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In thermodynamics , an adiabatic wall between two thermodynamic systems does not allow heat or chemical substances to pass across it, in other words there is no heat transfer or mass transfer .
In theoretical investigations, it is sometimes assumed that one of the two systems is the surroundings of the other. Then it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_wall |
Adil E. Shamoo (born August 1, 1941) is an Iraqi biochemist with an interest in biomedical ethics and foreign policy . He is currently a professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Maryland .
In 1998, he founded the journal Accountability in Research , and has served as its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shamoo |
Adina Paytan is a distinguished professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Science at the University of California, Santa Cruz . [ 1 ] known for research into biogeochemical cycling in the present and the past . She has over 300 scientific publications in journals such as Science , Nature , Proceedings of the N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adina_Paytan |
Adinkra are symbols from Ghana that represent concepts or aphorisms . Adinkra are used extensively in fabrics, logos and pottery. They are incorporated into walls and other architectural features. Adinkra symbols appear on some traditional Akan goldweights . The symbols are also carved on stools for domestic and ritual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adinkra_symbols |
Adipogenesis is the formation of adipocytes (fat cells) from stem cells. [ 1 ] It involves 2 phases, determination, and terminal differentiation. Determination is mesenchymal stem cells committing to the adipocyte precursor cells, also known as lipoblasts or preadipocytes which lose the potential to differentiate to ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipogenesis |
In algebraic graph theory , the adjacency algebra of a graph G is the algebra of polynomials in the adjacency matrix A ( G ) of the graph. It is an example of a matrix algebra and is the set of the linear combinations of powers of A . [ 1 ]
Some other similar mathematical objects are also called "adjacency algebra".... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacency_algebra |
In graph theory and computer science , an adjacency matrix is a square matrix used to represent a finite graph . The elements of the matrix indicate whether pairs of vertices are adjacent or not in the graph.
In the special case of a finite simple graph , the adjacency matrix is a (0,1)-matrix with zeros on its diagon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacency_matrix |
In mathematics, the term adjoint applies in several situations. Several of these share a similar formalism: if A is adjoint to B , then there is typically some formula of the type
Specifically, adjoint or adjunction may mean: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint |
An adjoint equation is a linear differential equation , usually derived from its primal equation using integration by parts . Gradient values with respect to a particular quantity of interest can be efficiently calculated by solving the adjoint equation. Methods based on solution of adjoint equations are used in wing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_equation |
In linear algebra , the adjugate or classical adjoint of a square matrix A , adj( A ) , is the transpose of its cofactor matrix . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is occasionally known as adjunct matrix , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or "adjoint", [ 5 ] though that normally refers to a different concept, the adjoint operator which for a matrix is the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjugate_matrix |
In mathematics , an adjunction space (or attaching space ) is a common construction in topology where one topological space is attached or "glued" onto another. Specifically, let X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} be topological spaces, and let A {\displaystyle A} be a subspace of Y {\displaystyle Y} . Let f :... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjunction_space |
The Adkins–Peterson reaction is the air oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde with metal oxide catalysts such as iron oxide , molybdenum trioxide or combinations thereof.
Whilst this class of oxidation had been investigated previously, in-depth systemization of the behaviour of the iron oxide/molybdenum trioxide catal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adkins–Peterson_reaction |
The Administration on Aging ( AoA ) is an agency within the Administration for Community Living of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
AoA works to ensure that older Americans can stay independent in their communities, mostly by awarding grants to States, Native American tribal organizations, and local ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_on_Aging |
Administrative controls are training, procedure, policy, or shift designs that lessen the threat of a hazard to an individual. [ 1 ] Administrative controls typically change the behavior of people (e.g., factory workers) rather than removing the actual hazard or providing personal protective equipment (PPE).
Administr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_controls |
In computer science , specifically in algorithms related to pathfinding , a heuristic function is said to be admissible if it never overestimates the cost of reaching the goal, i.e. the cost it estimates to reach the goal is not higher than the lowest possible cost from the current point in the path. [ 1 ] In other wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admissible_heuristic |
AdmitSee, Inc. is an educational technology company and college-oriented social-networking site with offices in San Francisco and New York City . [ 1 ] Their primary offering is AdmitSee, a database of successful college application essays and resumes. [ 2 ] The service allows college applicants to read applications an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdmitSee |
In electrical engineering , admittance is a measure of how easily a circuit or device will allow a current to flow. It is defined as the reciprocal of impedance , analogous to how conductance and resistance are defined. The SI unit of admittance is the siemens (symbol S); the older, synonymous unit is mho , and its sym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admittance |
Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash and FutureSplash ) is a discontinued [ note 1 ] multimedia software platform used for production of animations , rich internet applications , desktop applications , mobile apps , mobile games , and embedded web browser video players.
