text stringlengths 11 320k | source stringlengths 26 161 |
|---|---|
In organic chemistry , an acyl chloride (or acid chloride ) is an organic compound with the functional group −C(=O)Cl . Their formula is usually written R−COCl , where R is a side chain . They are reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids ( R−C(=O)OH ). A specific example of an acyl chloride is acetyl chloride , CH 3 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl_chloride |
In organic chemistry , an acyl cyanide is a functional group with the formula R−C(O)CN and structure R−C(=O)−C≡N . It consists of an acyl group ( R−C=O ) attached to cyanide ( −C≡N ). Examples include acetyl cyanide , formyl cyanide , and oxalyl dicyanide . Acyl cyanides are reagents in organic synthesis . [ 1 ] [ 2 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl_cyanide |
In chemistry , an acyl group is a moiety derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid , [ 1 ] including inorganic acids . It contains a double-bonded oxygen atom and an organyl group ( R−C=O ) or hydrogen in the case of formyl group ( H−C=O ). In organic chemistry , the acyl group ( IUPAC name ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl_group |
An acyl halide (also known as an acid halide ) is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid [ 1 ] by replacing a hydroxyl group ( −OH ) with a halide group ( −X , where X is a halogen ). [ 2 ]
In organic chemistry , the term typically refers to acyl halides of carboxylic acids ( −C(=O)OH ), which contain a −C(=O)X f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl_halide |
Acylals in organic chemistry are a group of chemical compounds sharing a functional group with the general structure RCH(OOCR) 2 . Acylals are obtained by reaction of carbonyls with acetic anhydride or other acid anhydrides and a suitable catalyst , for instance with sulfated zirconia [ 1 ] at low temperatures when use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylal |
In chemistry , acylation is a broad class of chemical reactions in which an acyl group ( R−C=O ) is added to a substrate. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent . The substrate to be acylated and the product include the following:
A particularly common type of acylation is acetylation , t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylation |
In the mathematical subject of geometric group theory , an acylindrically hyperbolic group is a group admitting a non-elementary 'acylindrical' isometric action on some geodesic hyperbolic metric space . [ 1 ] This notion generalizes the notions of a hyperbolic group and of a relatively hyperbolic group and includes a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylindrically_hyperbolic_group |
In organic chemistry , acyloins or α-hydroxy ketones [ 1 ] are a class of organic compounds of the general form R−C(O)CH(OH)−R' , composed of a hydroxy group ( −OH ) adjacent to a ketone group ( >C=O ). The name acyloin is derived from the fact that they are formally derived from reductive coupling of carboxylic acyl g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyloin |
Acylsilanes are a group of chemical compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure RC(O)-SiR 3 . [ 1 ]
Acylsilanes can be synthesized by treating acyl anion equivalents with silyl halides (typically trimethylsilyl chloride , tmsCl). Silylation of 2-lithio- 1,3-dithiane , followed by hydrolysis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylsilane |
Acylsulfonamide is a functional group in organic chemistry that is sometimes used in medicinal chemistry . [ 1 ] It consists of a sulfonamide group (SO 2 NH) linked to an acyl group (RCO), forming the structure R−CO−NH−SO 2 −R′ . This moiety is found in several biologically active molecules and marketed drugs, serving ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylsulfonamide |
Acylureas (also called N -acylureas or ureides ) are a class of chemical compounds formally derived from the acylation of urea . [ 1 ]
A subclass of acylureas known as benzoylureas are insecticides . They act as insect growth regulators by inhibiting the synthesis of chitin resulting in weakened cuticles and preventi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylurea |
In a 2000 paper titled "Generalized Schmidt Decomposition and Classification of Three-Quantum-Bit States" [ 1 ] Acín et al. described a way of separating out one of the terms of a general tripartite quantum state. This can be useful in considering measures of entanglement of quantum states.
For a general three-qubit s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acín_decomposition |
In theoretical physics, anti-de Sitter/condensed matter theory correspondence is the program [ clarification needed ] to apply string theory to condensed matter theory using the AdS/CFT correspondence .
