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Almeida–Pineda recurrent backpropagation is an extension to the backpropagation algorithm that is applicable to recurrent neural networks . It is a type of supervised learning . It was described somewhat cryptically in Richard Feynman 's senior thesis, and rediscovered independently in the context of artificial neural ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeida–Pineda_recurrent_backpropagation |
An Almen strip is a thin strip of SAE 1070 steel used to quantify the intensity of a shot peening process.
Developed and patented by John O. Almen, the strip was originally supported by 2 knife edges; later improvements see it being supported on 4 small balls. The strip is placed in the chamber in place of the item to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almen_strip |
In geometric measure theory , a field of mathematics , the Almgren regularity theorem , proved by Almgren ( 1983 , 2000 ), states that the singular set of a mass-minimizing surface has codimension at least 2. Almgren's proof of this was 955 pages long. Within the proof many new ideas are introduced, such as monotonicit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almgren_regularity_theorem |
In mathematics , the Almgren–Pitts min-max theory (named after Frederick J. Almgren, Jr. and his student Jon T. Pitts ) is an analogue of Morse theory for hypersurfaces .
The theory started with the efforts for generalizing George David Birkhoff 's method for the construction of simple closed geodesics on the sphere, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almgren–Pitts_min-max_theory |
In set theory , when dealing with sets of infinite size , the term almost or nearly is used to refer to all but a negligible amount of elements in the set. The notion of "negligible" depends on the context, and may mean "of measure zero" (in a measure space ), "finite" (when infinite sets are involved), or "countable" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost |
In mathematics , the term " almost all " means "all but a negligible quantity". More precisely, if X {\displaystyle X} is a set , "almost all elements of X {\displaystyle X} " means "all elements of X {\displaystyle X} but those in a negligible subset of X {\displaystyle X} ". The meaning of "negligible" depends on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_all |
In algebra , a filtered ring A is said to be almost commutative if the associated graded ring gr A = ⊕ A i / A i − 1 {\displaystyle \operatorname {gr} A=\oplus A_{i}/{A_{i-1}}} is commutative .
Basic examples of almost commutative rings involve differential operators . For example, the enveloping algebra of a comple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_commutative_ring |
In measure theory (a branch of mathematical analysis ), a property holds almost everywhere if, in a technical sense, the set for which the property holds takes up nearly all possibilities. The notion of "almost everywhere" is a companion notion to the concept of measure zero , and is analogous to the notion of almost s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_everywhere |
In recreational mathematics , an almost integer (or near-integer ) is any number that is not an integer but is very close to one. Almost integers may be considered interesting when they arise in some context in which they are unexpected.
Some examples of almost integers are high powers of the golden ratio ϕ = 1 + 5 2 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_integer |
In mathematics , an almost periodic function is, loosely speaking, a function of a real variable that is periodic to within any desired level of accuracy, given suitably long, well-distributed "almost-periods". The concept was first studied by Harald Bohr and later generalized by Vyacheslav Stepanov , Hermann Weyl and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_periodic_function |
In probability theory , an event is said to happen almost surely (sometimes abbreviated as a.s. ) if it happens with probability 1 (with respect to the probability measure). [ 1 ] In other words, the set of outcomes on which the event does not occur has probability 0, even though the set might not be empty. The concept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_surely |
An almucantar (also spelled almucantarat or almacantara ) is a circle on the celestial sphere parallel to the horizon . Two stars that lie on the same almucantar have the same altitude .
The term was introduced into European astronomy by monastic astronomer Hermann Contractus of Reichenau , Latinized from the Arabic w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almucantar |
Alnico is a family of iron alloys which, in addition to iron are composed primarily of aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co), hence the acronym [ 1 ] al-ni-co . They also include copper , and sometimes titanium .