Flash displays text, vector graphics , and ras... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash |
Adobe Shockwave (formerly Macromedia Shockwave and MacroMind Shockwave ) is a discontinued multimedia platform for building interactive multimedia applications and video games . Developers originate content using Adobe Director and publish it on the Internet. Such content could be viewed in a web browser on any compute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Shockwave |
The Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is a semi-analytical method for solving ordinary and partial nonlinear differential equations . The method was developed from the 1970s to the 1990s by George Adomian , chair of the Center for Applied Mathematics at the University of Georgia . [ 1 ]
It is further extensible to s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adomian_decomposition_method |
Adoptive cell transfer ( ACT ) is the transfer of cells into a patient . [ 1 ] The cells may have originated from the patient or from another individual. The cells are most commonly derived from the immune system with the goal of improving immune functionality and characteristics. In autologous cancer immunotherapy , T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptive_cell_transfer |
Adoptive immunity acts in a host after their immunological components are withdrawn, their immunological activity is modified extracorporeally, and then reinfused into the same host. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This process in its former part is analogous to adoption: a child is once adopted out from their home, grown up, and then ret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptive_immunity |
An adparticle is an atom , molecule , or cluster of atoms or molecules that lies on a crystal surface. The term is used in surface chemistry . The word is a contraction of " adsorbed particle". An adparticle that is a single atom may be referred to as an " adatom ". [ 1 ]
This physical chemistry -related article is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adparticle |
Adrenal androgen stimulating hormone ( AASH ), also known as cortical androgen stimulating hormone ( CASH ), is a hypothetical hormone which has been proposed to stimulate the adrenal glands to produce adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_androgen-stimulating_hormone |
Adrenergic means "working on adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine)" [ 1 ] [ 2 ] (or on their receptors ). When not further qualified, it is usually used in the sense of enhancing or mimicking the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the body.
Regarding proteins :
Regarding pharmaceutical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic |
Adrian Bowyer / ˈ b oʊ j ər / MBE is an English engineer and mathematician, formerly an academic at the University of Bath .
Born in 1952 in London, Bowyer is the older child of the late Rosemary and John Bowyer; the latter was a writer, painter and one of the founders of Zisman, Bowyer and Partners, consulting engine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Bowyer |
Adsorbable organic halides ( AOX ) is a measure of the organic halogen load at a sampling site such as soil from a land fill, water, or sewage waste. [ 1 ] The procedure measures chlorine , bromine , and iodine as equivalent halogens, but does not measure fluorine levels in the sample. [ 2 ]
Utilization of halogen con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorbable_organic_halides |
Adsorption is the adhesion [ 1 ] of atoms , ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface . [ 2 ] This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent . This process differs from absorption , in which a fluid (the absorbate ) is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption |
The adsorption/bio-oxidation process ( AB process ) is a variation of the activated sludge process used in wastewater treatment . [ 1 ] This two-stage system combines a high-rate adsorption stage (A-stage) with a lower-rate bio-oxidation stage (B-stage). A key characteristic of the AB process is the absence of a primar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption/bio-oxidation_process |
Adsorption Method for Sampling of Dioxins and Furans ( AMESA ) is an automatic system for continuous monitoring of emissions of dioxins and furans from industrial processes which require official approval in compliance with environmental regulations. [ 1 ] Applications include refuse incinerators and hazardous material... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption_Method_for_Sampling_of_Dioxins_and_Furans |
An adult is an animal that has reached full growth . [ 1 ] The biological definition of the word means an animal reaching sexual maturity and thus capable of reproduction . In the human context, the term adult has meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a non-adult or " minor ", a legal adult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult |
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells , found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues . Also known as somatic stem cells (from Greek σωματικóς, meaning of the body ), they can be found in juvenile, adult animals, and humans, unl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_stem_cell |
An advance market commitment ( AMC ) is a promise to buy or subsidise a product if it is successfully developed. AMCs are typically offered by governments or private foundations to encourage the development of vaccines or treatments . In exchange, pharmaceutical companies commit to providing doses at a fixed price. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_market_commitment |
The propeller advance ratio or coefficient is a dimensionless number used in aeronautics and marine hydrodynamics to describe the relationship between the speed at which a vehicle (like an airplane or a boat) is moving forward and the speed at which its propeller is turning. It helps in understanding the efficiency of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_ratio |
Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc. , ( ACD/Labs ) specializes in the design of software, with a focus on the R&D and chemistry of molecules ('small molecules'). They offer software for tasks including analytical data handling and knowledge management; in addition, molecular property modelling and property-based desi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Chemistry_Development |
Advanced Composite Materials is a bimonthly peer-review scientific journal that was established in 1991. It is published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Japan Society for Composite Materials and the Korean Society for Composite Materials . The journal covers all scientific and technological aspects of composite ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Composite_Materials_(journal) |
Advanced Composition Explorer ( ACE or Explorer 71 ) is a NASA Explorer program satellite and space exploration mission to study matter comprising energetic particles from the solar wind , the interplanetary medium , and other sources.