Over the decades, experimental condensed matter physicists have discovered a number of exotic states of matter, incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdS/CMT_correspondence |
An anti de Sitter black brane is a solution of the Einstein equations in the presence of a negative cosmological constant which possesses a planar event horizon . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This is distinct from an anti de Sitter black hole solution which has a spherical event horizon. The negative cosmological constant implies that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdS_black_brane |
In theoretical physics , an anti-de Sitter ( AdS ) black hole is a black hole solution of general relativity or its extensions which represents an isolated massive object, but with a negative cosmological constant . Such a solution asymptotically approaches anti-de Sitter space at spatial infinity, and is a generaliza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdS_black_hole |
E. Bright Wilson Award (2000) National Academy of Sciences (2002) American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2002) Welch Award in Chemistry (2018) NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing (2018)
Adriaan "Ad" Bax (born 1956) is a Dutch-American molecular biophysicist who is a Distinguished Investigator at the National Institutes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Bax |
In science and philosophy , an ad hoc hypothesis is a hypothesis added to a theory in order to save it from being falsified .
For example, a person that wants to believe in leprechauns can avoid ever being proven wrong by using ad hoc hypotheses (e.g., by adding "they are invisible", then "their motives are complex", ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc_hypothesis |
An ad hoc network refers to technologies that allow network communications on an ad hoc basis. [ 1 ] Associated technologies include:
This computer networking article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc_network |
Ad infinitum is a Latin phrase meaning "to infinity " or "forevermore".
In context, it usually means "continue forever, without limit" and this can be used to describe a non-terminating process, a non-terminating repeating process, or a set of instructions to be repeated "forever," among other uses. It may also be use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_infinitum |
Ad orientem , meaning "to the east" in Ecclesiastical Latin , is a phrase used to describe the eastward orientation of Christian prayer and Christian worship , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] comprising the preposition ad (toward) and oriens (rising, sunrise, east), participle of orior (to rise). [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Ad orientem has been used to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_orientem |
Ad van der Avoird (born 19 April 1943) is a Dutch theoretical chemist. He was professor of theoretical chemistry at the Radboud University Nijmegen .
Van der Avoird was born on 19 April 1943 in Eindhoven . [ 1 ] He studied at Eindhoven University of Technology , obtaining his PhD under George Schuit in 1968 with a the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_van_der_Avoird |
Ada Florence Remfry Hitchins (26 June 1891 – 4 January 1972) was the principal research assistant of British chemist Frederick Soddy , who won the Nobel prize in 1921 for work on radioactive elements and the theory of isotopes . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Hitchins isolated samples from uranium ores, taking precise and accurate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Hitchins |
Ada Lovelace Day is an annual event held on the second Tuesday of October to celebrate and raise awareness of the contributions of women to STEM fields. It is named after mathematician and computer science pioneer Ada Lovelace . It started in 2009 as a "day of blogging" and has since become a multi-national event with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace_Day |
Adam Morton FRSC (1945 – 2020) was a Canadian philosopher . Morton's work focused on how we understand one another's behaviour in everyday life, with an emphasis on the role mutual intelligibility plays in cooperative activity. He also wrote on ethics , decision-making , philosophy of language and epistemology . His la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Morton |
Adam S. Veige is a professor of Chemistry at the University of Florida . His research focuses on catalysis and the usage of inorganic compounds , including tungsten and chromium complexes .
Veige received a Ph.D. degree in chemistry from Cornell University in 2003 under the direction of Peter T. Wolczanski . He pursue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_S._Veige |
Adamant in classical mythology is an archaic form of diamond . In fact, the English word diamond is ultimately derived from adamas , via Late Latin diamas and Old French diamant . In ancient Greek ἀδάμας ( adamas ), genitive ἀδάμαντος ( adamantos ), literally 'unconquerable, untameable'. In those days, the qualities of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamant |
The Adamic–Adar index is a measure introduced in 2003 by Lada Adamic and Eytan Adar to predict links in a social network , according to the amount of shared links between two nodes. It is defined as the sum of the inverse logarithmic degree centrality of the neighbours shared by the two nodes [ 1 ]
A ( x , y ) = ∑ u ∈... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamic–Adar_index |
The Adamkiewicz reaction is part of a biochemical test used to detect the presence of the amino acid tryptophan in proteins. When concentrated sulfuric acid is combined with a solution of protein and glyoxylic acid , a red/purple colour is produced. It was named after its discoverer, Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz . [ 1 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamkiewicz_reaction |
In mathematics , the J -homomorphism is a mapping from the homotopy groups of the special orthogonal groups to the homotopy groups of spheres . It was defined by George W. Whitehead ( 1942 ), extending a construction of Heinz Hopf ( 1935 ).