Alnico alloys are ferromagnetic , and are used to make permanent magnets . Before the development o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnico |
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics [ 3 ] for genetically defined diseases. The company was founded in 2002 and is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts . [ 4 ] In 2016, Forbes incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnylam_Pharmaceuticals |
Alogliptin , sold under the brand names Nesina and Vipidia , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is an oral anti-diabetic drug in the DPP-4 inhibitor (gliptin) class. [ 4 ] Like other members of the gliptin class, it causes little or no weight gain, exhibits relatively little risk of hypoglycemia, and has relatively modest glucose-lowering ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alogliptin |
Alongshan virus (ALSV) is a tick-borne disease discovered in Alongshan , Inner Mongolia in 2017. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a type of Jingmenvirus . [ 3 ] It was discovered in ticks in Finland in 2019 and in Switzerland in 2022. [ 4 ] In 2023, it was reported in ticks and animals in Lower Saxony . [ 5 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alongshan_virus |
Alonizing is a diffusion metallizing process in that it is a thermochemical treatment that involves enriching the surface layer of an object with one or more metallic elements . [ 1 ] Specifically, alonizing is the diffusion of aluminum into the surface of a base metal through high temperature vapors. [ 2 ] The types o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonizing |
In spectral graph theory , the Alon–Boppana bound provides a lower bound on the second-largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a d {\displaystyle d} -regular graph, [ 1 ] meaning a graph in which every vertex has degree d {\displaystyle d} . The reason for the interest in the second-largest eigenvalue is that the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alon–Boppana_bound |
Alperm (also alfenol or alfer ) is a class of alloys comprising 83-90% of iron and 10-17% of aluminium . The most widely used composition is with 16% Al. [ 1 ]
An alloy with 13% Al is also sometimes referred to as alfer . It exhibits large magnetostriction and it is used in magnetoelastic sensors. Later during the WW2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperm |
alpha-1 ( α 1 ) adrenergic are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) associated with the G q heterotrimeric G protein . α 1 -adrenergic receptors are subdivided into three highly homologous subtypes, i.e., α 1A - , α 1B - , and α 1D -adrenergic receptor subtypes. There is no α 1C receptor. At one time, there was a subtyp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor |
The alpha-3 beta-2 nicotinic receptor , also known as the α3β2 receptor , is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor , consisting of α3 and β2 subunits .
It occurs alongside the more common α3β4 nicotinic receptor in autonomic ganglia , and as an facilitatory presynaptic autoreceptor at the neuromuscular junction (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-3_beta-2_nicotinic_receptor |
Alpha-aminoadipic and alpha-ketoadipic aciduria is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by an increased urinary excretion of alpha-ketoadipic acid and alpha-aminoadipic acid . It is caused by mutations in DHTKD1 , which encodes the E1 subunit of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (alpha-ketogluta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-aminoadipic_and_alpha-ketoadipic_aciduria |
In additive number theory , the Schnirelmann density of a sequence of numbers is a way to measure how "dense" the sequence is. It is named after Russian mathematician Lev Schnirelmann , who was the first to study it. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The Schnirelmann density of a set of natural numbers A is defined as
where A ( n ) denote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-beta_conjecture |
Alpha spectrometry (also known as alpha(-particle) spectroscopy ) is the quantitative study of the energy of alpha particles emitted by a radioactive nuclide that is an alpha emitter .
As emitted alpha particles are mono-energetic (i.e. not emitted with a spectrum of energies, such as beta decay ) with energies often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-particle_spectroscopy |
Alpha Centauri Bb ( α Cen Bb ) was a proposed exoplanet orbiting the K-type main-sequence star Alpha Centauri B , located 4.37 light-years from Earth in the southern constellation of Centaurus , but there has not been enough evidence to support the claim. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The claimed discovery of the planet was announced i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_Bb |
Alpha Nu Sigma ( ΑΝΣ ) is an American nuclear engineering honor society affiliated with the American Nuclear Society . It has chartered more than 25 chapters at universities in the United States.
