45 to 60 degrees rakha jata hai. Paste inspection ke liye 3D SPI use hota hai jo volume, height aur area measure karta hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
Lead-free soldering me SAC305 (96.5% Tin, 3% Silver, 0.5% Copper) alloy sabse zyada use hota hai. Iska melting point lagbhag 217°C hota hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
Reflow oven thermal profile me 4 zones hote hain: Preheat zone (1-3°C/sec ramp rate), Soak zone (flux activate karne ke liye 150-180°C), Reflow peak zone (TAL - Time Above Liquidus 45-75 sec, peak temp 235-250°C), aur Cooling zone (rapid grain structure crystallization).
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
Tombstoning defect tab hota hai jab component ke dono pads par wetting forces unequal hoti hain. Causes: unequal pad size, uneven solder paste deposition, ya thermal mass imbalance.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
Head-in-Pillow (HiP) defect BGA components me tab banta hai jab BGA ball aur solder paste proper coalesce nahi hote, aksar BGA warpage ya paste oxidation ki wajah se.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
IPC-A-610 Class 3 electronic assemblies life-support systems aur aerospace ke liye mandatory hai jaha high reliability aur zero failure rate expected hoti hai.
english
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
IATF 16949 automotive quality management system standard hai jo ISO 9001:2015 ke uper base hai. Iska main focus defect prevention, variation reduction aur supply chain waste elimination par hota hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Automotive ke 5 Core Quality Tools hain: APQP (Product development planning), FMEA (Risk analysis), PPAP (Production approval), MSA (Measurement error analysis), aur SPC (Process capability monitoring).
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Process capability index Cpk calculate karne ke liye formula hai: Cpk = min((USL - Mean)/(3*sigma), (Mean - LSL)/(3*sigma)). Six-sigma capability ke liye Cpk >= 1.33 ya 1.67 hona zaroori hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Measurement System Analysis (MSA) me Gage R&R percentage < 10% hona acceptable maana jata hai. 10% se 30% conditional acceptance hai, aur > 30% measurement system reject ho jata hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
5S system shop floor cleanliness aur standardization ke liye 5 Japanese words se bana hai: Seiri (Sort), Seiton (Set in order), Seiso (Shine), Seiketsu (Standardize), aur Shitsuke (Sustain).
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Failure Analysis (FA) me 8D problem solving methodology use hoti hai: D1 Team formation, D2 Problem description, D3 Interim containment action (ICA), D4 Root cause analysis (RCA via 5-Whys/Fishbone), D5 Permanent corrective action (PCA), D6 Validate PCA, D7 Prevent recurrence, D8 Congratulate team.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Microsectioning destructive testing me sample ko epoxy resin me pot kiya jata hai, fir diamond abrasive se grind aur polish karke chemical etchant lagaya jata hai taaki intermetallic compound (IMC layer Cu6Sn5 / Cu3Sn) thickness inspect ki ja sake. Ideal IMC thickness 1 to 3 microns hoti hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) high magnification surface imaging ke liye use hota hai, aur EDX/EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) micro-area ka elemental composition batata hai (jaise solder joint me contamination ya gold embrittlement).
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) prevention ke liye ESD S20.20 standard follow hota hai. Wrist straps, ESD footwear, dissipative floor mats (< 10^9 ohms), aur ionizers static charge build-up prevent karte hain.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Zero FIR kisi bhi police station me darj karwayi ja sakti hai chahe apradh us thane ke jurisdiction me na hua ho. Baad me use sambandhit thane transfer kar diya jata hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_law_and_constitution
law_and_constitution
Consumer Protection Act 2019 ke tehat agar koi product defective hai ya service me kami hai, toh consumer District Commission (50 lakh tak claim) me seedhe complaint file kar sakta hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_law_and_constitution
law_and_constitution
Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005 ke tehat aam nagrik 10 rupaye ki fee dekar sarkari vibhag se jaankari mang sakta hai. PIO ko 30 din ke andar jawab dena anivarya hota hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_law_and_constitution