Whitehead's original homomorphism is defined geometrically, and gives a homomo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_conjecture |
The Adams decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that involved the decarboxylation of coumarins which have carboxylic acid group in the third position. The decarboxylation is achieved by aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite , heat and a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_decarboxylation |
The Adams hemisphere-in-a-square is a conformal map projection for a hemisphere. It is a transverse version of the Peirce quincuncial projection , and is named after American cartographer Oscar S. Adams , who published it in 1925. [ 1 ] When it is used to represent the entire sphere it is known as the Adams doubly peri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_hemisphere-in-a-square_projection |
In mathematics , an Adams operation , denoted ψ k for natural numbers k , is a cohomology operation in topological K-theory , or any allied operation in algebraic K-theory or other types of algebraic construction, defined on a pattern introduced by Frank Adams . The basic idea is to implement some fundamental identiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_operation |
In mathematics , specifically algebraic topology , there is a resolution analogous to free resolutions of spectra yielding a tool for constructing the Adams spectral sequence . Essentially, the idea is to take a connective spectrum of finite type X {\displaystyle X} and iteratively resolve with other spectra that are i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_resolution |
Adaptationism is a scientific perspective on evolution that focuses on accounting for the products of evolution as collections of adaptive traits, each a product of natural selection with some adaptive rationale. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
A formal alternative would be to look at the products of evolution as the result o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptationism |
An adapter or adaptor in genetic engineering is a short, chemically synthesized, double-stranded oligonucleotide that can be ligated to the ends of other DNA or RNA molecules. Double stranded adapters are different from linkers in that they contain one blunt end and one sticky end. [ 1 ] For instance, a double stranded... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_(genetics) |
Adaptive Huffman coding (also called Dynamic Huffman coding ) is an adaptive coding technique based on Huffman coding . It permits building the code as the symbols are being transmitted, having no initial knowledge of source distribution, that allows one-pass encoding and adaptation to changing conditions in data. [ 1 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Huffman_coding |
The Adaptive Versatile Engine Technology ( ADVENT ) program was an aircraft engine development program run by the United States Air Force with the goal of developing an efficient adaptive cycle, or variable cycle engine for next generation military aircraft; initial demonstrators were expected to be in the 20,000 lbf (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_Versatile_Engine_Technology |
In behavioral ecology , adaptive behavior is any behavior that contributes directly or indirectly to an individual's reproductive success , and is thus subject to the forces of natural selection . [ 1 ] Examples include favoring kin in altruistic behaviors , sexual selection of the most fit mate, and defending a territ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_behavior_(ecology) |
Adaptive coding refers to variants of entropy encoding methods of lossless data compression . [ citation needed ] They are particularly suited to streaming data , as they adapt to localized changes in the characteristics of the data, [ citation needed ] and don't require a first pass over the data to calculate a probab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_coding |
Adaptive comparative judgement is a technique borrowed from psychophysics which is able to generate reliable results for educational assessment – as such it is an alternative to traditional exam script marking. In the approach, judges are presented with pairs of student work and are then asked to choose which is better... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_comparative_judgement |
Adaptive compression is a type of data compression which changes compression algorithms based on the type of data being compressed. [ 1 ]
This algorithms or data structures -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_compression |
Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation ( ADPCM ) is a variant of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required data bandwidth for a given signal-to-noise ratio .
Typically, the adaptation to signal statistics in ADPCM consists s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation |
Adaptive fluid-infused porous films change states when stretched, allowing for dynamic control over transparency and wettability . They were developed by researchers at Harvard University . [ 1 ] The same team previously invented Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) which served as the base technology to con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_fluid-infused_porous_film |
Adaptive hypermedia ( AH ) uses hypermedia which is adaptive according to a user model . In contrast to regular hypermedia, where all users are offered the same set of hyperlinks , adaptive hypermedia (AH) tailors what the user is offered based on a model of the user's goals, preferences and knowledge, thus providing l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_hypermedia |
An adaptive machine is a category of industrial machinery characterized by the ability to adapt itself to the product to be produced, e.g. to move individual products through the manufacturing, assembly, inspection, packaging and other process stations required to produce them.
At first glance, the adaptive capabiliti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_machine |
Adaptive noise cancelling is a signal processing technique that is highly effective in suppressing additive interference or noise corrupting a received target signal at the main or primary sensor in certain common situations where the interference is known and is accessible but unavoidable and where the target signal a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_noise_cancelling |
In multi-hop networks , Adaptive Quality of Service routing (AQoS or AQR) protocols [ when defined as? ] have become increasingly popular and have numerous applications. One application in which it may be useful is in Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET).