Alpha Nu Sigma National Honor Society was established by the American Nuclear Society on June 5, 1979. [ 1 ] it was establi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Nu_Sigma |
Alpha Omega Epsilon ( ΑΩΕ ) is a social and professional sorority for women in engineering and technical sciences. [ 1 ] The sorority was founded in 1983 at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin . [ 1 ] It has chartered 52 chapters. Alpha Omega Epsilon is a member of the Professional Fraternity Association .
In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Epsilon |
Alpha Sigma Mu ( ΑΣΜ ) is an international scholastic honor society recognizing academic achievement among students in the fields of metallurgy and materials engineering . It was established in 1932 at Michigan Technological University .
Alpha Sigma Mu was founded by the Metallurgy Department of the Michigan College o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Mu |
In metallurgy , alpha case is the oxygen-enriched surface phase that occurs when titanium and its alloys are exposed to heated air or oxygen. Alpha case is hard and brittle, and tends to create a series of microcracks that will reduce the metal's performance and its fatigue properties. Alpha case can be minimized or av... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_case |
In graph theory , the Katz centrality or alpha centrality of a node is a measure of centrality in a network . It was introduced by Leo Katz in 1953 and is used to measure the relative degree of influence of an actor (or node) within a social network . [ 1 ] Unlike typical centrality measures which consider only the sho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_centrality |
Alpha-cleavage ( α-cleavage ) in organic chemistry refers to the act of breaking the carbon-carbon bond [ 1 ] adjacent to the carbon bearing a specified functional group . [ 2 ]
Generally this topic is discussed when covering tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation and occurs generally by the same mechanisms. [ 3 ] [ 4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_cleavage |
Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle ( helium nucleus). The parent nucleus transforms or "decays" into a daughter product , with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two. An alpha particle is identical to the nu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay |
In ecology , alpha diversity ( α-diversity ) is the mean species diversity in a site at a local scale. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker [ 1 ] [ 2 ] together with the terms beta diversity (β-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (gamm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_diversity |
The alpha effect refers to the increased nucleophilicity of an atom due to the presence of an adjacent (alpha) atom with lone pair electrons . [ 2 ] This first atom does not necessarily exhibit increased basicity compared with a similar atom without an adjacent electron-donating atom, resulting in a deviation from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_effect |
In chemistry , alpha elimination refers to particular types of elimination reactions . The definition of alpha elimination differs for organometallic and organic chemistry.
In organic chemistry, alpha-elimination refers to reactions of this type: [ 1 ]
The reaction is employed to generate carbenes and nitrenes. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_elimination |
The α -factor is a dimensionless quantity used to predict the solid–liquid interface type of a material during solidification . It was introduced by physicist Kenneth A. Jackson in 1958. In his model, crystal growth with larger values of α is smooth, whereas crystals growing at smaller α (below the threshold value of 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_factor |
α-Glucans ( alpha- glucans ) are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers linked with glycosidic bonds of the alpha form. α-Glucans use cofactors in a cofactor site in order to activate a glucan phosphorylase enzyme. This enzyme causes a reaction that transfers a glucosyl portion between orthophosphate and α-I,4-glucan. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_glucan |
The alpha max plus beta min algorithm [ 1 ] is a high-speed approximation of the square root of the sum of two squares. The square root of the sum of two squares, also known as Pythagorean addition , is a useful function, because it finds the hypotenuse of a right triangle given the two side lengths, the norm of a 2-D ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_max_plus_beta_min_algorithm |
An alpha nuclide is a nuclide that consists of an integer number of alpha particles . Alpha nuclides have equal, even numbers of protons and neutrons ; they are important in stellar nucleosynthesis since the energetic environment within stars is amenable to fusion of alpha particles into heavier nuclei. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_nuclide |
Alpha oxidation ( α-oxidation ) is a process by which certain branched-chain [ 1 ] fatty acids are broken down by removal of a single carbon from the carboxyl end. In humans, alpha-oxidation is used in peroxisomes to break down dietary phytanic acid , which cannot undergo beta-oxidation due to its β-methyl branch, into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_oxidation |
