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In queueing theory , a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability , the arrival theorem [ 1 ] (also referred to as the random observer property , ROP or job observer property [ 2 ] ) states that "upon arrival at a station, a job observes the system as if in steady state at an arbitrary instant for the sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrival_theorem |
In condensed matter physics , an Arrott plot is a plot of the square of the magnetization M 2 {\displaystyle M^{2}} of a substance, against the ratio of the applied magnetic field to magnetization H / M {\displaystyle H/M} at one (or several) fixed temperature(s). Arrott plots are an easy way of determining the presenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrott_plot |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes of majority rule
Positive results
Arrow's impossibility theorem is a key result in s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow's_impossibility_theorem |
Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. [ 1 ] It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson . In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are drawn on the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_pushing |
In continuum mechanics , an Arruda–Boyce model [ 1 ] is a hyperelastic constitutive model used to describe the mechanical behavior of rubber and other polymeric substances. This model is based on the statistical mechanics of a material with a cubic representative volume element containing eight chains along the diagon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arruda–Boyce_model |
In chemistry , a arsaalkyne ( IUPAC name: alkylidynearsane ) is an organoarsenic compound containing a triple bond between arsenic and carbon with the general chemical formula R−C≡As . Arsaalkynes are rare, especially in comparison with the phosphaalkynes . The parent H−C≡As has been characterized spectroscopically, ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsaalkyne |
Arsenic is a chemical element ; it has symbol As and atomic number 33. It is a metalloid and one of the pnictogens , and therefore shares many properties with its group 15 neighbors phosphorus and antimony . Arsenic is notoriously toxic. It occurs naturally in many minerals , usually in combination with sulfur and meta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic |
Arsenic biochemistry is the set of biochemical processes that can use arsenic or its compounds, such as arsenate . Arsenic is a moderately abundant element in Earth's crust , and although many arsenic compounds are often considered highly toxic to most life, a wide variety of organoarsenic compounds are produced biolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_biochemistry |
Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a form of groundwater pollution which is often due to naturally occurring high concentrations of arsenic in deeper levels of groundwater . It is a high-profile problem due to the use of deep tube wells for water supply in the Ganges Delta , causing serious arsenic poisoning to la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater |
Arsenic poisoning (or arsenicosis ) is a medical condition that occurs due to elevated levels of arsenic in the body. [ 4 ] If arsenic poisoning occurs over a brief period of time, symptoms may include vomiting , abdominal pain , encephalopathy , and watery diarrhea that contains blood . [ 1 ] Long-term exposure can re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning |
Arsenic tribromide is an inorganic compound with the formula As Br 3 , it is a bromide of arsenic. Arsenic is a chemical element that has the symbol As and atomic number 33. This pyramidal molecule is the only known binary arsenic bromide. AsBr 3 is noteworthy for its very high refractive index of approximately 2.3. It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_tribromide |
Arsenic trichloride is an inorganic compound with the formula AsCl 3 , also known as arsenous chloride or butter of arsenic . This poisonous oil is colourless, although impure samples may appear yellow. It is an intermediate in the manufacture of organoarsenic compounds . [ 4 ]
AsCl 3 is a pyramidal molecule with C ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_trichloride |
Arsenic trioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula As 2 O 3 . [ 4 ] As an industrial chemical, its major uses include the manufacture of wood preservatives , pesticides , and glass . [ 5 ] It is sold under the brand name Trisenox among others [ 2 ] [ 3 ] when used as a medication to treat a type of cancer known... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide |
Arsenic trioxide ( Latin : Arsenum trioxydatum , [ 1 ] also known as "arsenic") can be used as an chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia . Arsenic trioxide has orphan drug status [ 2 ] and is available as the pharmaceutical preparation Trisenox . When in contact with water, it forms ars... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide_(medication) |
Arsenicals are chemical compounds that contain arsenic . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In a military context, the term arsenical refers to toxic arsenic compounds that are used as chemical warfare agents . This includes blister agents , blood agents and vomiting agents . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Historically, they were used extensively as insecticid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenical |
Arsenical bronze is an alloy in which arsenic , as opposed to or in addition to tin or other constituent metals , is combined with copper to make bronze . The use of arsenic with copper, either as the secondary constituent or with another component such as tin, results in a stronger final product and better casting beh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenical_bronze |