Real-time data from ACE are used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer |
Advanced Comprehensive Operating System ( ACOS ) is a family of mainframe computer operating systems developed by NEC for the Japanese market. It consists of three systems, based on the General Comprehensive Operating System family developed by General Electric , Honeywell , and Bull . Two of these systems, ACOS-2 (bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Comprehensive_Operating_System |
Advanced Energy Materials is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering energy-related research, including photovoltaics , batteries, supercapacitors , fuel cells , hydrogen technologies, thermoelectrics , photocatalysis , solar power technologies, magnetic refrigeration , and piezoelectric materials. It publishes inv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Energy_Materials |
Advanced Engineering Materials is a peer-reviewed materials science journal that publishes monthly.
Advanced Engineering Materials publishes peer-reviewed reviews, communications, and full papers, on topics centered around structural materials, such as metals , alloys , ceramics , composites , polymers etc.. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Engineering_Materials |
Advanced Functional Materials is a peer-reviewed scientific journal , published by Wiley-VCH. Established in February 2001, the journal began to publish monthly in 2002 and moved to 18/year in 2006, biweekly in 2008, and weekly in 2013.
It has been published under other titles since 1985. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Coverage ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Functional_Materials |
Advanced Innovation Design Approach (AIDA) is a holistic approach for enhancing the innovative and competitive capabilities of industrial companies. The name Advanced Innovation Design Approach (AIDA) was proposed in the research project "Innovation Process 4.0" run at the University of Applied Sciences Offenburg , Ger... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Innovation_Design_Approach |
Advanced Materials is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering materials science . It includes communications, reviews , and feature articles on topics in chemistry , physics , nanotechnology , ceramics , metallurgy , and biomaterials . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2023 impact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Materials |
Advanced Materials Interfaces is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering materials science , [ 1 ] including research on functional interfaces and surfaces and their specific applications.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in: [ 2 ]
According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2021 impact fac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Materials_Interfaces |
Advanced Mobile Location (AML) is a free-of-charge emergency location-based service (LBS) available on smartphones that, when a caller dials the local (in country) short dial emergency telephone number , sends the best available geolocation of the caller to a dedicated end-point, usually a Public Safety Answering Point... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Location |
Advanced Optical Materials is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-VCH . It was established in 2013, after a section with the same name had been published since March 2012 in Advanced Materials . It covers all aspects of light-matter interactions. The founding editor-in-chief is Peter Gregory.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Optical_Materials |
Ethernet Advanced Physical Layer (Ethernet-APL) describes a physical layer for the Ethernet communication technology which is especially developed for the requirements of the process industries . The development of Ethernet-APL was determined by the need for communication at high speeds and over long distances, the sup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Physical_Layer |
The Advanced Propulsion Centre (APC) is a non-profit organisation that facilitates funding to UK-based research and development projects developing net-zero emission technologies. [ 1 ] It is headquartered at the University of Warwick in Coventry , England.