Alpha particles , also called alpha rays or alpha radiation , consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus . [ 5 ] They are generally produced in the process of alpha decay but may also be produced in different ways. Alpha particles are named after the first let... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle |
The alpha process , also known as alpha capture or the alpha ladder , is one of two classes of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert helium into heavier elements . The other class is a cycle of reactions called the triple-alpha process , which consumes only helium, and produces carbon . [ 1 ] The alpha proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_process |
Alpha strike is a term referring to the event when an alpha particle , a composite charged particle composed of two protons and two neutrons, enters a computer and modifies the data or operation of a component in the computer. [ 1 ]
Alpha strikes can disturb the silicon substrate of the transistors in a computer throu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_strike_(engineering) |
An alphabetic numeral system is a type of numeral system . Developed in classical antiquity , it flourished during the early Middle Ages . [ 1 ] In alphabetic numeral systems, numbers are written using the characters of an alphabet , syllabary , or another writing system . Unlike acrophonic numeral systems , where a nu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetic_numeral_system |
According to the alphabetic principle , letters and combinations of letters are the symbols used to represent the speech sounds of a language based on systematic and predictable relationships between written letters, symbols, and spoken words. The alphabetic principle is the foundation of any alphabetic writing system ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetic_principle |
An alphanumeric grid (also known as atlas grid [ 1 ] ) is a simple coordinate system on a grid in which each cell is identified by a combination of a letter and a number. [ 2 ]
An advantage over numeric coordinates such as easting and northing , which use two numbers instead of a number and a letter to refer to a grid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphanumeric_grid |
Alphapithovirus , is a genus of giant virus known from two species, Alphapithovirus sibericum , which infects amoebas , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and Alphapithovirus massiliense . [ 4 ] It is DNA -based and is a member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses clade . It was discovered in 2014, when a viable specimen was found in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphapithovirus |
Alphasyllabic numeral systems are a type of numeral systems , developed mostly in India starting around 500 AD. Based on various alphasyllabic scripts, in this type of numeral systems glyphs of the numerals are not abstract signs, but syllables of a script, and numerals are represented with these syllable-signs. [ 1 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphasyllabic_numeral_system |
In electrical engineering , the alpha-beta ( α β γ {\displaystyle \alpha \beta \gamma } ) transformation (also known as the Clarke transformation ) is a mathematical transformation employed to simplify the analysis of three-phase circuits . Conceptually it is similar to the dq0 transformation . One very useful applicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha–beta_transformation |
The Alpine Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region, as defined by the European Environment Agency , that covers the mountainous regions of Europe.
The Alpine biogeographic region of Europe includes the Alps in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland and Monaco, the Apennines in Italy, the Pyrenee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Biogeographic_Region |
Alpine borane is the commercial name for an organoboron compound that is used in organic synthesis . It is a colorless liquid, although it is usually encountered as a solution. A range of alkyl-substituted borane are specialty reagents in organic synthesis. Two such reagents that are closely related to Alpine borane... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_borane |
Alsever's solution is a saline liquid used to prevent coagulation of blood. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is composed of 2.05% dextrose , 0.8% sodium citrate , 0.055% citric acid , and 0.42% sodium chloride . For usage, an equal volume of blood is gently, but thoroughly, mixed with the solution. This solution is used to study in vitr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsever's_solution |
Alspach's conjecture is a mathematical theorem that characterizes the disjoint cycle covers of complete graphs with prescribed cycle lengths. It is named after Brian Alspach , who posed it as a research problem in 1981. A proof was published by Darryn Bryant, Daniel Horsley, and William Pettersson ( 2014 ).
In this co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alspach's_conjecture |
Alsuviricetes is a class of positive-strand RNA viruses which infect eukaryotes . [ 1 ] The name of the group is a syllabic abbreviation of " al pha su pergroup" with the suffix -viricetes indicating a virus class . [ 2 ]
The following orders are recognized:
This virus -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsuviricetes |
Alta Partners is a venture capital firm based in San Francisco which invests primarily in biotechnology and life science companies.