Arsine ( IUPAC name: arsane ) is an inorganic compound with the formula As H 3 . This flammable, pyrophoric , and highly toxic pnictogen hydride gas is one of the simplest compounds of arsenic . [ 4 ] Despite its lethality, it finds some applications in the semiconductor industry and for the synthesis of organoarsenic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsine |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on arsine . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsine_(data_page) |
Arsonic acid is the simplest of the arsonic acids . It is a hypothetical compound , although the tautomeric arsenious acid (As(OH) 3 ) is well established. In contrast to the instability of HAsO(OH) 2 , the phosphorus compound with analogous stoichiometry exists as the tetrahedral tautomer. Similarly, organic deriva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsonic_acid |
Art director is a title for a variety of similar job functions in theater , advertising , marketing , publishing , fashion, live-action and animated film and television , the Internet , and video games . [ 1 ]
It is the charge of a sole art director to supervise and unify the vision of an artistic production. In parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director |
The art gallery problem or museum problem is a well-studied visibility problem in computational geometry . It originates from the following real-world problem:
"In an art gallery , what is the minimum number of guards who together can observe the whole gallery?"
In the geometric version of the problem, the layout of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery_problem |
Art in bronze and brass dates from remote antiquity . These important metals are alloys , bronze composed of copper and tin and brass of copper and zinc .
Proportions of each alloy vary slightly. Bronze may be normally considered as nine parts of copper to one of tin. Other ingredients which are occasionally found ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_bronze_and_brass |
Art toys , also called designer toys , are toys and collectibles created by artists and designers that are either self-produced or made by small, independent toy companies, [ 1 ] typically in very limited editions . Artists use a variety of materials, such as ABS plastic , vinyl , wood , metal , latex , plush , and res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_toys |
ARTADE ( ARabidopsis Tiling Array-based Detection of Exons ) is a database for the annotation of genome -wide tiling-array data in Arabidopsis [ 1 ]
This Biological database -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artade |
The Artemis complex is a protein complex that functions in V(D)J recombination , the somatic recombination process which generates diversity in T cell receptors and immunoglobulins. Mutations in the Artemis complex results in hypersensitivity to DNA double-strand break-inducing agents, such as radiation; and so people ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_complex |
Arterial spin labeling (ASL), also known as arterial spin tagging , is a magnetic resonance imaging technique used to quantify cerebral blood perfusion by labelling blood water as it flows throughout the brain. ASL specifically refers to magnetic labeling of arterial blood below or in the imaging slab, without the need... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_spin_labelling |
An arteriovenous malformation ( AVM ) is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins , bypassing the capillary system. Usually congenital , this vascular anomaly is widely known because of its occurrence in the central nervous system (usually as a cerebral AVM ), but can appear anywhere in the body. The symptoms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation |
An artesian well is a well that brings groundwater to the surface without pumping because it is under pressure within a body of rock or sediment known as an aquifer . [ 1 ] When trapped water in an aquifer is surrounded by layers of impermeable rock or clay, which apply positive pressure to the water, it is known as an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artesian_well |
Arthropodology (from Greek ἄρθρον - arthron , "joint", and πούς , gen .: ποδός - pous , podos , "foot", which together mean "jointed feet") is a biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods , [ 1 ] a phylum of animals that include the insects , arachnids , crustaceans and others that are characterized b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropodology |
In mathematics , the Arthur conjectures refer to a set of conjectures proposed by James Arthur in 1989. [ 1 ] These conjectures pertain to the properties of automorphic representations of reductive groups over adele rings and the unitary representations of reductive groups over local fields. [ 1 ] Arthur’s work, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur's_conjectures |
Arthur B. Ellis (born 1951) is an American inorganic chemist and research administrator. Formerly Director, Division of Chemistry, U.S. National Science Foundation , he has held numerous academic postings, serving as provost at City University of Hong Kong , vice chancellor for research at the University of California,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B._Ellis |
The Arthur B. Guise Medal is awarded annually by the Society of Fire Protection Engineers and recognizes eminent achievement in the advancement of the science and technology of fire protection engineering. It is named in memory of the achievements of Arthur Guise. [ 1 ]
Source: SFPE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B._Guise_Medal |
Air Commodore Arthur Wellesley Bigsworth CMG , DSO & Bar , AFC (27 March 1885 – 24 February 1961) was a pioneer aviator who had a distinguished military career in the service of the British armed forces.