The APC manages a £1 billion investment fund, which is joint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Propulsion_Centre |
The Advanced Remote Display Station (also referred to as the ARDS) was a desktop storage-tube -based vector graphics and text terminal produced by Computer Displays, Inc. starting in 1968. It was announced at the 1968 Spring Joint Computer Conference and available by August 1968 for $12,750 (about $114,675 in 2024). [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Remote_Display_Station |
The Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics ( ASCA , formerly named ASTRO-D ) was the fourth cosmic X-ray astronomy mission by JAXA , and the second for which the United States provided part of the scientific payload. The satellite was successfully launched on 20 February 1993. The first eight months of the A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics |
Advanced Simulation Library ( ASL ) is a free and open-source hardware-accelerated multiphysics simulation platform. It enables users to write customized numerical solvers in C++ and deploy them on a variety of massively parallel architectures , ranging from inexpensive FPGAs , DSPs and GPUs [ 1 ] up to heterogeneous c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Simulation_Library |
The Advanced Simulation and Computing Program ( ASC ) is a super-computing program run by the National Nuclear Security Administration , in order to simulate, test, and maintain the United States nuclear stockpile. [ 1 ] The program was created in 1995 in order to support the Stockpile Stewardship Program (or SSP) . Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Simulation_and_Computing_Program |
Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1999 by Wiley . It covers research on homogeneous, heterogeneous, organic, and enzyme catalysis that are key technologies to achieve green synthesis, significant contributions to the same goal by synthesis design, reaction tec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Synthesis_&_Catalysis |
The Advanced Technology Airborne Computer (ATAC) was a product of Itek (a division of Litton Industries ), used on US naval aircraft, and the NASA Galileo (spacecraft) . [ 1 ] : 198–201
The ATAC was built using AMD 2901 4-bit processors and had a basic cycle time of 250 ns. [ 1 ] : 198 It could be programmed in HAL/S ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Airborne_Computer |
Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture [ 1 ] ( ATCA or AdvancedTCA ) is the largest specification effort in the history of the PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group (PICMG), with more than 100 companies participating. Known as AdvancedTCA, the official specification designation PICMG 3. x (see below) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Telecommunications_Computing_Architecture |
Advanced Telescope for High-ENergy Astrophysics ( Athena ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is an X-ray observatory mission selected by European Space Agency (ESA) within its Cosmic Vision program [ 3 ] to address the Hot and Energetic Universe scientific theme. Athena will operate in the energy range of 0.2–12 keV and will offer spectrosc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics |
Advanced Wireless Services ( AWS ) is a wireless telecommunications spectrum band used for mobile voice and data services, video, and messaging. AWS is used in the United States , Argentina , Canada , Colombia , Mexico , Chile , Paraguay , Peru , Ecuador , Trinidad and Tobago , Uruguay and Venezuela . It replaces som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Wireless_Services |
Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite ( AXIS ) is a space telescope under development by NASA for launch in 2032. [ 1 ] It is a NASA Probe mission concept designed for high angular resolution X-Ray imaging. [ 2 ] The mission goals are to examine galaxies over cosmic time, feedback in galaxies, Black Hole strong gravity, Dua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_X-Ray_Imaging_Satellite |
In automation production technology the actions performed by an automated process are executed by a program of instructions which is run during a work cycle. To execute work cycle programs, an automated system should be available to execute these advanced functions.
If there is a need for workers in an automated syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_automation_functions |
In materials science , advanced composite materials ( ACMs ) are materials that are generally characterized by unusually high strength fibres with unusually high stiffness , or modulus of elasticity characteristics, compared to other materials, while bound together by weaker matrices . These are termed "advanced compos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering) |
Advanced glycation end-products ( AGEs ) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars. [ 1 ] They are a bio-marker implicated in aging and the development, or worsening, of many degenerative diseases , such as diabetes , atherosclerosis , chronic kidney disease , and Alzheimer's disease... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end-product |
The advanced multi-mission operations system ( AMMOS ) is a common set of services and tools created by the Interplanetary Network Directorate , a division of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , for use in JPL's operation of spacecraft. [ 1 ] These tools include a means by which mission planning and analysis can be underta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_multi-mission_operations_system |
Advanced oxidation processes ( AOPs ), in a broad sense, are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and wastewater by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (·OH). [ 1 ] In real-world applications of wastewater treatment , however, this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_oxidation_process |
The advanced reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel is a potential key to achieve a sustainable nuclear fuel cycle and to tackle the heavy burden of nuclear waste management. In particular, the development of such advanced reprocessing systems may save natural resources, reduce waste inventory and enhance the public accept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_reprocessing_of_spent_nuclear_fuel |
Advanced Silicon Etching ( ASE ) is a deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) technique to etch deep and high aspect ratio structures in silicon. ASE was created by Surface Technology Systems Plc (STS) in 1994 in the UK. STS has continued to develop this process with faster etch rates. STS developed and first implemented the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_silicon_etching |
An advanced thermal recycling system (or an ATR system ) is the commercial brand name of the waste-to-energy incineration offering by Klean Power, [ 1 ] which has been implemented in a single plant in Germany in 1999. WtE facilities such as the ATR transforms municipal solid waste (MSW) into electricity or steam for di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_thermal_recycling_system |
Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original research papers and also notes, expository and survey articles, book reviews, reproduces abstracts and also reports on conferences and workshops in the area of Clifford algebras and their applications to other branches o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Applied_Clifford_Algebras |
Advances in Chemical Physics is a peer-reviewed academic book series in the fields of chemical physics and related interdisciplinary fields (e.g. biophysics ) published by John Wiley & Sons . The form of each publication is a book made of chapters, where all the chapters in a specific book are of a particular field. Ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Chemical_Physics |
Advances in Difference Equations is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal covering research on difference equations , published by Springer Open .