law_and_constitution
Cheque bounce hone par Negotiable Instruments Act ke Section 138 ke tehat legal notice cheque return memo aane ke 30 din ke andar bhejna zaroori hai. Notice milne ke 15 din me payment na hone par criminal complaint file hoti hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_law_and_constitution
law_and_constitution
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) ke anusaar police kisi mahila ko suryast ke baad aur suryoday se pehle bina mahila magistrate ki prior permission ke arrest nahi kar sakti.
hinglish
curated_pillar_law_and_constitution
law_and_constitution
Police remand lene ke liye accused ko arrest ke 24 ghante ke andar nearest Judicial Magistrate ke samne physical ya video conference se pesh karna mandatory hota hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_law_and_constitution
law_and_constitution
Ecosystem me energy ka flow humesha unidirectional hota hai aur 10% law follow karta hai — har trophic level par sirf 10% energy hi transfer hoti hai, baaki heat ke roop me dissipate hoti hai.
english
curated_pillar_ncert_and_science
ncert_and_science
Python me list mutable hoti hai jabki tuple immutable hota hai. Dictionary key-value pairs store karti hai aur internal hash table ki wajah se O(1) average lookup time deti hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_tech_and_coding
tech_and_coding
TCP/IP suite me TCP connection-oriented protocol hai jo 3-way handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK) se reliable data transfer sunishchit karta hai, jabki UDP connectionless aur fast hota hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_tech_and_coding
tech_and_coding
Linux me file permissions teen tarah ke users ke liye set hoti hain: Owner, Group, aur Others. Chmod 755 ka matlab hai owner ko Read/Write/Execute (7) aur baki sabhi ko Read/Execute (5).
hinglish
curated_pillar_tech_and_coding
tech_and_coding
Git me `git rebase` commit history ko linear banata hai jabki `git merge` ek naya merge commit create karke do branches ko jodata hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_tech_and_coding
tech_and_coding
SQL me INNER JOIN sirf matching rows return karta hai, LEFT JOIN left table ki saari rows aur right table ki matching rows deta hai, aur NULLs jahan match na ho.
hinglish
curated_pillar_tech_and_coding
tech_and_coding
Docker containerization lightweight virtualization provide karta hai jo host operating system ke kernel ko share karta hai, unlike full Virtual Machines jo separate OS run karti hain.
english
curated_pillar_tech_and_coding
tech_and_coding
<|user|> Ek dukandar 500 rupaye ki shirt par 20% discount deta hai. Shirt kitne me milegi? <|assistant|> <soch> Shirt ki original kimat = 500 rupaye. Discount percentage = 20%. Discount amount = 500 * (20 / 100) = 100 rupaye. Final selling price = 500 - 100 = 400 rupaye. </soch> Discount ke baad shirt aapko 400 rupaye ...
hinglish
curated_pillar_everyday_math_cot
everyday_math_cot
<|user|> Agar 5 mazdoor kisi deewar ko 10 din me banate hain, toh 10 mazdoor usi deewar ko kitne din me banayenge? <|assistant|> <soch> Kul kaam (Work) = Mazdoor * Din. Work = 5 * 10 = 50 man-days. Ab mazdoor hain 10. Time = Total Work / Mazdoor = 50 / 10 = 5 din. </soch> 10 mazdoor us deewar ko sirf 5 din me bana leng...
hinglish
curated_pillar_everyday_math_cot
everyday_math_cot
<|user|> Ek train 72 km/h ki raftaar se chal rahi hai. Wo 500 meter lambe platform ko kitne second me paar karegi agar train ki lambai 200 meter hai? <|assistant|> <soch> Kul doori (Distance) = Train ki lambai + Platform ki lambai = 200 + 500 = 700 meter. Speed = 72 km/h. Meter/sec me badalne ke liye 5/18 se multiply k...
hinglish
curated_pillar_everyday_math_cot
everyday_math_cot
Subject: Leave Application - Sick Leave - [Your Name] Dear [Manager Name], I am writing to inform you that I am unwell and suffering from fever since yesterday. My doctor has advised complete rest for two days. Therefore, I kindly request you to approve my sick leave for [Date] and [Date]. I will keep my team update...
english
curated_pillar_corporate_emails
corporate_emails
Subject: Minutes of Meeting (MOM) - SMT Line Quality Review - [Date] Dear Team, Thank you for attending today's quality review meeting. Below are the key discussion points and action items: Key Highlights: 1. Reflow soldering defect rate decreased from 1.2% to 0.4% post profile optimization. 2. SPI threshold for sol...
english
curated_pillar_corporate_emails
corporate_emails