Adaptive QoS routing is a cross-layer optimization adaptive routin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_quality_of_service_multi-hop_routing |
In evolutionary biology , adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niches . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Starting with a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiation |
Adaptive reasoning refers to a problem solving strategy that adapts thinking to address a problem as it changes and evolves.
Adaptive reasoning may also refer to the adaptation of thought processes, problem solving strategies, and conceptual framework , in response and anticipation of the changing nature of the proble... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_reasoning |
The adaptive response is a DNA damage response pathway prevalent across bacteria that protects DNA from damage by external agents or by errors during replication. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is initiated specifically against alkylation , particularly methylation , of guanine or thymine nucleotides or phosphate groups on the sugar-p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_response |
Adaptive sampling is a approach to sampling that uses heuristics to provide efficiency . The term adaptive sampling represents a general approach to the problem of sampling, rather than being a special method itself. Meaning it can be combined with suitable other approaches/methods.
In some real world problems, sampli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_sampling |
Adaptive scalable texture compression ( ASTC ) is a lossy block-based texture compression algorithm developed by Jørn Nystad et al. of ARM Ltd. and AMD . [ 1 ]
Full details of ASTC were first presented publicly at the High Performance Graphics 2012 conference, in a paper by Olson et al. entitled "Adaptive Scalable Tex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_scalable_texture_compression |
An adaptive system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole that together are able to respond to environmental changes or changes in the interacting parts, in a way analogous to either continuous physiological homeostasis or evolutionary adaptation in biology . F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_system |
Adaptive type – in evolutionary biology – is any population or taxon which have the potential for a particular or total occupation of given free of underutilized home habitats or position in the general economy of nature. In evolutionary sense, the emergence of new adaptive type is usually a result of adaptive radiatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_type |
The adaptive value represents the combined influence of all characters which affect the fitness of an individual or population.
Adaptive value is an essential concept of population genetics. It represents usefulness of a trait that can help an organism to survive in its environment. This heritable trait that can help... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_value |
The adaptor hypothesis is a theoretical scheme in molecular biology to explain how information encoded in the nucleic acid sequences of messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the amino acids that make up proteins during the process of translation . It was formulated by Francis Crick in 1955 in an informal publication ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptor_hypothesis |
Adaptxt is a predictive text application for mobile phones , developed by KeyPoint Technologies, a UK -based software company. The application is designed to improve text entry on mobile devices by making it faster and error-free. It achieves this by predicting the next word as well as the word being typed, continuousl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptxt |
Adarotene is a bioactive retinoid . [ 1 ]
This organic chemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adarotene |
An adatom is an atom that lies on a crystal surface, and can be thought of as the opposite of a surface vacancy . This term is used in surface chemistry and epitaxy , when describing single atoms lying on surfaces and surface roughness . The word is a portmanteau of " adsorbed atom". A single atom, a cluster of atoms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatom |
In fluid mechanics , added mass or virtual mass is the inertia added to a system because an accelerating or decelerating body must move (or deflect) some volume of surrounding fluid as it moves through it. Added mass is a common issue because the object and surrounding fluid cannot occupy the same physical space simult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Added_mass |
An adder , or summer , [ 1 ] is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. In many computers and other kinds of processors , adders are used in the arithmetic logic units (ALUs). They are also used in other parts of the processor, where they are used to calculate addresses , table indices , increment and decr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics) |
In digital circuits , an adder–subtractor is a circuit that is capable of adding or subtracting numbers (in particular, binary ). Below is a circuit that adds or subtracts depending on a control signal. It is also possible to construct a circuit that performs both addition and subtraction at the same time. [ 1 ]
Havin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder–subtractor |
Addgene is a non-profit plasmid repository. Addgene facilitates the exchange of genetic material between laboratories by offering plasmids and their associated cloning data to non-profit and academic laboratories around the world. Addgene provides a free online database of plasmid cloning information and references, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addgene |
Addiction is a state characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli , despite adverse consequences. The process of developing an addiction occurs through instrumental learning , which is otherwise known as operant conditioning .
