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| license: apache-2.0 | |
| pretty_name: "POISS: Point-of-Interest Search Suite" | |
| task_categories: | |
| - text-retrieval | |
| language: | |
| - en | |
| - es | |
| - fr | |
| - pt | |
| - de | |
| - it | |
| - nl | |
| size_categories: | |
| - 100K<n<1M | |
| tags: | |
| - point-of-interest | |
| - poi-search | |
| - geospatial | |
| - reranking | |
| - multilingual | |
| - graded-relevance | |
| configs: | |
| - config_name: default | |
| data_files: | |
| - split: train | |
| path: data/train-*.parquet | |
| - split: test | |
| path: data/test-*.parquet | |
| # POISS: A Large-Scale Multilingual Dataset for Point-of-Interest Search | |
| POISS is the first large-scale dataset for Point-of-Interest (POI) search. Given a natural-language query and | |
| the coordinate it was issued from, a system ranks POIs by relevance. Relevance here is | |
| genuinely two-sided: "coffee shops near me" depends on where the user is, while "hotel caribe en | |
| mérida yucatán" names a specific place hundreds of kilometres away. Models have to weigh | |
| **semantics** and **geography** together. | |
| The dataset contains **309,386 queries in 7 languages across 14 locales**, grounded in the | |
| [Overture Maps Places](https://docs.overturemaps.org/guides/places/) corpus of more than 72 | |
| million POIs. Each query comes with a **ranked list of candidate POIs (~301) with graded | |
| relevance labels**, so the same data supports both retrieval over the full corpus and reranking | |
| of a candidate pool. | |
| Fine-tuned baselines: [`amazon/poiss-bge-m3-retriever`](https://huggingface.co/amazon/poiss-bge-m3-retriever) | |
| and [`amazon/poiss-bge-m3-reranker`](https://huggingface.co/amazon/poiss-bge-m3-reranker). | |
| ## About | |
| The datasets and models in this repository originate from our paper accepted at the **Main Conference** of **The 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing**. | |
| For more details, please check out the paper [POISS: A Large-Scale Multilingual Dataset for Point-of-Interest Search](POISS_paper.pdf). | |
| ✨ **Come visit our poster session in Budapest!** We look forward to meeting you and discussing our work. | |
| ## What you can build with it | |
| - **Geo-aware retrieval at scale.** Retrieve from a 72M-POI index using the query text and the | |
| user's coordinate. Recall@{10,100,1000} and NDCG@{5,20} against graded labels. | |
| - **Reranking with graded relevance.** Up to 20 ranked positives per query let you study | |
| fine-grained ordering, not just relevant/non-relevant. | |
| - **Multilingual and cross-lingual behaviour.** English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, German, | |
| Italian and Dutch, each with enough test queries to report per-language numbers. Every row | |
| carries `language`, `locale` and `query_country`, so the breakdowns are a `group_by` away. | |
| - **Intent analysis.** The `intent_group` column splits queries into name-anchored (`Search`, | |
| `Detail`) and open-ended (`Recommend`, `Things-to-do`) intents, which behave very differently: | |
| open-ended queries stay substantially harder for every system we measured. | |
| - **Geography versus semantics.** Every query carries its issuing coordinate and every candidate | |
| its location, so distance can be modelled explicitly, combined with lexical or dense scores, | |
| or studied as a feature. | |
| - **Training data for retrievers and rerankers.** The ranked, labeled candidate list per query | |
| is designed to be sampled from: positives, graded positives, judged negatives and an unjudged | |
| tail are all identified, so you can pick the positive/negative scheme your setup needs. | |
| ## Dataset at a glance | |
| | | train | test | | |
| |---|---|---| | |
| | Queries | 267,368 | 42,018 | | |
| | Candidate query–POI pairs | 80,495,030 | 12,655,117 | | |
| | Candidates per query (avg) | 301.1 | 301.2 | | |
| | Graded relevant POIs per query (avg) | 14.15 | 13.78 | | |
| Across both splits the dataset references 20,960,591 distinct Overture POIs. Queries average | |
| 3.26 tokens. These counts are measured on the files in this repository; Table 1 of the paper | |
| reports the candidate pools before de-duplication, so its per-query averages are | |
| marginally higher. | |
| ## Row schema | |
| | Field | Type | Description | | |