Sholay (1975) Ramesh Sippy dwara nirdeshit ek aitihasik film hai jisme Amitabh Bachchan, Dharmendra, Sanjeev Kumar, Hema Malini aur Amjad Khan ne acting ki thi. Salim-Javed ke likhe dialogues jaise 'Kitne aadmi the' aur 'Yeh haath mujhe de de Thakur' Bhartiya cinema ka hissa ban gaye.
hinglish
curated_pillar_cinema_and_entertainment
cinema_and_entertainment
Christopher Nolan ki Inception (2010) dreams ke andar dreams (shared dreaming) ke concept par aadharit science fiction masterpiece hai, jisme Leonardo DiCaprio ne Dom Cobb ka role play kiya tha.
english
curated_pillar_cinema_and_entertainment
cinema_and_entertainment
Income Tax me New Tax Regime standard default regime hai jisme lower tax rates hain par HRA aur 80C exemptions nahi milti. Old Tax Regime unke liye behtar hai jinke paas home loan interest aur high deductions hain.
hinglish
curated_pillar_personal_finance_and_tax
personal_finance_and_tax
Mutual Funds me Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) rupee cost averaging ka benefit deta hai — jab market girta hai toh zyada units milti hain, aur jab badhta hai toh wealth compound hoti hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_personal_finance_and_tax
personal_finance_and_tax
CIBIL score 300 se 900 ke beech hota hai. 750 se upar ka score loans aur credit cards ke liye best mana jata hai. Time par EMI pay karna aur credit utilization ratio < 30% rakhna score ko high rakhta hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_personal_finance_and_tax
personal_finance_and_tax
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) me 30 chest compressions ke baad 2 rescue breaths di jaati hain (30:2 ratio). Compressions ki depth 2 inches honi chahiye aur rate 100-120 compressions per minute.
hinglish
curated_pillar_health_and_first_aid
health_and_first_aid
Complete Blood Count (CBC) report me Hemoglobin (normal 12-16 g/dL for females, 13.5-17.5 for males), Total WBC (normal 4,000-11,000 /mcL), aur Platelet count (normal 1.5-4.5 lakh /mcL) critical markers hote hain.
hinglish
curated_pillar_health_and_first_aid
health_and_first_aid
Dal Makhani ka authentic swaad lene ke liye sabut urad dal aur rajma ko 8-10 ghante bhigone ke baad dheemi aanch par 4-5 ghante pakaya jata hai, jisme fresh makkhan, tomato puree aur kasuri methi ka tadka lagta hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_cooking_and_cuisines
cooking_and_cuisines
South Indian Dosa aur Idli ke liye chawal aur dhuli urad dal ka anupaat 3:1 rakha jata hai. Batter ko 8 se 12 ghante warm jagah par ferment hone diya jata hai taaki lactic acid aur carbon dioxide se fluffy texture bane.
hinglish
curated_pillar_cooking_and_cuisines
cooking_and_cuisines
Rajasthani Dal Baati Churma me baati ko kande (cow dung cakes) ya traditional oven me sek kar desi ghee me dubaaya jata hai, aur churma baati ko pees kar ghee aur boora/gur mila kar banta hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_cooking_and_cuisines
cooking_and_cuisines
Authentic Italian Neapolitan Pizza dough ke liye Type 00 flour, 60-65% hydration, yeast aur salt use hota hai. Dough ko 24 se 48 ghante cold fermentation diya jata hai aur 450-500°C wood-fired oven me sirf 60-90 second bake kiya jata hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_cooking_and_cuisines
cooking_and_cuisines
Traditional Italian Pasta Carbonara me cream bilkul nahi dali jaati; iska creamy sauce egg yolks, grated Pecorino Romano cheese, crispy Guanciale (ya pancetta), aur freshly cracked black pepper ko pasta ke starch water ke sath emulsion bana kar banta hai.
english
curated_pillar_cooking_and_cuisines
cooking_and_cuisines
Pan-Asian Wok cooking me 'Wok Hei' (breath of the wok) high heat par oil vapor droplets ke aerosolize hone aur intense searing se aane wala smoky aroma hota hai. Continuous tossing zaroori hoti hai.
english
curated_pillar_cooking_and_cuisines
cooking_and_cuisines
Mexican cuisine me authentic Guacamole ripe Hass avocados, fresh lime juice, finely chopped onions, cilantro (dhaniya), aur jalapeños ko molcajete (stone mortar) me halka mash karke banaya jata hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_cooking_and_cuisines
cooking_and_cuisines
Middle Eastern Hummus ko super-creamy banane ke liye boiled chickpeas ke chhilke (skins) nikaal kar unhe high-grade Tahini (sesame paste), garlic, lemon juice aur chilled ice water ke sath high-speed food processor me blend kiya jata hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_cooking_and_cuisines
cooking_and_cuisines