Arthur Wellesley Bigsworth was born on 27 March 1885, the son of Arthur Wellesley Bigsworth Sr and Kate Box.
Bigsw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bigsworth |
Arthur John Birch , AC CMG FRS FAA (3 August 1915 – 8 December 1995) was an Australian organic chemist . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Birch developed the Birch reduction of aromatic rings (by treatment with lithium metal and ammonia ) which is widely used in synthetic organic chemistry . The Birch Reduction enables the mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Birch_(organic_chemist) |
Arthur Derek Campbell OBE (27 May 1925 – 20 December 2020) was a New Zealand analytical chemist . He was a faculty member in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Otago from 1948 to 1988, becoming a professor emeritus on his retirement.
Campbell was born in Waimate on 27 May 1925, the son of Mona Sevicke Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Campbell_(chemist) |
Arthur Eichengrün (13 August 1867 – 23 December 1949) was a German Jewish chemist, materials scientist, and inventor. He is known for developing the highly successful anti- gonorrhea drug Protargol , the standard treatment for 50 years until the adoption of antibiotics, and for his pioneering contributions in plastics:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Eichengrün |
Arthur J. Bond (1939 – December 30, 2012) was the dean of the School of Engineering and Technology at Alabama A&M University in Alabama , United States , and an activist in the cause of increasing black enrollment and retention in engineering and technology. He was a founding member of the National Society of Black Eng... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_J._Bond |
Arthur Joseph Hungerford Pollen (13 September 1866 – 28 January 1937) was an English journalist, businessman, and commentator on naval affairs who devised a new computerised fire-control system for use on battleships prior to the First World War . His most important technical innovation was one of the world's first el... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Pollen |
Arthur Norman Prior (4 December 1914 – 6 October 1969), usually cited as A. N. Prior , was a New Zealand–born logician and philosopher . Prior (1957) founded tense logic, now also known as temporal logic , and made important contributions to intensional logic , particularly in Prior (1971).
Prior was born in Masterton... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Prior |
Arthur Dale Riggs (August 8, 1939 – March 23, 2022) [ 1 ] was an American geneticist who worked with Genentech to express the first artificial gene in bacteria . His work was critical to the modern biotechnology industry because it was the first use of molecular techniques in commercial production of drugs [ 2 ] and en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Riggs_(geneticist) |
Arthur Charles Wahl (September 8, 1917 – March 6, 2006) [ 2 ] was an American chemist who, as a doctoral student of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley , first isolated plutonium (94) in February 1941 [ 3 ] [ 4 ] shortly after the element neptunium (93) was discovered by McMillan and Abelson in 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wahl |
The Articulata is a proposed higher taxon of animals with segmented bodies, consisting of Annelida and Panarthropoda . This theory states that these groups are descended from a common segmented ancestor. The Articulata hypothesis is an alternative to the hypothesis that ecdysis (the shedding of outer cuticle) is a pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulata_(superphylum) |
An articulated hauler , articulated dump truck (ADT), or sometimes a dump hauler , is a very large heavy-duty type of dump truck used to transport loads over rough terrain , and occasionally on public roads. The vehicle usually has all-wheel drive and consists of two basic units: the front section, generally called the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_hauler |
An articulated robot is a robot with rotary joints [ citation needed ] that has 6 or more Degrees of Freedom [ citation needed ] . This is one of the most commonly used robots in industry today (many examples can be found from legged robots or industrial robots ). Articulated robots can range from simple 6 Degree of F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_robot |