Neuroscientists believe that drug addicts’ behavior is a direct correlation t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction-related_structural_neuroplasticity |
In polymer chemistry , an addition polymer is a polymer that forms by simple linking of monomers without the co-generation of other products. Addition polymerization differs from condensation polymerization , which does co-generate a product, usually water. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Addition polymers can be formed by chain polymeriz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_polymer |
In combinatorics , the addition principle [ 1 ] [ 2 ] or rule of sum [ 3 ] [ 4 ] is a basic counting principle . Stated simply, it is the intuitive idea that if we have A number of ways of doing something and B number of ways of doing another thing and we can not do both at the same time, then there are A + B {\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_principle |
In organic chemistry , an addition reaction is an organic reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule called the adduct . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
An addition reaction is limited to chemical compounds that have multiple bonds . Examples include a molecule with a carbon–carbon double bond (an alkene ) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_reaction |
In mathematics , an addition theorem is a formula such as that for the exponential function :
that expresses, for a particular function f , f ( x + y ) in terms of f ( x ) and f ( y ). Slightly more generally, as is the case with the trigonometric functions sin and cos , several functions may be involved; this is more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_theorem |
In chemistry , an addition-elimination reaction is a two- step reaction process of an addition reaction followed by an elimination reaction . This gives an overall effect of substitution , and is the mechanism of the common nucleophilic acyl substitution often seen with esters , amides , and related structures. [ 1 ]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition–elimination_reaction |
Additive combinatorics is an area of combinatorics in mathematics . One major area of study in additive combinatorics are inverse problems : given the size of the sumset A + B is small, what can we say about the structures of A and B ? In the case of the integers, the classical Freiman's theorem provides a partial answ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_combinatorics |
Additive effect in pharmacology describes the situation when the combining effects of two drugs equal the sum of the effects of the two drugs acting independently. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The concept of additive effect is derived from the concept of synergy . It was introduced by the scientists in pharmacology and biochemistry fie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_effect |
Genetic effects are broadly divided into two categories: additive and non-additive. Additive genetic effects occur where expression of more than one gene contributes to phenotype (or where alleles of a heterozygous gene both contribute), and the phenotypic expression of these gene(s) can be said to be the sum of these ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_genetic_effects |
In mathematics , the additive identity of a set that is equipped with the operation of addition is an element which, when added to any element x in the set, yields x . One of the most familiar additive identities is the number 0 from elementary mathematics , but additive identities occur in other mathematical structure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_identity |
In computing , an address space defines a range of discrete addresses, each of which may correspond to a network host , peripheral device , disk sector , a memory cell or other logical or physical entity.
For software programs to save and retrieve stored data, each datum must have an address where it can be located. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space |
In chemistry , an adduct (from Latin adductus ' drawn toward ' ; alternatively, a contraction of "addition product") is a product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules , resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components. [ 1 ] The resultant is considered a distinct molecular... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct |
Adduct purification is a technique for preparing extremely pure simple organometallic compounds, which are generally unstable and hard to handle, by purifying a stable adduct with a Lewis acid and then obtaining the desired product from the pure adduct by thermal decomposition .
Epichem Limited is the licensee of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct_purification |
The adductor canal (also known as the subsartorial canal or Hunter's canal ) is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle third of the thigh giving passage to parts of the femoral artery , vein , and nerve . [ 1 ] It extends from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus .
The adductor canal extends from the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor_canal |
Addyston Pipe and Steel Co. v. United States , 175 U.S. 211 (1899), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that for a restraint of trade to be lawful, it must be ancillary to the main purpose of a lawful contract . A naked restraint on trade is unlawful; it is not a defense that the restraint is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addyston_Pipe_&_Steel_Co._v._United_States |
Adelholzener Alpenquellen GmbH is the largest mineral spring in Bavaria and is situated in Bad Adelholzen, a district of Siegsdorf . The largest and only shareholder is the Covenant of the Merciful Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul and the company bottles around 580 million mineral water products every year. [ 1 ]
Around... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelholzener_Alpenquellen |
Adelphogamy is a form of sexual partnership between sibling eukaryotes , especially in some species of fungi , flowering plants or ants , or in humans . [ 1 ] In flowering plants , adelphogamy refers to sibling pollination: pollen and stigma belong to two individuals which derives from same mother plant. [ 2 ]
In soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphogamy |
Adenine nucleotide translocator ( ANT ), also known as the ADP/ATP translocase ( ANT ), ADP/ATP carrier protein ( AAC ) or mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, exchanges free ATP with free ADP across the inner mitochondrial membrane . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ANT is the most abundant protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane and belong... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine_nucleotide_translocator |
Adenophostin A is a potent inositol trisphosphate (IP 3 ) receptor agonist , but is much more potent than IP 3 .