French Culinary Arts me 5 Mother Sauces hoti hain: Béchamel (white roux + milk), Velouté (white roux + white stock), Espagnole (brown roux + brown stock), Sauce Tomat (tomato based), aur Hollandaise (egg yolks + melted butter emulsion).
english
curated_pillar_cooking_and_cuisines
cooking_and_cuisines
English: Could you please tell me where the nearest pharmacy is located? Hindi: क्या आप मुझे बता सकते हैं कि सबसे नजदीकी मेडिकल स्टोर कहाँ है? Hinglish: Kya aap mujhe bata sakte hain ki sabse paas wala medical store kaha hai?
hinglish
curated_pillar_translation_and_transliteration
translation_and_transliteration
English: The train was delayed by two hours due to dense fog in northern India. Hindi: उत्तर भारत में घने कोहरे के कारण ट्रेन दो घंटे देरी से चल रही थी। Hinglish: North India me ghane kohre ki wajah se train do ghante late chal rahi thi.
hinglish
curated_pillar_translation_and_transliteration
translation_and_transliteration
Vikram-Betal ki kahaniyon me Raja Vikramaditya ko Betal ko ped se utaar kar laana hota tha, par shart thi ki raaste me bina bole chalna hai. Betal har baar ek jatil nyay aur neeti ki kahani sunata tha aur aakhri me sawaal poochta tha. Agar Raja jawab jaante huye na bole toh uska sar phat jayega, aur agar bole toh Betal...
hinglish
curated_pillar_stories_and_literature
stories_and_literature
Drishyam (2015) film me Vijay Salgaonkar (Ajay Devgn) ek aam cable operator hota hai jiska parivar achanak ek apradh me fans jata hai. Vijay 2 aur 3 October ki jhoothi kahani (Panaji ashram, Swami Chinmayananda satsang, hotel me pav bhaji, movie tickets) itni baar sabko sunata hai ki logon ki visual memory us jhooth ko...
hinglish
curated_pillar_movie_plots_and_songs
movie_plots_and_songs
Lagaan (2001) me British Captain Russell ne gaon walon ko cricket match khelne ki chunauti di: agar gaon wale jeete toh 3 saal ka lagaan maaf, haare toh teen guna lagaan. Bhuvan ne sabhi gaon walon (Kachra, Deva, Goli) ko jod kar ek team banayi aur aakhri gend par sixer maar kar British team ko haraya.
hinglish
curated_pillar_movie_plots_and_songs
movie_plots_and_songs
Kishore Kumar ka gaana 'Zindagi ke safar mein guzar jaate hain jo makaam, wo phir nahi aate' Anand Bakshi ke geet aur R.D. Burman ke sangeet ka shikar hai jo insani zindagi ke lamhon aur yaadon ki keemat samjhata hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_movie_plots_and_songs
movie_plots_and_songs
Android OS me Android Runtime (ART) Dalvik runtime ki jagah aaya tha. ART Ahead-of-Time (AOT) aur Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation ka hybrid use karta hai jo apps ke execution speed ko 2x boost karta hai aur battery efficiency badhata hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_mobile_tech_android_ios
mobile_tech_android_ios
Android Debug Bridge (ADB) developer tool se computer se phone ko control kiya ja sakta hai: 'adb devices' se connected phone check karte hain, 'adb reboot bootloader' se Fastboot mode me jaate hain, aur bloatware hatane ke liye 'adb shell pm uninstall -k --user 0 <package_name>' command use hoti hai.
english
curated_pillar_mobile_tech_android_ios
mobile_tech_android_ios
iPhone me DFU (Device Firmware Update) mode Recovery mode se deep hota hai. DFU mode me bootloader (iBoot) load nahi hota, jisse custom firmware restore ya corrupted iOS ko clean reinstall kiya ja sakta hai bina boot loop ke.
english
curated_pillar_mobile_tech_android_ios
mobile_tech_android_ios
Smartphone battery life badhane ke liye 80-20 rule follow karein: battery ko 20% se neeche mat aane de aur 80-85% se zyada charge mat karein. Fast charging ke dauraan heavy gaming karne se phone overheat hota hai jisse Lithium-ion battery degrade ho jaati hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_mobile_tech_android_ios
mobile_tech_android_ios
eSIM (Embedded SIM) phone ke motherboard par soldered physical chip hoti hai jisme profile download karke carrier network activate kiya jata hai bina physical plastic SIM card daale.
hinglish
curated_pillar_mobile_tech_android_ios
mobile_tech_android_ios
Hostel ke 4 dost baithe the. Pehla bola - 'Bhai kal exam hai aur abhi tak syllabus bhi nahi pata.' Doosra dost muskura ke bola - 'Tension mat le mere bhai, exam ke baad poori zindagi bachi hai syllabus dhoondne ke liye!'
hinglish
curated_pillar_jokes_and_humor
jokes_and_humor
Doctor: Aapko daily 5 kilometer daudna hoga health fit rakhne ke liye. Patient: Subah daudu ya shaam ko doctor saab? Doctor: Jab colony ka kutta peeche pade tab daudo, speed bhi achhi aayegi!
hinglish
curated_pillar_jokes_and_humor
jokes_and_humor
