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292 | Improved prospects for a trade deal between the United States and China and accommodative monetary policy were cited as driving factors that outweighed weaker-than-expected announcements of corporate earnings for the fourth quarter of 2018 and earnings projections for 2019. | 2,006 | 0 | 280 |
686 | Participants marked up their inflation projections, as they assessed that supply constraints in product and labor markets were larger and likely to be longer lasting than previously anticipated. | 2,011 | 1 | 651 |
306 | We’re not seeing evidence in labor markets of very substantial upward pressures on labor that could signify extreme shortages of labor that could propel inflation higher in a very rapid way, and inflation is still operating below our objective. | 2,022 | 0 | 299 |
590 | Most projected somewhat slower growth through next year, and a smaller reduction in unemployment, than they had projected in April. | 2,005 | 0 | 560 |
745 | The Federal Reserve takes into account the spillovers of higher interest rates, a stronger dollar, and weaker demand from foreign economies into the United States, as well as in the reverse direction. | 2,020 | 0 | 723 |
121 | Back then, the unemployment rate was 8.1percent and nonfarm payrolls were reported to have increased at a monthly rate of 97,000 over the prior six months; today, those figures are 7.6 percent and 194,000, respectively. | 2,007 | 2 | 120 |
1,028 | These participants stated that, in such circumstances, a major challenge facing policymakers—especially in the presence of the effective lower bound on the federal funds rate—was to maintain a policy stance sufficiently accommodative to keep average inflation at 2 percent and thereby bolster the credibility of the Comm... | 2,007 | 0 | 970 |
788 | The first question is whether the degree of easing implemented in response to financial market turbulence and the abrupt downward revision in the forecast should be reassessed in light of the subsequent improvement in financial conditions and the continued robustness of domestic demand. | 2,004 | 1 | 765 |
66 | Although the moderation in the growth of aggregate demand would help limit inflation pressures over time, the Committee judged that some inflation risks remained. | 2,018 | 1 | 66 |
254 | However, in light of the projected persistence of slack in labor and product markets and the anticipated stability in long-term inflation expectations, the increase in inflation was expected to be mostly transitory if oil and other commodity prices did not rise significantly further. | 2,014 | 2 | 245 |
98 | As is evident in the right-hand chart, the relationship between the growth differential and capital inflows to EMEs seems to be quite strong. | 2,022 | 2 | 97 |
132 | that is, the Federal Reserve seeks to promote the two coequal objectives of maximum employment and price stability. | 2,007 | 2 | 131 |
405 | In their review of the outlook for prices, members noted that incoming data over the intermeeting period had shown a slowing in core inflation from the high levels posted earlier in the year, consistent with the Committee's view that a portion of the earlier increase had reflected transitory factors. | 2,020 | 2 | 389 |
68 | And as reserves reach durably ample levels, we intend to slow the pace of purchases such that our balance sheet grows in line with trend demand for our liabilities. | 1,998 | 1 | 67 |
131 | If we—if we analyze inflation data and conclude that, clearly, transitory influences are holding down inflation, I do not want to say that we would respond to that. | 2,021 | 2 | 126 |
694 | So unless productivity accelerates further, its disinflationary effect should continue to erode for a time. | 2,022 | 0 | 673 |
189 | Employment had risen a little, | 2,005 | 0 | 181 |
641 | Over the long run, real labor compensation tends to track labor productivity. | 1,997 | 2 | 620 |
683 | Sargent, T. "Discussion of 'Policy Rules for Open Economics' by Lawrence Ball," in J.B. Taylor, ed., Monetary Policy Rules. | 2,020 | 2 | 662 |
337 | However, given the difficulty in distinguishing between changes in asset prices dominated by fundamental forces and those driven by non-fundamental forces, policymakers should not target asset prices or try to guide them to the policymakers' estimate of fundamental value. | 2,005 | 2 | 328 |
914 | The increase over the last few months in five-year measures of inflation compensation derived from Treasury nominal and inflation-indexed securities might be a warning sign that expectations were not as well anchored as they had been over the summer. | 2,000 | 1 | 864 |
40 | And then, what the statement emphasizes, and this is the same language we used in December and January, we used the language especially if inflation is running below our 2 percent objective. | 2,017 | 0 | 40 |
1,012 | The vote encompassed approval of the paragraph below for inclusion in the press statement to be released shortly after the meeting: "The Committee perceives the upside and downside risks to the attainment of both sustainable growth and price stability for the next few quarters are roughly equal. | 2,012 | 2 | 954 |
763 | Several participants noted that the unseasonably warm weather of recent months added one more element of uncertainty to the interpretation of incoming data, and that this factor might account for a portion of the recent improvement in indicators of employment and housing. | 2,017 | 2 | 722 |