| |---|---|---| | |
| | `query_id` | string | uuid4 | | |
| | `split` | string | `train` or `test` | | |
| | `query_text` | string | the query | | |
| | `user_geolocation` | struct{`lat`,`lng`: float64} | coordinate the query was issued from | | |
| | `language` | string | ISO 639-1 code, e.g. `it` | | |
| | `locale` | string | language–country locale, e.g. `it_IT`, `es_US` | | |
| | `query_country` | string | ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country, e.g. `IT` | | |
| | `intent_group` | string | `Search`, `Detail`, `Recommend` or `Things-to-do` | | |
| | `candidates` | list[string] | ordered Overture GERS identifiers | | |
| | `candidate_labels` | list[string] | parallel to `candidates`, one label each | | |
| | `relevant_candidates` | list[string] | the graded-relevant subset (≤ 20), in ranked order | | |
| | `consolidation_removed` | list[string] | POIs identified as cross-source duplicates | | |
| | `label_counts` | struct of 5 int64 | count per label | | |
| ### Candidate ordering and labels | |
| `candidate_labels[i]` describes `candidates[i]`, and the labels form contiguous blocks in this | |
| order: | |
| | Order | Label | Meaning | avg/query (train) | | |
| |---|---|---|---| | |
| | 1 | `relevant` | graded positives, ranked | 14.15 | | |
| | 2 | `semantic_positive` | judged relevant, beyond the graded top-20 | 6.45 | | |
| | 3 | `semantic_negative_google` | reference-engine candidate judged non-relevant | 2.34 | | |
| | 4 | `semantic_negative_poi_search_system` | retrieved candidate judged non-relevant | 11.14 | | |
| | 5 | `unjudged_poi_search_system` | retrieve-and-rerank tail | 266.98 | | |
| Because the order is fixed, a rank-based slice of `candidates` is also a label-based one: | |
| `relevant_candidates` is the head of the list, and `label_counts` gives the block boundaries in | |
| constant time. | |
| ## Loading | |
| ```python | |
| from datasets import load_dataset | |
| poiss = load_dataset("amazon/poiss") | |
| row = poiss["test"][0] | |
| print(row["query_text"], row["user_geolocation"], row["locale"], row["intent_group"]) | |
| print(row["candidates"][:5], row["candidate_labels"][:5]) | |
| # per-language or per-intent slices | |
| italian = poiss["test"].filter(lambda r: r["language"] == "it") | |
| open_ended = poiss["test"].filter(lambda r: r["intent_group"] == "Recommend") | |
| ``` | |
| ## Recovering POI content | |
| POISS ships Overture identifiers; POI names, addresses, coordinates and categories come from | |
| Overture itself. `scripts/join_overture.py` does the join against a current release: | |
| ```bash | |
| python scripts/join_overture.py --split test --release 2026-08-19.0 --out test_pois.parquet | |
| ``` | |
| Output columns: `poiss_candidate_id`, `overture_id`, `names`, `addresses`, `categories`, | |
| `confidence`, `latitude`, `longitude`, `quality_score`. Requires `pyarrow` and `tqdm`. | |
| POISS was built on Overture release `2026-03-18`, and Overture reassigns some GERS identifiers | |
| when it re-conflates the corpus. `data/overture_id_map.parquet` translates 1,853,120 such | |
| identifiers to their current equivalent, matched through the provider records the two releases | |
| share. With the map applied, 88.5% of candidate identifiers and about 90% of the graded | |
| positives resolve against release `2026-08-19`; the remainder are POIs Overture has since | |
| retired, and the script lists them in its report. The map is refreshed as new Overture releases | |
| appear, and `--id-map` accepts your own. | |
| ## Quality score | |
| `data/poi_quality_score.parquet` maps `overture_id` to a `score` in [0, 5]: an LLM-derived | |
| quality signal used during labeling and read by the cross-encoder as its `Score` feature. It is | |
| not an Overture field, so it ships with the dataset. | |
| ```python | |
| import pyarrow.parquet as pq | |
| table = pq.read_table("data/poi_quality_score.parquet") | |
| scores = dict(zip(table.column("overture_id").to_pylist(), table.column("score").to_pylist())) | |
| ``` | |
| The file covers the POIs for which upstream rating information was available — 30.7% of | |
| query–candidate pairs, and 43.7% of the graded positives. Models were trained and evaluated | |
| with the field absent where no score exists. | |
| ## Tasks and reference results | |
| **Full-corpus retrieval.** The search space is the entire Overture corpus; systems are scored | |