HR: Why do you want to join our company? Candidate: Bachpan se mera bas ek hi sapna tha ki subah 9 baje biometric punch karu aur shaam ko 6 baje tak dimaag ki dahi karwau!
hinglish
curated_pillar_jokes_and_humor
jokes_and_humor
Pati: Shaadi ke baad se tumne meri har baat par sawaal uthana shuru kar diya hai. Patni: Haan toh shaadi se pehle tum kaunsa koi aklmandi ki baat karte the jo sawaal na uthati!
hinglish
curated_pillar_jokes_and_humor
jokes_and_humor
Abe dhakkan, jab dimaag me gobar bhara hai toh itna faltu gyaan kyu baant raha hai? Chupchaap baith aur sun le pehle.
hinglish
curated_pillar_desi_roasts_and_street_slang
desi_roasts_and_street_slang
Bhai tu insaan hai ya chalte-phirte dimaag ki dahi? Ek seedha sawaal poocha tha, poori Mahabharat suna ke sar paka diya.
hinglish
curated_pillar_desi_roasts_and_street_slang
desi_roasts_and_street_slang
Abe saale chirkut, khud se 2 rupaye ka hisaab hota nahi aur baatein aisi kar raha hai jaise Reliance ka CFO baitha ho yahan!
hinglish
curated_pillar_desi_roasts_and_street_slang
desi_roasts_and_street_slang
Bakchodi band kar aur seedhe kaam ki baat par aa. Tere fukrapane dekhne ka time nahi hai kisi ke paas.
hinglish
curated_pillar_desi_roasts_and_street_slang
desi_roasts_and_street_slang
Ek dost doosre se bola: 'Bhai usne WhatsApp pe dekha par reply nahi diya, kya karu?' Doosre ne bola: 'Abe champu, usko dimaag se delete kar aur aage badh, faltu rona mat ro yahan!'
hinglish
curated_pillar_desi_roasts_and_street_slang
desi_roasts_and_street_slang
Ye jo tu hawa-bazi kar raha hai na, do minute me saari hawa nikal jayegi agar reality saamne aa gayi toh.
hinglish
curated_pillar_desi_roasts_and_street_slang
desi_roasts_and_street_slang
Subject-Verb Agreement rule: When two singular subjects are joined by 'neither...nor' or 'either...or', the verb agrees with the subject closest to it. Example: 'Neither the manager nor the employees were informed about the schedule change.'
english
curated_pillar_grammar_and_language_mechanics
grammar_and_language_mechanics
Active to Passive Voice transformation: In passive voice, the object becomes the subject and the main verb is always in past participle (V3) form. Active: 'The technician calibrated the SMT machine.' -> Passive: 'The SMT machine was calibrated by the technician.'
english
curated_pillar_grammar_and_language_mechanics
grammar_and_language_mechanics
Direct to Indirect Speech: In reporting statements, past tense in the reporting verb shifts the present tense of reported speech to past tense. Direct: He said, 'I am learning Python.' -> Indirect: He said that he was learning Python.
english
curated_pillar_grammar_and_language_mechanics
grammar_and_language_mechanics
Hinglish me English verbs ko Hindi auxiliary 'karna' ya 'hona' ke sath pair kiya jata hai: 'file upload karna', 'payment process hona'. Gender agreement Hindi noun/context ke hisaab se follow hota hai: 'Battery drain ho rahi hai' (striling battery ke anusaar), 'Server restart ho raha hai' (pulling server ke anusaar).
hinglish
curated_pillar_grammar_and_language_mechanics
grammar_and_language_mechanics
PCB fabrication me FR-4 substrate sabse common glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material hai. High frequency RF designs me Rogers ya Teflon use hota hai, jabki high heat dissipation applications (jaise LED drivers) me Aluminum / Metal Core PCB use ki jaati hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
IPC-2221 PCB design ka generic standard hai, jabki IPC-A-600 printed boards ki acceptability aur quality inspection criteria define karta hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
PCB vias teen tarah ke hote hain: Through-hole vias jo top se bottom tak penetrate karte hain, Blind vias jo outer layer ko inner layer se jodte hain, aur Buried vias jo sirf inner layers ke beech connect hote hain. High density interconnect (HDI) me laser drilled micro-vias use hote hain.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
Surface finish selection: HASL (Hot Air Solder Leveling) sasta hota hai par flat surface nahi deta. ENIG (Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold) flat surface deta hai aur fine-pitch BGA/QFN ke liye best hai. OSP (Organic Solderability Preservative) lead-free aur environmentally friendly option hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
SMT line me solder paste printing pehla critical step hai. Stencil thickness aam taur par 100 se 150 microns hoti hai. Squeegee angle 45 to 60 degrees rakha jata hai. Paste inspection ke liye 3D SPI use hota hai jo volume, height aur area measure karta hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