1,011 | The vote also encompassed approval of the sentence below for inclusion in the press statement to be released shortly after the meeting: Against the background of its long-run goals of price stability and sustainable economic growth and of the information currently available, the Committee believes that the risks are we... | 2,012 | 1 | 953 |
116 | Available information suggested that economic activity in the major foreign industrial countries continued to advance, but at an uneven pace; in Germany, activity rebounded from the contraction in the first quarter, while in Japan a considerable slowing of growth had occurred in the second quarter after very rapid expa... | 2,018 | 2 | 113 |
998 | While the current episode has not yet concluded, it appears that, responding vigorously in a relatively flexible economy to the aftermath of bubbles, as traumatic as that may be, is less inhibiting to long-term growth than chronic high-inflation monetary policy. | 2,017 | 1 | 969 |
399 | In their discussion of prices, participants indicated that data over the intermeeting period, including measures of inflation expectations, suggested that underlying inflation was not in the process of moving higher. | 2,021 | 2 | 383 |
365 | In the circumstances, most members endorsed a proposal to delete as no longer necessary the previous summary statement relating to the risks to growth and inflation taken together. | 1,996 | 2 | 350 |
949 | Ultimately inflation is determined by the policy actions of the central bank. | 2,000 | 2 | 920 |
649 | Petroleum prices have been under particular pressure, reflecting not only stronger demand but also risks that supplies could be constrained by terrorism or political disruption. | 2,002 | 1 | 628 |
263 | Fiscal policy, on the other hand, can be an instrument of growth policy, through its effect on national saving via the structural budget deficit, through incentive effects on work, saving and investment via tax rates and tax structure, and through public investment in human capital and physical infrastructure. | 1,996 | 0 | 258 |
735 | Recent data, supported by anecdotal reports from several though not all parts of the country, suggested that residential building activity was slowing somewhat, apparently in lagged response to earlier increases in mortgage interest rates. | 2,007 | 1 | 696 |
630 | On balance, however, the members generally believed that prospective trends in overall economic activity and the persistence of strong competitive pressures in most markets, including the effects of foreign competition, were likely in the context of now firmly embedded expectations of low inflation to moderate any tend... | 2,005 | 2 | 597 |
726 | Real outlays for office and computing equipment continued to grow rapidly as prices of personal computers and networking equipment remained on a steep downtrend. | 2,008 | 2 | 688 |
594 | Mr. Plosser noted that the Committee could not afford to wait until there was clear evidence that inflation expectations were no longer anchored, as by then it would be too late to prevent a further increase in inflation pressures. | 2,005 | 1 | 564 |
166 | Last year, we had 1.9 percent productivity, which is much higher. | 2,012 | 0 | 161 |
599 | Nevertheless, a number of participants cited notable declines in survey measures of consumer confidence since the onset of financial turbulence in mid-summer, along with sharply higher oil prices, declines in house prices, and tighter underwriting standards for home equity loans and some types of consumer loans, as fac... | 2,006 | 0 | 568 |
525 | King (1999) shows that, if a long enough interval is given to hit the target, there may be little difference between a price level target and an inflation rate target. | 1,998 | 2 | 508 |
704 | Participants' forecasts for economic growth for 2012 and 2013 were largely unchanged from their January projections and continued to indicate expectations that the recovery will strengthen somewhat over time. | 1,999 | 2 | 669 |
757 | thought that potential output growth was likely to be a bit higher than forecast by the staff. | 2,010 | 2 | 716 |
25 | A number of participants noted that continued high unemployment, particularly with large numbers of workers suffering very long spells of unemployment, would lead to an erosion of workers' skills that would have adverse consequences for those workers and for the economy's potential level of output in the longer term. | 2,003 | 0 | 25 |
146 | Consistent with the optimism driving stock prices, spreads of corporate bond yields over comparable-maturity Treasury yields narrowed markedly across the credit spectrum, most notably for debt securities of the lowest credit quality firms. | 1,996 | 0 | 143 |
878 | This direction of causality may obscure the negative relationship, running from higher inflation to lower growth, presumed to hold in the longer term. | 2,003 | 1 | 851 |
260 | The unemployment rate was 3.5 percent in February and has been at or near half-century lows for almost two years. | 2,015 | 2 | 255 |
1,043 | They noted that the realization of such a development could make it harder for the Committee to achieve 2 percent inflation over the longer run. | 1,996 | 2 | 983 |