| against the graded labels. Test split, percentages: | |
| | System | R@10 | R@100 | R@1k | N@5 | N@20 | | |
| |---|---|---|---|---|---| | |
| | Distance only | 0.6 | 2.4 | 10.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | | |
| | BM25 | 17.8 | 29.9 | 42.8 | 16.0 | 18.0 | | |
| | BM25 + distance | 18.4 | 31.2 | 42.8 | 17.1 | 19.1 | | |
| | BGE-M3 zero-shot | 15.2 | 26.4 | 40.0 | 13.7 | 15.3 | | |
| | **BGE-M3 fine-tuned** | **45.2** | **83.2** | **95.6** | 58.3 | 60.3 | | |
| | Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B zero-shot | 22.2 | 35.3 | 49.7 | 22.6 | 24.1 | | |
| | Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B fine-tuned | 45.0 | 82.5 | 94.7 | **58.7** | **60.7** | | |
| Fine-tuned per-language R@100 spans 79.8 (NL) to 86.1 (DE); per-intent R@100 is 89.1 on | |
| `Search` against 77.3 on `Recommend`. Both breakdowns can be reproduced from the `language` and | |
| `intent_group` columns. | |
| The test split is 19.5% US English, 15.0% UK English, 14.4% Canadian English, 8.9% Brazilian | |
| Portuguese, 8.6% French, 8.2% Spanish (Spain), 7.6% Mexican Spanish, 7.1% Italian, 6.9% German, | |
| with the remainder spread over Dutch, Irish English, Canadian French, Austrian German and US | |
| Spanish. By intent it is 49.8% `Search`, 47.8% `Recommend`, 1.9% `Things-to-do`, 0.5% `Detail`. | |
| **Candidate reranking.** A system reorders a per-query pool. The numbers below use the pool from | |
| the reference setup — the fine-tuned retriever's top-1000 over the full corpus — which can be | |
| rebuilt with the released retriever. Reranking the `candidates` column is also a valid task, in | |
| an easier setting where every graded positive is present by construction. | |
| | System | P@5 | P@20 | MRR | N@5 | N@20 | | |
| |---|---|---|---|---|---| | |
| | BGE-M3 retriever (bi-encoder order) | 57.6 | 35.5 | 85.5 | 61.5 | 62.6 | | |
| | BGE-Reranker-v2-m3 zero-shot | 24.6 | 14.3 | 50.0 | 32.1 | 34.8 | | |
| | **BGE-Reranker-v2-m3 fine-tuned** | **63.0** | **38.3** | **89.7** | **66.8** | **66.6** | | |
| | Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B zero-shot | 38.3 | 21.3 | 68.3 | 43.8 | 44.6 | | |
| | Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B fine-tuned | 61.8 | 37.4 | 88.8 | 65.7 | 65.7 | | |
| For reference, the reranker baseline was trained with positives = `relevant` and negatives drawn | |
| from `semantic_negative_poi_search_system` + `unjudged_poi_search_system`, padded to 100 per | |
| query. Other sampling schemes, or training on a rank-based subset of the full list, are equally | |
| available. | |
| ## License and attribution | |
| POISS is released under the **Apache License 2.0**, covering the queries, the relevance labels | |
| and their ordering, the identifier map, the quality scores and the scripts. | |
| As a condition of use, you must cite our associated paper whenever you use this dataset to train a model, run evaluations, or publish research. | |
| POI content is not redistributed here. When you join against Overture you are bound by | |
| Overture's terms: the places theme is published under CDLA-Permissive-2.0 and Apache-2.0 | |
| depending on the source provider and contains no OpenStreetMap data. Attribute Overture Maps | |
| Foundation and the per-source licenses accordingly; each Overture record carries its own | |
| `sources[].license`. See [Overture licensing](https://docs.overturemaps.org/guides/places/). | |
| The released baselines carry the license of the model they were fine-tuned from: | |
| [`poiss-bge-m3-retriever`](https://huggingface.co/amazon/poiss-bge-m3-retriever) is MIT, from | |
| `BAAI/bge-m3`; [`poiss-bge-m3-reranker`](https://huggingface.co/amazon/poiss-bge-m3-reranker) is | |
| Apache-2.0, from `BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3`. | |
| ## Citation | |
| ```bibtex | |
| @inproceedings{maritan-etal-2026-poiss, | |
| title = "{POISS}: A Large-Scale Multilingual Dataset for Point-of-Interest Search", | |
| author = "Maritan, Nicola and | |
| Moschitti, Alessandro and | |
| Borazio, Federico and | |
| Zhou, Xiaokun and | |
| Bai, Zhengwei", | |
| booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing", | |
| month = oct, | |
| year = "2026", | |
| address = "Budapest, Hungary", | |
| publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", | |
| note = "To appear", | |
| } | |
| ``` | |