Lead-free soldering me SAC305 (96.5% Tin, 3% Silver, 0.5% Copper) alloy sabse zyada use hota hai. Iska melting point lagbhag 217°C hota hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
Reflow oven thermal profile me 4 zones hote hain: Preheat zone (1-3°C/sec ramp rate), Soak zone (flux activate karne ke liye 150-180°C), Reflow peak zone (TAL - Time Above Liquidus 45-75 sec, peak temp 235-250°C), aur Cooling zone (rapid grain structure crystallization).
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
Tombstoning defect tab hota hai jab component ke dono pads par wetting forces unequal hoti hain. Causes: unequal pad size, uneven solder paste deposition, ya thermal mass imbalance.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
Head-in-Pillow (HiP) defect BGA components me tab banta hai jab BGA ball aur solder paste proper coalesce nahi hote, aksar BGA warpage ya paste oxidation ki wajah se.
hinglish
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
IPC-A-610 Class 3 electronic assemblies life-support systems aur aerospace ke liye mandatory hai jaha high reliability aur zero failure rate expected hoti hai.
english
curated_pillar_electronics_smt_pcb
electronics_smt_pcb
IATF 16949 automotive quality management system standard hai jo ISO 9001:2015 ke uper base hai. Iska main focus defect prevention, variation reduction aur supply chain waste elimination par hota hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Automotive ke 5 Core Quality Tools hain: APQP (Product development planning), FMEA (Risk analysis), PPAP (Production approval), MSA (Measurement error analysis), aur SPC (Process capability monitoring).
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Process capability index Cpk calculate karne ke liye formula hai: Cpk = min((USL - Mean)/(3*sigma), (Mean - LSL)/(3*sigma)). Six-sigma capability ke liye Cpk >= 1.33 ya 1.67 hona zaroori hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Measurement System Analysis (MSA) me Gage R&R percentage < 10% hona acceptable maana jata hai. 10% se 30% conditional acceptance hai, aur > 30% measurement system reject ho jata hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
5S system shop floor cleanliness aur standardization ke liye 5 Japanese words se bana hai: Seiri (Sort), Seiton (Set in order), Seiso (Shine), Seiketsu (Standardize), aur Shitsuke (Sustain).
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Failure Analysis (FA) me 8D problem solving methodology use hoti hai: D1 Team formation, D2 Problem description, D3 Interim containment action (ICA), D4 Root cause analysis (RCA via 5-Whys/Fishbone), D5 Permanent corrective action (PCA), D6 Validate PCA, D7 Prevent recurrence, D8 Congratulate team.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Microsectioning destructive testing me sample ko epoxy resin me pot kiya jata hai, fir diamond abrasive se grind aur polish karke chemical etchant lagaya jata hai taaki intermetallic compound (IMC layer Cu6Sn5 / Cu3Sn) thickness inspect ki ja sake. Ideal IMC thickness 1 to 3 microns hoti hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) high magnification surface imaging ke liye use hota hai, aur EDX/EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) micro-area ka elemental composition batata hai (jaise solder joint me contamination ya gold embrittlement).
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) prevention ke liye ESD S20.20 standard follow hota hai. Wrist straps, ESD footwear, dissipative floor mats (< 10^9 ohms), aur ionizers static charge build-up prevent karte hain.
hinglish
curated_pillar_quality_qms_fa
quality_qms_fa
Zero FIR kisi bhi police station me darj karwayi ja sakti hai chahe apradh us thane ke jurisdiction me na hua ho. Baad me use sambandhit thane transfer kar diya jata hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_law_and_constitution
law_and_constitution
Consumer Protection Act 2019 ke tehat agar koi product defective hai ya service me kami hai, toh consumer District Commission (50 lakh tak claim) me seedhe complaint file kar sakta hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_law_and_constitution
law_and_constitution
Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005 ke tehat aam nagrik 10 rupaye ki fee dekar sarkari vibhag se jaankari mang sakta hai. PIO ko 30 din ke andar jawab dena anivarya hota hai.
hinglish
curated_pillar_law_and_constitution
law_and_constitution
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