Artifact-centric business process model represents an operational model of business processes in which the changes and evolution of business data , or business entities , are considered as the main driver of the processes. The artifact-centric approach, a kind of data-centric business process modeling, focuses on descr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact-centric_business_process_model |
In natural science and signal processing , an artifact or artefact [ 1 ] is any error in the perception or representation of any information introduced by the involved equipment or technique(s). [ 2 ]
In statistics , statistical artifacts are apparent effects that are introduced inadvertently by methods of data analys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(error) |
Artificial bone refers to bone -like material created in a laboratory that can be used in bone grafts , to replace human bone that was lost due to severe fractures, disease, etc. [ 1 ]
Bone fracture, which is a complete or partial break in the bone, is a very common condition that has more than three million US cases ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_bone |
Artificial butter flavoring is a flavoring used to give a food the taste and smell of butter . It may contain diacetyl , acetylpropionyl , or acetoin , three natural compounds in butter that contribute to its characteristic taste and smell. Manufacturers of margarines or similar oil -based products typically add it (al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_butter_flavoring |
Artificial cartilage is a synthetic material made of hydrogels [ 1 ] or polymers that aims to mimic the functional properties of natural cartilage in the human body. Tissue engineering principles are used in order to create a non- degradable and biocompatible material that can replace cartilage. [ 2 ] While creating a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cartilage |
An artificial cell , synthetic cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell . Often, artificial cells are biological or polymeric membranes which enclose biologically active materials. [ 1 ] As such, liposomes , polymersomes , nanoparticles , microcapsules and a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cell |
Artificial cerebrospinal fluid ( aCSF ) is a buffer solution prepared with a composition representative of cerebrospinal fluid that is used experimentally to immerse isolated brains , brain slices , or exposed brain regions to supply oxygen , maintain osmolarity , and to buffer pH at biological levels. ACSF is commonly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cerebrospinal_fluid |
Artificial cranial deformation or modification , head flattening , or head binding is a form of body alteration in which the skull of a human being is deformed intentionally. It is done by distorting the normal growth of a child's skull by applying pressure. Flat shapes, elongated ones (produced by binding between two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cranial_deformation |
Artificial dielectrics are fabricated composite materials, often consisting of arrays of conductive shapes or particles in a nonconductive support matrix, designed to have specific electromagnetic properties similar to dielectrics . As long as the lattice spacing is smaller than a wavelength , these substances can ref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_dielectrics |
Artificial disintegration is the term coined by Ernest Rutherford for the process by which an atomic nucleus is broken down by bombarding it with high speed alpha particles , either from a particle accelerator , or a naturally decaying radioactive substance such as radium , as Rutherford originally used. [ 1 ]
This pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_disintegration |
See also artificial metalloenzyme .
An artificial enzyme is a synthetic organic molecule or ion that recreates one or more functions of an enzyme . It seeks to deliver catalysis at rates and selectivity observed in naturally occurring enzymes .