1,087 | While liquid deposits continued to grow slowly, heightened demand for safety and liquidity appeared to boost holdings of retail money market mutual funds. | 2,002 | 1 | 1,027 |
67 | Although the near-term economic outlook is weak, the Committee anticipates that policy actions to stabilize financial markets and institutions, together with fiscal and monetary stimulus, will contribute to a gradual resumption of sustainable economic growth. | 2,018 | 0 | 67 |
797 | The implication is that trend productivity and, ultimately, potential growth are lower than expected. | 2,004 | 0 | 774 |
558 | Moreover, a change in the ranges might be misinterpreted as a signal of greater reliance on the broad monetary aggregates in the formulation and conduct of monetary policy. | 2,018 | 2 | 529 |
248 | The changes—the financial market changes that you described, particularly the increase in stock prices, the increase in longer-term rates, and the strengthening of the dollar, suggest that many market participants anticipate expansionary fiscal policies that would raise interest rates somewhat in the United States rela... | 2,012 | 0 | 243 |
973 | The staff also reduced slightly its forecast of growth next year | 2,000 | 0 | 918 |
971 | We need to remember that in decades past it was believed that monetary policy was most effective when it was least transparent. | 2,021 | 2 | 942 |
510 | It is important to note, however, that although sound policy undoubtedly helped create the conditions for growth, macroeconomic policy cannot create growth itself. | 1,999 | 2 | 493 |
495 | Inflation continued to climb in June, reaching 9.1 percent as measured by the consumer price index. | 2,005 | 1 | 479 |
328 | Higher interest rates are working to temper demand and bring it into better alignment with supply, which is still constrained. | 2,021 | 1 | 319 |
1,085 | While favorable financing would help to sustain the housing sector, members anticipated that any further impetus to growth from that sector was likely to be limited. | 2,002 | 2 | 1,025 |
379 | In the residential real estate sector, home sales and construction had increased from very low levels, and house prices appeared to be stabilizing. | 2,009 | 2 | 364 |
645 | One participant remarked that, with inflation having run consistently below 2 percent in recent years and market-based measures of inflation compensation still low, postponing an increase in the target range for the federal funds rate would help push inflation expectations up to levels consistent with the Committee's o... | 1,999 | 0 | 612 |
712 | Such departures of expectations from perfect rationality can be an important source of observed inflation dynamics. | 2,004 | 2 | 691 |
117 | Beyond 2017, the forecast for real GDP growth was little revised. | 2,018 | 2 | 114 |
52 | And, and that’s why we have adopted the flexible average inflation-targeting framework. | 2,015 | 0 | 51 |
87 | As a consequence of these higher real interest rates, the ratio of net worth to income for the average household is already lower than it was earlier this year. | 2,017 | 1 | 86 |
275 | For example, although a number of features of Brazilian law promote the independence of the nation's central bank, the bank's de facto independence may be limited by the power of the president to remove members of the Monetary Policy Committee. | 2,004 | 2 | 270 |
900 | This volatility can impede the effective implementation of monetary policy, and we are addressing it. | 2,004 | 2 | 873 |
583 | Moving to such a system would require assigning monetary policy to the task of targeting exchange rates, and countries are free to do so if they wish. | 2,013 | 2 | 565 |
924 | To do this will demand not only greater specialized knowledge, but also an ability to deal with risk and uncertainty. | 2,021 | 2 | 896 |
231 | Household expenditures on new homes were likewise at an elevated level, although members reported weakness in some price segments and geographic areas of the housing market. | 2,001 | 1 | 222 |
802 | The logic goes as follows: Easier monetary policy, for example, raises stock prices. | 2,005 | 2 | 779 |
129 | If we don’t see the improvement that’s projected in the baseline outlook, that the June 18, 2014 opposite would be true and the pace of the timing and pace of interest rate increases would be Chair Yellen’s Press Conference FINAL later and more gradual. | 2,016 | 2 | 124 |
15 | A few participants expressed less confidence in this outlook for inflation and commented that inflation had averaged less than 2 percent over the past several years even as resource utilization had increased, or pointed to downward pressures from global or technology-related factors that could continue to suppress infl... | 2,020 | 0 | 15 |
882 | This is a tangible recent example of the need both to judge how the equilibrium real interest rate that is relevant for policy might have changed from a perceived long-run level and to set policy against the background of such an understanding. | 2,003 | 2 | 855 |
233 | Household spending is increasing gradually, but remains constrained by high unemployment, modest income growth, lower housing wealth, and tight credit. | 2,001 | 0 | 224 |
662 | Profit margins have been running a little higher this year than last, aided importantly by strong growth in labor productivity. | 2,001 | 0 | 641 |