ViuAI/viu-mini-raw-pretrain

Raw pretraining corpus for ViuMini-MoE-242M (Hinglish-first, 40:30:30 mix target). Unified schema: text, lang, source, domain, safety_tag.

  • text: training text (plain, or <|user|> ... <|assistant|> ... templated for QA/instruct/distillation sources)
  • lang: hinglish | hindi | english | bilingual
  • source: origin dataset name (e.g. indiccorp_v2, fineweb-edu, bespoke-stratos-r1, smoltalk, numina_math_cot)
  • domain: knowledge pillar (e.g. general_hindi, distilled_reasoning, distilled_math_cot, sports_cricket, automobile_rto)
  • safety_tag: safe | toxic | uncensored

Distillation & Reasoning Corpus (distilled/)

Includes 33 high-quality reasoning shards (3.73 GB, ~1.7B tokens) distilled from frontier models (DeepSeek-R1, SmolTalk, NuminaMath, Magpie Llama 3.1, FineTome 100k, Bespoke Stratos R1) with native <soch> ... </soch> chain-of-thought isolation.

Safety notice (intentional inclusion)

toxicity/ and uncensored/ folders are intentionally included for robustness research (hate-speech detection, refusal training, red-teaming). They are TAGGED, not hidden:

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("ViuAI/viu-mini-raw-pretrain", split="train", streaming=True)

def keep(row, allow_toxic=False, allow_uncensored=False):
    tag = (row.get("safety_tag") or "safe").lower()
    if tag == "safe": return True
    if tag == "toxic": return allow_toxic
    if tag == "uncensored": return allow_uncensored
    return True

# default pretraining: safe only
ds_safe = ds.filter(lambda r: keep(r))
# robustness research: safe+toxic
ds_research = ds.filter(lambda r: keep(r, allow_toxic=True))
# red-team only, controlled: everything
ds_full = ds.filter(lambda r: keep(r, allow_toxic=True, allow_uncensored=True))

Do NOT train user-facing models on full without alignment (SFT/DPO + refusal).

Repair & Clean Status (2026-09-23)

  1. Hindi missing shards: 100% Backfilled (447 shards total).
  2. All oversized files resharded to 150MB standard shards (english_fixed/ & hindi_fixed/).
  3. 50 legacy oversized files deleted — ZERO storage duplication.
  4. Schema unified across all domains (grammar, math, science, toxicity, uncensored, domains, distilled).
  5. Frontier distillation corpus: 33 shards (3.73 GB) integrated into distilled/.
  6. Net clean dataset size: ~229.5 GB (>105.1B tokens across 1,926 clean files).

License / citation

Apache-2.0. Upstream sources retain their own licenses (Wikipedia CC-BY-SA, Samanantar CC-BY, etc.). If you use this dataset, cite upstream sources plus ViuAI/viu-mini-raw-pretrain.

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