Notable investments include Kite Pharmaceuticals, ZS Pharma, Esperion, Allakos Chemgenx, DeCode Calistoga, Aerie, Cymabay, and Tyra Biosciences. [ 1 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Partners |
The altered Schaedler flora (ASF) is a community of eight bacterial species: two lactobacilli , one Bacteroides , one spiral bacterium of the Flexistipes genus , and four extremely oxygen sensitive (EOS) fusiform-shaped species. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The bacteria are selected for their dominance and persistence in the norm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_Schaedler_flora |
An altered level of consciousness is any measure of arousal other than normal. Level of consciousness ( LOC ) is a measurement of a person's arousability and responsiveness to stimuli from the environment. [ 1 ] A mildly depressed level of consciousness or alertness may be classed as lethargy ; someone in this state ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_level_of_consciousness |
Altered nuclear transfer is an alternative method of obtaining embryonic-like, pluripotent stem cells without the creation and destruction of human embryos . The process was originally proposed by William B. Hurlbut .
This biology article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_nuclear_transfer |
An altered state of consciousness ( ASC ), [ 1 ] also called an altered state of mind , altered mental status ( AMS ) or mind alteration , is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state. It describes induced changes in one's mental state, almost always temporary. A synonymous phrase is "al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness |
In condensed matter physics , altermagnetism is a type of persistent magnetic state in ideal crystals . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Altermagnetic structures are collinear and crystal-symmetry compensated, resulting in zero net magnetisation. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Unlike in an ordinary collinear antiferromagnet , an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altermagnetism |
In coding theory , alternant codes form a class of parameterised error-correcting codes which generalise the BCH codes .
An alternant code over GF( q ) of length n is defined by a parity check matrix H of alternant form H i , j = α j i y i , where the α j are distinct elements of the extension GF( q m ), the y i are f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternant_code |
An alternant hydrocarbon is any conjugated hydrocarbon system which does not possess an odd-membered ring . For such systems it is possible to undertake a starring process, in which the carbon atoms are divided into two sets: all the carbons in one set are marked with a star such that no two starred or unstarred atoms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternant_hydrocarbon |
Alternating current ( AC ) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time, in contrast to direct current (DC), which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
Alternating current electrospinning is a fiber formation technique to produce micro- and nanofibers from polymer solutions under the dynamic drawing force of the electrostatic field with periodically changing polarity. The main benefit of alternating current electrospinning is that multiple times higher productivities ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current_electrospinning |
In mathematics , more specifically in multilinear algebra , an alternating multilinear map is a multilinear map with all arguments belonging to the same vector space (for example, a bilinear form or a multilinear form ) that is zero whenever any pair of its arguments is equal. This generalizes directly to a module ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_multilinear_map |
In algebra, an alternating polynomial is a polynomial f ( x 1 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle f(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})} such that if one switches any two of the variables, the polynomial changes sign:
Equivalently, if one permutes the variables, the polynomial changes in value by the sign of the permutation :
More generally,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_polynomial |
In mathematics , an alternating series is an infinite series of terms that alternate between positive and negative signs. In capital-sigma notation this is expressed ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n a n {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}a_{n}} or ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 a n {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{n+1}a_... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_series |
Alternation of generations (also known as metagenesis or heterogenesis ) [ 1 ] is the predominant type of life cycle in plants and algae . In plants both phases are multicellular : the haploid sexual phase – the gametophyte – alternates with a diploid asexual phase – the sporophyte .