Enzyme catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_enzyme |
Artificial gene synthesis , or simply gene synthesis , refers to a group of methods that are used in synthetic biology to construct and assemble genes from nucleotides de novo . Unlike DNA synthesis in living cells, artificial gene synthesis does not require template DNA, allowing virtually any DNA sequence to be synth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_gene_synthesis |
Artificial gills are hypothetical devices to allow a human to be able to take in oxygen from surrounding water. This is speculative technology that has not yet been demonstrated. Natural gills work because most animals with gills are thermoconformers (cold-blooded), so they need much less oxygen than a thermoregulator... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_gills_(human) |
An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart . Artificial hearts are typically used as a bridge to heart transplantation , but ongoing research aims to develop a device that could permanently replace the heart when a transplant—whether from a deceased human or, experimentally, from a genetically engineered p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_heart |
Artificial insemination is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse . It is a fertility treatment for humans, and is a common practice in animal breeding , including dairy c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_insemination |
Artificial intelligence engineering ( AI engineering ) is a technical discipline that focuses on the design, development, and deployment of AI systems. AI engineering involves applying engineering principles and methodologies to create scalable, efficient, and reliable AI-based solutions. It merges aspects of data engi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_engineering |
Artificial intelligence can be used to automate aspects of the job recruitment process. Advances in artificial intelligence, such as the advent of machine learning and the growth of big data, enable AI to be utilized to recruit, screen, and predict the success of applicants. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Proponents of artificial intelli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_hiring |
Artificial kidney is often a synonym for hemodialyzer, but may also refer to the other renal replacement therapies (with exclusion of kidney transplantation ) that are in use and/or in development. This article deals mainly with bio-artificial kidneys featuring cells that are grown from renal cell lines/renal tissue.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_kidney |
An Artificial Lateral Line (ALL) is a biomimetic lateral line system. A lateral line is a system of sensory organs in aquatic animals such as fish, that serves to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in their environment. An artificial lateral line is an artificial biomimetic array of distinct mechanosen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_lateral_line |
Artificial lattice is a term encompassing every atomic-scale structures designed and controlled to confine electrons onto a chosen lattice. Research has been done on multiple geometries and one of the most notable being what is called molecular graphene (in order to mimic graphene structure). Molecular graphene is a pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_lattice |
Artificial leather , also called synthetic leather , is a material intended to substitute for leather in upholstery, clothing, footwear, and other uses where a leather-like finish is desired but the actual material is cost prohibitive or unsuitable due to practical or ethical concerns. Artificial leather is known under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_leather |
An artificial organ is a human-made organ device or tissue that is implanted or integrated into a human – interfacing with living tissue – to replace a natural organ , to duplicate or augment a specific function or functions so the patient may return to a normal life as soon as possible. [ 1 ] The replaced function doe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_liver |
An artificial lung (AL) is an artificial organ that provides oxygenation of blood and removal of carbon dioxide from the blood. The AL is intended to take over some of the functionality of biological lungs . It is different from a heart-lung machine in that it is external and designed to take over the functions of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_lung |
An artificial metalloenzyme (ArM) is a designer metalloprotein , not found in nature, which can catalyze desired chemical reactions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Despite fitting into classical enzyme categories, ArMs also have potential in new-to-nature chemical reactivity like catalysing Suzuki coupling , [ 3 ] metathesis [ 4 ] etc., ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_metalloenzyme |
Artificial muscles , also known as muscle-like actuators , are materials or devices that mimic natural muscle and can change their stiffness, reversibly contract, expand, or rotate within one component due to an external stimulus (such as voltage, current, pressure or temperature). [ 1 ] The three basic actuation respo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_muscle |
An artificial organ is a human-made organ device or tissue that is implanted or integrated into a human – interfacing with living tissue – to replace a natural organ , to duplicate or augment a specific function or functions so the patient may return to a normal life as soon as possible. [ 1 ] The replaced function doe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_organ |
An artificial ovary is a potential fertility preservation treatment that aims to mimic the function of the natural ovary .
Conventional fertility preservation for females involves oocyte cryopreservation or ovarian tissue cryopreservation . However, there are drawbacks to these treatments. Oocyte cryopreservation is n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_ovary |
Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that biomimics the natural process of photosynthesis . The term artificial photosynthesis is used loosely, referring to any scheme for capturing and then storing energy from sunlight by producing a fuel, specifically a solar fuel . [ 1 ] An advantage of artificial photosy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesis |
Artificial plants are imitations of natural plants used for commercial or residential decoration. They are sometimes made for scientific purposes (the collection of glass flowers at Harvard University , for example, illustrates the flora of the United States). [ 1 ] Artificial plants vary widely from mass-produced vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_plants |
Artificial reproduction is the re-creation of life brought about by means other than natural ones. It is new life built by human plans and projects. Examples include artificial selection , artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , artificial womb , artificial cloning , and kinematic replication .