IP 3 R is a ligand-gated intracellular Ca 2+ release channel that plays a central role in modulating cytoplasmic free Ca 2+ concentration (Ca 2+ i). Adenophostin A is structurally different from IP 3 but c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenophostin |
Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate ( APP ), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells . ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate |
Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) is a nucleoside triphosphate [ 2 ] that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells , such as muscle contraction , nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis . Found in all known forms of life , it is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency " fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate |
Adenosinergic means "working on adenosine ".
An adenosinergic agent (or drug ) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the adenosine system in the body or brain. Examples include adenosine receptor agonists , adenosine receptor antagonists (such as caffeine ), and adenosine reuptake inhibitors .
This drug ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosinergic |
Adenylate kinase ( EC 2.7.4.3 ) (also known as ADK or myokinase ) is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of the various adenosine phosphates (ATP, ADP, and AMP). By constantly monitoring phosphate nucleotide levels inside the cell, ADK plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylate_kinase |
Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1, also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylyl cyclase , abbreviated AC ) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; 3′,5′-cyclic-AMP-forming) . It catalyzes the following reaction:
It has key regulatory roles in essentially all cells . [ 2 ] It is the most p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase |
Adenylylation , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] more commonly known as AMPylation , is a process in which an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) molecule is covalently attached to the amino acid side chain of a protein . [ 3 ] This covalent addition of AMP to a hydroxyl side chain of the protein is a post-translational modification . [ 4 ] Aden... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylylation |
Adequality is a technique developed by Pierre de Fermat in his treatise Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam [ 1 ] (a Latin treatise circulated in France c. 1636 ) to calculate maxima and minima of functions, tangents to curves, area , center of mass , least action , and other problems in calculus . According to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adequality |
Adeyinka Afolayan is a Nigerian Professor of Biochemistry and fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Science , elected into the Academy's Fellowship at its annual general meeting held in 2006. [ 1 ]
This article about a Nigerian scientist is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeyinka_Afolayan |
Process of attachment of a substance to the surface of another substance.
Note 1 : Adhesion requires energy that can come from chemical and/or physical linkages, the latter being reversible when enough energy is applied.
Note 2 : In biology, adhesion reflects the behavior of cells shortly after contact to the surface... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion |
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors ( adhesion GPCRs ) are a class of 33 human protein receptors with a broad distribution in embryonic and larval cells, cells of the reproductive tract, neurons, leukocytes, and a variety of tumours. [ 1 ] Adhesion GPCRs are found throughout metazoans and are also found in single-cell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor |
The term Adhesome was first used by Richard Hynes to describe the complement of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion receptors in an organism [ 1 ] and later expanded by Benny Geiger and co-workers to include the entire network of structural and signaling proteins involved in regulating cell-matrix adhesion. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesome |
In thermodynamics , adiabatic accessibility determines if one equilibrium state of a system can transition to another solely through an adiabatic process , meaning no heat is exchanged with the environment.
The concept was coined by Constantin Carathéodory [ 1 ] in 1909 ("adiabatische Erreichbarkeit") and taken up 90... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_accessibility |
Adiabatic conductivity is a measure of a material's electrical conductivity , σ, under thermodynamically adiabatic conditions.
[ 1 ] ==See also==
This thermodynamics -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_conductivity |
In density functional theory (DFT) the adiabatic-connection fluctuation-dissipation theorem ( ACFD ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is an exact formula for the Kohn–Sham correlation energy . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A connection between noninteracting electrons and interacting electrons (the adiabatic connection (AC)) is combined with the random dens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_connection_fluctuation_dissipation_theorem |
In chemistry , adiabatic electron-transfer is a type of oxidation-reduction process . The mechanism is ubiquitous in nature in both the inorganic and biological spheres. Adiabatic electron-transfers proceed without making or breaking chemical bonds . Adiabatic electron-transfer can occur by either optical or thermal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_electron_transfer |
In the study of combustion , the adiabatic flame temperature is the temperature reached by a flame under ideal conditions. It is an upper bound of the temperature that is reached in actual processes.
There are two types of adiabatic flame temperature: constant volume and constant pressure , depending on how the proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_flame_temperature |
A property of a physical system , such as the entropy of a gas, that stays approximately constant when changes occur slowly is called an adiabatic invariant . By this it is meant that if a system is varied between two end points, as the time for the variation between the end points is increased to infinity, the variati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_invariant |
In physics , mechanics and engineering , an adiabatic shear band is one of the many mechanisms of failure that occur in metals and other materials that are deformed at a high rate in processes such as metal forming, machining and ballistic impact. [ 1 ] Adiabatic shear bands are usually very narrow bands, typically 5-5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_shear_band |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.