A mature sporophyte produces haplo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations |
AlternativeTo is a website which lists alternatives to web-based software , desktop computer software , and mobile apps , and sorts the alternatives by various criteria, including the number of registered users who have "Liked" each of them on AlternativeTo. [ 3 ]
Users can search the site to find better alternatives ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlternativeTo |
Alternative Splicing Annotation Project ( ASAP ) in computational biology was a database for alternative splicing data maintained by the University of California from 2003 to 2013. [ 2 ] The purpose of ASAP was to provide a source for data mining projects by consolidating the information generated by genomics and prote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Splicing_Annotation_Project |
The Alternative Splicing and Transcript Diversity database ( ASTD ) was a database of transcript variants maintained by the European Bioinformatics Institute from 2008 to 2012. [ 2 ] It contained transcription initiation , polyadenylation and splicing variant data. [ 1 ]
This Biological database -related article is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Splicing_and_Transcript_Diversity_database |
The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code (translation table 14) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Platyhelminthes and Nematodes .
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_flatworm_mitochondrial_code |
The alternative oxidase ( AOX ) is an enzyme that forms part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria of different organisms. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Proteins homologous to the mitochondrial oxidase and the related plastid terminal oxidase have also been identified in bacterial genomes. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
The oxidase provides an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_oxidase |
Alternative pleading (or pleading in the alternative ) is the legal term [ 1 ] [ 2 ] in the law of the United States for a form of pleading that permits a party in a court action to argue multiple possibilities that may be mutually exclusive by making use of legal fiction .
A pleading in the alternative sets forth mul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_pleading |
Alternative splicing , alternative RNA splicing , or differential splicing , is an alternative splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to produce different splice variants. For example, some exons of a gene may be included within or excluded from the final RNA product of the gene. [ 1 ] This m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_splicing |
In ecology , the theory of alternative stable states (sometimes termed alternate stable states or alternative stable equilibria ) predicts that ecosystems can exist under multiple "states" (sets of unique biotic and abiotic conditions). These alternative states are non-transitory and therefore considered stable over ec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_stable_state |
The alternative yeast nuclear code (translation table 12 ) is a genetic code found in certain yeasts. However, other yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Candida azyma , Candida diversa , Candida magnoliae , Candida rugopelliculosa , Yarrowia lipolytica , and Zygoascus hellenicus , definitely use the standard (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_yeast_nuclear_code |
Alternatives assessment or alternatives analysis is a problem-solving approach used in environmental design , technology , and policy . It aims to minimize environmental harm by comparing multiple potential solutions in the context of a specific problem, design goal, or policy objective. It is intended to inform decisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_assessment |
Alternatives to Darwinian evolution have been proposed by scholars investigating biology to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different groups of living things. The alternatives in question do not deny that evolutionary changes over time are the origin of the diversity of life, nor that the organisms al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution |
The Altos 586 is a multi-user microcomputer that was intended for the business market. It was introduced by Altos Computer Systems in 1983.
Introduced in 1983, [ 1 ] a configuration with 512 KB of RAM, an Intel 8086 processor, Microsoft Xenix , and 10 MB hard drive cost about US$8,000. [ 2 ] Altos designed a custom me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altos_586 |
An aludel ( Arabic : ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻞ al-ūṯal from Greek αἰθαλίων aithaliōn , 'smoky, sooty, burnt-colored') [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is a subliming pot used in alchemy . The term refers to a range of earthen tubes, or pots without bottoms, fitted one over another, and diminishing as they advance towards the top. The lowest is adapted to a po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aludel |
Aluminides are intermetallic compounds of aluminium . [ 1 ] Since aluminium is near the nonmetals on the periodic table, it can bond with metals differently than other metals. The properties of an aluminide are between those of a metal alloy and those of an ionic compound. Aluminides are used as bond coats in thermal b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminide |
Aluminium(II) oxide or aluminium monoxide is a compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula AlO. It has been detected in the gas phase after explosion of aluminized grenades in the upper atmosphere [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and in stellar absorption spectra. [ 4 ]
Aluminium(II) oxide is one of the aluminium oxid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide |
Aluminium-based nanogalvanic alloys refer to a class of nanostructured metal powders that spontaneously and rapidly produce hydrogen gas upon contact with water or any liquid containing water as a result of their galvanic metal microstructure. It serves as a method of hydrogen production that can take place at a rapid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium-based_nanogalvanic_alloys |
An inclusion is a solid particle in liquid aluminium alloy . It is usually non-metallic and can be of different nature depending on its source.