Artificial r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_reproduction |
Artificial saliva or salivary substitutes refer to a synthetically produced liquid that mimics the natural secretion of saliva . It is designed as a symptomatic relief for xerostomia , a condition characterised by dryness in the mouth and is available over-the-counter . The efficacy of artificial saliva in a systematic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_saliva |
Artificial seawater ( abbreviated ASW ) is a mixture of dissolved mineral salts (and sometimes vitamins ) that simulates seawater . Artificial seawater is primarily used in marine biology and in marine and reef aquaria , and allows the easy preparation of media appropriate for marine organisms (including algae , bacter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_seawater |
Artificial skin is a collagen scaffold that induces regeneration of skin in mammals such as humans. The term was used in the late 1970s and early 1980s to describe a new treatment for massive burns . It was later discovered that treatment of deep skin wounds in adult animals and humans with this scaffold induces regene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_skin |
The two main methods for replacing bladder function involve either redirecting urine flow or replacing the bladder in situ . [ 1 ] Replacement can be done with an artificial urinary bladder , an artificial organ . [ citation needed ]
On January 30, 1999, scientists announced that lab-grown bladders had been successful... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_urinary_bladder |
An artificial vagina is a device designed to imitate the vagina as well as sometimes the vulva . To achieve this, it will generally be made of a soft material, lubricated, and occasionally heated.
There are different types of artificial vaginas. They may be designed for medical research purposes, animal breeding , or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_vagina |
Artificial white blood cells are typically membrane bound vesicles designed to mimic the immunomodulatory behavior of naturally produced leukocytes . While extensive research has been done with regards to artificial red blood cells and platelets for use in emergency blood transfusions, research into artificial white bl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_white_blood_cells |
An artificial womb or artificial uterus is a device that allows for extracorporeal pregnancy , [ 2 ] by growing a fetus outside the body of an organism that would normally carry the fetus to term. [ 3 ] An artificial uterus , as a replacement organ, could have many applications. It could be used to assist male or femal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_womb |
Artificially Expanded Genetic Information System ( AEGIS ) is a synthetic DNA analog experiment that uses some unnatural base pairs from the laboratories of the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution in Gainesville, Florida . AEGIS is a NASA -funded project to try to understand how extraterrestrial life may have de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificially_Expanded_Genetic_Information_System |
In mathematics , the Artin conductor is a number or ideal associated to a character of a Galois group of a local or global field , introduced by Emil Artin ( 1930 , 1931 ) as an expression appearing in the functional equation of an Artin L-function .
Suppose that L is a finite Galois extension of the local field K , w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin_conductor |
In mathematics , the Artin–Hasse exponential , introduced by Artin and Hasse ( 1928 ), is the power series given by
One motivation for considering this series to be analogous to the exponential function comes from infinite products. In the ring of formal power series Q [[ x ]] we have the identity
where μ(n) is the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin–Hasse_exponential |
In mathematics , the Artin–Mazur zeta function , named after Michael Artin and Barry Mazur , is a function that is used for studying the iterated functions that occur in dynamical systems and fractals .
It is defined from a given function f {\displaystyle f} as the formal power series
where Fix ( f n ) {\displaysty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin–Mazur_zeta_function |
In mathematics , Artin–Verdier duality is a duality theorem for constructible abelian sheaves over the spectrum of a ring of algebraic numbers , introduced by Michael Artin and Jean-Louis Verdier ( 1964 ), that generalizes Tate duality .