The journal was established in 2004 and publishes articles on theory, methodology, and application of difference and differential equations. Originally published by Hindawi P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Difference_Equations |
Advances in Geometry is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published quarterly by Walter de Gruyter .
Founded in 2001, the journal publishes articles on geometry . [ 1 ]
The journal is indexed by Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH .
Its 2016 MCQ was 0.45, and its 2021 impact factor was 0.763. [ 2 ]
This arti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Geometry |
Advances in Group Theory and Applications (AGTA) is a peer reviewed , open access research journal in mathematics , specifically group theory . It was founded in 2015 by the council of the no-profit association AGTA - Advances in Group Theory and Applications , and is published by Aracne .
The journal is composed of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advances_in_Group_Theory_and_Applications |
In the fields of physics , engineering , and earth sciences , advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is also a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection |
Adversarial Design is a type of political design that evokes and engages political issues. In doing so, the cultural production of Adversarial Design crosses all disciplinary boundaries in the construction of objects, interfaces, networks, spaces and events. Most importantly, Adversarial Design does the work in express... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversarial_Design |
An adverse drug reaction ( ADR ) is a harmful, unintended result caused by taking medication . [ 1 ] : 1.1 Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) [ 2 ] ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or may result from the combination of two or more drugs. The meaning of this term differs from the ter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction |
An adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention , such as surgery . [ 1 ] An adverse effect may be termed a " side effect ", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect . The term complication is similar to adverse effect, but the latter is typically us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect |
Adverse inference is a legal inference, adverse to the concerned party, drawn from silence or absence of requested evidence . It is part of evidence codes based on common law in various countries.
According to Lawvibe, "the 'adverse inference' can be quite damning at trial . Essentially, when plaintiffs try to present... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_inference |
An adverse outcome pathway ( AOP ) is structured representation of biological events leading to adverse effects and is considered relevant to risk assessment. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The AOP links in a linear way existing knowledge along one or more series of causally connected key events ( KE ) between two points — a molecu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_outcome_pathway |
In fluid dynamics , an adverse pressure gradient is a pressure gradient in which the static pressure increases in the direction of the flow. Mathematically this is expressed as dP / dx > 0 for a flow in the positive x -direction.
This is important for boundary layers . Increasing the fluid pressure is akin to increasi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_pressure_gradient |
An advertising ID is a unique user identifier (ID) assigned to a mobile device (smart phone, tablet computer ), or operating environment, to help advertising services personalize their offers. [ 1 ] It can be sent to advertisers and other third parties which can use this unique ID to track the user's movements, habits,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_ID |
Advertising in biology means the use of displays by organisms such as animals and plants to signal their presence for some evolutionary reason.
Such signalling may be honest, used to attract other organisms, as when flowers use bright colours, patterns, and scent to attract pollinators such as bees ; or, again honestl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_in_biology |
The Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( ACA ) was a UK agency founded on 30 April 1909, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. In 1919 it was renamed the Aeronautical Research Committee , later becoming the Aeronautical Research Council .
Following the establishment of this committee, othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics |
The Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe (ACARE) is a European advisory body that aims to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of the European Union in the field of aeronautics . It is a public-private partnership between the Directorate-General for Transport and Energy of the European Commissi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Council_for_Aeronautics_Research_in_Europe |
The Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases , created in 1986, [ 1 ] was an advisory body for the review of studies into the greenhouse effect . The group was created by the International Council of Scientific Unions , the United Nations Environment Programme , and the World Meteorological Organization to follow up on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Group_on_Greenhouse_Gases |
Aegean numbers was an additive sign-value numeral system used by the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. [ 1 ] They are attested in the Linear A and Linear B scripts. They may have survived in the Cypro-Minoan script , where a single sign with "100" value is attested so far on a large clay tablet from Enkomi .
This ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_numerals |
Aequationes Mathematicae is a mathematical journal . It is primarily devoted to functional equations , but also publishes papers in dynamical systems , combinatorics , and geometry . [ 1 ] As well as publishing regular journal submissions on these topics, it also regularly reports on international symposia on functiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequationes_Mathematicae |
Aequorin is a calcium-activated photoprotein isolated from the hydrozoan Aequorea victoria . [ 1 ] Its bioluminescence was studied decades before the protein was isolated from the animal by Osamu Shimomura in 1962. [ 2 ] In the animal, the protein occurs together with the green fluorescent protein to produce green ligh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequorin |
Aeration (also called aerification or aeriation ) is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a liquid or other substances that act as a fluid (such as soil). Aeration processes create additional surface area in the mixture, allowing greater chemical or suspension reactions.
Aeration ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration |
Aeration turbines are designed to aerate and mix fluids industrially. They are foremost used in brewing, pond aeration and sewage treatment plants. [ 1 ]
Aeration turbines are designed for mixing gases, usually air, with a liquid, usually water. They can serve additional purposes like destratification , agitator or p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration_turbine |
Aerial stem modifications are modifications to the aerial stems , [ 1 ] vegetative buds and floral buds of plants growing in different conditions and which perform functions such as climbing, protection, support, synthesis of food, or vegetative propagation . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Aerial stem structures that undergo modification... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_stem_modification |
Aeroacoustics is a branch of acoustics that studies noise generation via either turbulent fluid motion or aerodynamic forces interacting with surfaces. Noise generation can also be associated with periodically varying flows. A notable example of this phenomenon is the Aeolian tones produced by wind blowing over fixed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroacoustics |
Aerobic denitrification , or co-respiration , the simultaneous use of both oxygen (O 2 ) and nitrate ( NO − 3 ) as oxidizing agents , performed by various genera of microorganisms. [ 1 ] This process differs from anaerobic denitrification not only in its insensitivity to the presence of oxygen, but also in its higher ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_denitrification |
Aerobic digestion is a process in sewage treatment designed to reduce the volume of sewage sludge and make it suitable [ 1 ] for subsequent use. [ 2 ] More recently, technology has been developed that allows the treatment and reduction of other [ 3 ] organic waste, such as food, cardboard and horticultural waste.
It is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_digestion |
Aerobic fermentation or aerobic glycolysis is a metabolic process by which cells metabolize sugars via fermentation in the presence of oxygen and occurs through the repression of normal respiratory metabolism. Preference of aerobic fermentation over aerobic respiration is referred to as the Crabtree effect in yeast, [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_fermentation |
Aerobic granular reactors (AGR) or Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) are a community of microbial organisms, typically around 0.5-3mm in diameter, that remove carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other pollutants in a single sludge system. It can also be used for wastewater treatments. Aerobic granular sludge is composed of ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_granular_reactor |
The biological treatment of wastewater in the sewage treatment plant is often accomplished using conventional activated sludge systems. These systems generally require large surface areas for treatment and biomass separation units due to the generally poor settling properties of the sludge . Aerobic granules are a type... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_granulation |
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. [ 1 ] The ability to exhibit aerobic respiration may yield benefits to the aerobic organism, as aerobic respiration yields more energy than anaerobic respiration. [ 2 ] Energy production of the cell involves the synthes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organism |
An aerobic treatment system ( ATS ), often called an aerobic septic system, is a small scale sewage treatment system similar to a septic tank system, but which uses an aerobic process for digestion rather than just the anaerobic process used in septic systems. These systems are commonly found in rural areas where publ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_treatment_system |
Aerobiological engineering is the science of designing buildings and systems to control airborne pathogens and allergens in indoor environments. The most-common environments include commercial buildings, residences and hospitals. This field of study is important because controlled indoor climates generally tend to favo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobiological_engineering |
Aerobiology (from Greek ἀήρ , aēr , " air "; βίος , bios , " life "; and -λογία , -logia ) is a branch of biology that studies the passive transport of organic particles, such as bacteria , fungal spores , very small insects , pollen grains and viruses . [ 1 ] Aerobiologists have traditionally been involved in the meas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobiology |
In aerodynamics , the torques or moments acting on an airfoil moving through a fluid can be accounted for by the net lift and net drag applied at some point on the airfoil, and a separate net pitching moment about that point whose magnitude varies with the choice of where the lift is chosen to be applied. The aerodynam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_center |
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