Inclusions can create problems in the casting when they are large and in too high concentration. Here are examples of problems related to inclusions:
In contact with ambient ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy_inclusions |
Aluminium amalgam is a solution of aluminium in mercury. In practice the term refers to particles or pieces of aluminium with a surface coating of the amalgam. A gray solid, it is typically used for organic reductions . It is written as Al(Hg) in reactions. [ 1 ]
Al(Hg) may be prepared by either grinding aluminium p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_amalgam |
Aluminium borohydride , also known as aluminium tetrahydroborate , is the chemical compound with the formula Al(BH 4 ) 3 . It is a volatile pyrophoric liquid which is used as a reducing agent in laboratories. Unlike most other metal–borohydrides, which are ionic structures , aluminium borohydride is a covalent compound... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_borohydride |
Supplementary data for aluminium chloride .
NIST website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_chloride_(data_page) |
Aluminium foam sandwich (AFS) is a sandwich panel product which is made of two metallic dense face sheets and a metal foam core made of an aluminium alloy. AFS is an engineering structural material owing to its stiffness-to-mass ratio and energy absorption capacity ideal for application such as the shell of a high-spee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_foam_sandwich |
Aluminium granules are fine spherical aggregates of aluminium . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Aluminium granules are manufactured by the melting of primary or secondary aluminium and blown in air or vacuum, or are cast in sand and then sieved off. Other methods include casting of molten aluminium in water.
Aluminium granul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_granules |
Aluminium hydride (also known as alane and alumane ) refers to a collection of inorganic compounds with the formula Al H 3 . As a gas, alane is a planar molecule. When generated in ether solutions, it exists as an ether adduct. Solutions of alane polymerizes to a solid, which exists in several crystallographically di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_hydride |
Aluminium hydroxide , Al ( OH ) 3 , is found in as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs : bayerite , doyleite , and nordstrandite. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric , i.e., it has both basic and acidic properties. Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide , AlO(OH),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide |
Aluminium monochloride , or chloridoaluminium is the metal halide with the formula AlCl. Aluminium monochloride as a molecule is thermodynamically stable at high temperature and low pressure only. [ 2 ] This compound is produced as a step in the Alcan process to smelt aluminium from an aluminium-rich alloy . When the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride |
Aluminium monofluoride , also known as fluoridoaluminium , is the chemical compound with the formula AlF. This elusive species is formed by the reaction between aluminium trifluoride and metallic aluminium at elevated temperatures but quickly reverts to the reactants when cooled. [ 1 ] Clusters derived from related al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride |
Hydroxyaluminium(I) , also known as Aluminium(I) hydroxide , is an inorganic chemical with molecular formula AlOH. It consists of aluminium in the +1 oxidation state paired with a single hydroxide . It has been detected as a molecular substance in the envelope of an oxygen -rich red supergiant star , a place where subs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_monohydroxide |
Aluminium nitrate is a white, water-soluble salt of aluminium and nitric acid , most commonly existing as the crystalline hydrate , aluminium nitrate nonahydrate, Al(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O.
Aluminium nitrate cannot be synthesized by the reaction of aluminium with concentrated nitric acid, as the aluminium forms a passivatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_nitrate |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on aluminium oxide . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_oxide_(data_page) |
Aluminium smelting is the process of extracting aluminium from its oxide, alumina , generally by the Hall-Héroult process . Alumina is extracted from the ore bauxite by means of the Bayer process at an alumina refinery .
This is an electrolytic process, so an aluminium smelter uses huge amounts of electric power; smel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_smelting |
Aluminium sulfate is a salt with the formula Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a coagulating agent (promoting particle collision by neutralizing charge) in the purification of drinking water [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and wastewater treatment plants , and also in paper manufacturing.
The anhydrous form oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on aluminium sulfate .
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet ( MSDS ) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate_(data_page) |
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