It shows that, as far as etale (or flat ) cohomology is concerned, the ring of in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin–Verdier_duality |
Cetartiofabula
Artiofabula is a clade made up of the Suina and the Cetruminantia . [ 1 ] The clade was found in molecular phylogenetic analyses and contradicted traditional relationships based on morphological analyses. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The name Artiofabula was derived from Greek "artios" (meaning complete or perfect of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiofabula |
Artstein's theorem states that a nonlinear dynamical system in the control-affine form
x ˙ = f ( x ) + ∑ i = 1 m g i ( x ) u i {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {x} }}=\mathbf {f(x)} +\sum _{i=1}^{m}\mathbf {g} _{i}(\mathbf {x} )u_{i}}
has a differentiable control-Lyapunov function if and only if it admits a regular stab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artstein's_theorem |
Arumugam Manthiram ( MUN -thee-rum ; [ 6 ] born March 15, 1951) is an Indian-American materials scientist and engineer, best known for his identification of the polyanion class of lithium-ion battery cathodes, understanding of how chemical instability limits the capacity of layered oxide cathodes, and technological adv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumugam_Manthiram |
Arven Pharmaceuticals is a Turkish pharmaceutical corporation headquartered in Istanbul established as a subsidiary of Toksöz Group in 2013. Arven's primary focus is development and production of high-technology inhaler and biotechnology products. The company is specialized on difficult to make products. [ 1 ] Arven is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arven_Pharmaceuticals |
The Aryabhata Award or Aryabhatta Award is an annual award, presented to individuals with notable lifetime contributions in the field of astronautics and aerospace technology in India . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
It was instituted by the Astronautical Society of India (ASI) (established 1990), [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] an International Astr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata_Award |
In organic chemistry , an aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring , usually an aromatic hydrocarbon , such as phenyl and naphthyl . [ 1 ] "Aryl" is used for the sake of abbreviation or generalization, and "Ar" is used as a placeholder for the aryl group in chemical structure diagrams, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryl_group |
An aryl radical in organic chemistry is a reactive intermediate and an arene compound incorporating one free radical carbon atom as part of the ring structure. As such it is the radical counterpart of the arenium ion . The parent compound is the phenyl radical C 6 H • 5 . [ 1 ] Aryl radicals are intermediates in certai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryl_radical |
Arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1, sulfatase , nitrocatechol sulfatase, phenolsulfatase, phenylsulfatase, p -nitrophenyl sulfatase, arylsulfohydrolase, 4-methylumbelliferyl sulfatase, estrogen sulfatase ) is a type of sulfatase enzyme with systematic name aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolase . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] This enzyme cataly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylsulfatase |
The Arzelà–Ascoli theorem is a fundamental result of mathematical analysis giving necessary and sufficient conditions to decide whether every sequence of a given family of real -valued continuous functions defined on a closed and bounded interval has a uniformly convergent subsequence . The main condition is the equic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzelà–Ascoli_theorem |
Cadmium arsenide ( Cd 3 As 2 ) is an inorganic semimetal in the II-V family. It exhibits the Nernst effect .
Cd 3 As 2 dissociates between 220 and 280 °C according to the reaction [ 4 ]
An energy barrier was found for the nonstoichiometric vaporization of arsenic due to the irregularity of the partial pressures with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As2Cd3 |
Arsenic trioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula As 2 O 3 . [ 4 ] As an industrial chemical, its major uses include the manufacture of wood preservatives , pesticides , and glass . [ 5 ] It is sold under the brand name Trisenox among others [ 2 ] [ 3 ] when used as a medication to treat a type of cancer known... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As2O3 |
Arsenic tetroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula As 2 O 4 , containing As(III) and As(V), As III As V O 4 . [ 2 ]
It can be synthesized in an autoclave via the following reaction:
It adopts a layer structure, and the coordination geometry of As(III) is triangular pyramid while As(V) is tetrahedral... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As2O4 |
Arsenic pentoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula As 2 O 5 . [ 2 ] This glassy, white, deliquescent solid is relatively unstable, consistent with the rarity of the As(V) oxidation state. More common, and far more important commercially, is arsenic(III) oxide (As 2 O 3 ). All inorganic arsenic compounds are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As2O5 |
Arsenic trisulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula As 2 S 3 . It is a dark yellow solid that is insoluble in water. It also occurs as the mineral orpiment (Latin: auripigmentum), which has been used as a pigment called King's yellow. It is produced in the analysis of arsenic compounds. It is a group V/VI, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As2S3 |
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