202 | Financing conditions in capital markets remained broadly accommodative, supported by low interest rates and high equity valuations. | 2,014 | 0 | 193 |
660 | Participants agreed that the longer-run normal federal funds rate was likely lower than in the past, in part because of secular forces that had put downward pressure on real interest rates. | 2,004 | 0 | 626 |
52 | Although the Fed hasn't started raising rates or reducing the balance sheet, interest rates have moved up notably. | 2,004 | 1 | 51 |
48 | And what it is is, it’s an expression of the thinking about individual Committee members about appropriate monetary policy and the path of the economy. | 2,022 | 2 | 47 |
784 | Some members expressed a concern that in this context any further adverse shocks could have disproportionate effects, resulting in a significant slowing in growth going forward. | 2,013 | 0 | 741 |
465 | will soon fall well below its underlying trend as the price of energy falls back to its initial level. | 2,020 | 2 | 451 |
578 | Moreover, the staff still judged that the risks to the forecast for real GDP growth were tilted to the downside, with a corresponding skew to the upside for the unemployment rate. | 2,002 | 0 | 548 |
590 | falling non-oil import prices likely subtracted 1/4 percentage point from the annual rate of core inflation.10 Finally, the trajectory of federal government debt relative to GDP and views regarding the debt's sustainability can also influence the effects of fiscal policy. | 2,021 | 2 | 572 |
102 | As stock prices soared in the 1990s, the share of equity holdings in household portfolios surpassed the share of owner-occupied housing. | 2,022 | 2 | 101 |
975 | The staff assessed that households were in a better position than in the mid-2000s to weather a downturn in house prices, noting that mortgage debt growth has significantly lagged growth in house prices, leaving households with substantial equity cushions. | 1,998 | 2 | 920 |
493 | Inflation Targeting and Central Bank Behavior," Federal Reserve Bank of New York, mimeo. | 2,021 | 2 | 477 |
92 | But you do see growth in services, so you—this pattern around the world of Chair Powell’s Press Conference FINAL weak manufacturing | 2,014 | 2 | 88 |
1,000 | The steepening of the yield curve was due mostly to sharply lower short- and intermediate-term forward rates, consistent with investors' apparently more pessimistic outlook for economic growth. | 2,005 | 0 | 943 |
848 | The Committee expects that, with appropriate policy accommodation, economic growth will proceed at a moderate pace and the unemployment rate will gradually decline toward levels the Committee judges consistent with its dual mandate. | 2,001 | 0 | 799 |
90 | But you didn’t under the merely adverse scenario, which featured an inflation shock followed by a quick rise in short-term rates. | 2,014 | 1 | 87 |
59 | Although your papers concentrate on the equity premium, I would like to take a few minutes today to broaden the discussion to encompass risk premiums in other markets and to highlight the connections between risk premiums and monetary policy. | 1,997 | 2 | 58 |
357 | In the Committee's discussion of current and prospective economic developments, members commented that the statistical and anecdotal information that had become available since the October meeting continued to point to robust growth in overall economic activity, despite some indications of softening in interest-sensiti... | 1,997 | 1 | 342 |
172 | More broadly, however, weaker demand, especially in sectors that have been most affected by the pandemic, has held down consumer prices, and overall, inflation is running well below our 2 percent longer-run objective. | 2,014 | 0 | 167 |
527 | Labor force participation isn't growing as much as one would expect with the hot job market, but apparently it's growing enough to keep the job creation machine humming. | 1,998 | 2 | 510 |
736 | The Decline in Long-Term Interest Rates and the Role of Monetary Policy One of the most remarkable and fundamental changes in the global financial landscape over the past three decades has been the steady and significant decline in global sovereign bond yields. | 2,003 | 0 | 714 |
965 | We include these types of price terms today in our forecasting equations, and they are important to forming our views of the inflation outlook and thus to the policy process. | 2,003 | 2 | 936 |
603 | Nonetheless, all but one of the members believed that in light of the uncertainties about the economic outlook, an immediate policy tightening was not needed in the absence of firmer indications that inflationary pressures might be emerging. | 2,014 | 1 | 572 |
308 | What monetary policy affects, primarily, is the state of the business cycle, the amount of excess unemployment or the extent of recession in the economy. | 2,017 | 2 | 301 |
448 | In the United States, Congress has set the objectives for monetary policy in the Federal Reserve Act, as amended in 1977. | 2,022 | 2 | 435 |
635 | On the more positive side, there were no signs that the pace of productivity gains was currently leveling out and no evidence of rising longer-term inflation expectations. | 2,001 | 2 | 602 |
770 | Several participants stated that such risks should not inhibit the Committee from pursuing its mandated objectives for inflation and employment. | 2,014 | 2 | 728 |
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