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Astrophysical fluid dynamics is a branch of modern astronomy which deals with the motion of fluids in outer space using fluid mechanics , such as those that make up the Sun and other stars . [ 1 ] The subject covers the fundamentals of fluid mechanics using various equations , such as continuity equations , the Navier–... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_fluid_dynamics |
An astrophysical jet is an astronomical phenomenon where outflows of ionised matter are emitted as extended beams along the axis of rotation . [ 1 ] When this greatly accelerated matter in the beam approaches the speed of light , astrophysical jets become relativistic jets as they show effects from special relativity .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_jet |
An astrophysical maser is a naturally occurring source of stimulated spectral line emission, typically in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum . This emission may arise in molecular clouds , comets , planetary atmospheres , stellar atmospheres , or various other conditions in interstellar space .
Lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_maser |
Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler , said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics |
The politics of outer space includes space treaties, law in space , international cooperation and conflict in space exploration , international economics , and the hypothetical political impact of any contact with extraterrestrial intelligence .
Astropolitics has its foundations in geopolitics and is a theory that is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropolitics |
Astroscale Holdings Inc. is a public on-orbit servicing company headquartered in Tokyo , Japan . [ 1 ] The company is developing life extension, in-situ space situational awareness, end-of-life and active debris removal solutions.
Astroscale was founded in 2013 by IT entrepreneur Mitsunobu "Nobu" Okada in Singapore . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroscale |
1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias
Astrosociology, sociology of outer space, or sociology of the universe [ 1 ] is the study of the relationship between outer space , extraterrestrial place... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrosociology |
Astrostatistics is a discipline which spans astrophysics , statistical analysis and data mining . [ 1 ] It is used to process the vast amount of data produced by automated scanning of the cosmos, to characterize complex datasets, and to link astronomical data to astrophysical theory . Many branches of statistics are in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrostatistics |
Astrovirology is an emerging subdiscipline of astrobiology which aims to understand the potential role viruses played in the origin and evolution of life on Earth as well as other planets. While most research on extraterrestrial life has focused on the discovery of microbes, recent research has suggested that viral-lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrovirology |
Astrovirtel ( Accessing Astronomical Archives as Virtual Telescopes , obs. code : I03 ) is a data archive used as virtual astronomical observatory. The project was funded from 2000 until 2003 and supported by the European Commission's Access to Research Infrastructures action of the Improving Human Potential Programme ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrovirtel |
Asymmetric PCR is a variation of PCR used to preferentially amplify one strand of the original DNA more than the other. [ 1 ] The technique has applications in some types of sequencing and hybridization probing where having only one of the two complementary strands is required. [ 2 ]
Asymmetric PCR differs from regula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_PCR |
Asymmetric addition of alkenylmetals to aldehydes is a chemical reaction in enantioselective synthesis that reacts an alkenylmetal with an aldehyde to give an allyl alcohol (Figure "Asymmetric addition of alkenylmetals to aldehydes"). The stereoselectivity in the reaction is typically controlled by the asymmetric ligan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_addition_of_alkenylmetals_to_aldehydes |
In asymmetric addition of dialkylzinc compounds to aldehydes dialkyl zinc compounds can be used to perform asymmetric additions to aldehydes , generating substituted alcohols as products (See Barbier reaction ). Chiral alcohols are prevalent in many natural products, drugs, and other important organic molecules. Dimeth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_addition_of_dialkylzinc_compounds_to_aldehydes |
Asymmetric bacteria are bacteria that undergo "non-symmetrical" life cycles. This especially includes those that differentiate temporally, such as prosthecate bacteria . [ 1 ]
Cell division asymmetries have appeared alongside the evolution of complex developmental processes. While bacteria were historically considere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_bacterium |
In stereochemistry , an asymmetric carbon is a carbon atom that is bonded to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The four atoms and/or groups attached to the carbon atom can be arranged in space in two different ways that are mirror images of each other, and which lead to so-called left-hande... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_carbon |
Asymmetric catalytic oxidation is a technique of oxidizing various substrates to give an enantio-enriched product using a catalyst . Typically, but not necessarily, asymmetry is induced by the chirality of the catalyst. Typically, but again not necessarily, the methodology applies to organic substrates. Functional gro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_catalytic_oxidation |
An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_cell_division |
Asymmetric counteranion directed catalysis (ACDC) [ 1 ] or chiral anion catalysis [ 2 ] in enantioselective synthesis is the "induction of enantioselectivity in a reaction proceeding through a cationic intermediate by means of ion pairing with a chiral , enantiomerically pure anion provided by the catalyst ". [ 1 ] Alt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_counteranion_directed_catalysis |
Asymmetric epoxidation is a subset of asymmetric catalytic oxidations . Epoxidations convert prochiral (and other) alkenes to chiral epoxide derivatives. In asymmetric epoxidation, the two chiral products are produced in unequal amounts. The same catalysts are useful in the diastereoselective epoxidations, whereby o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_epoxidation |
Asymmetric ester hydrolysis with pig liver esterase is the enantioselective conversion of an ester to a carboxylic acid through the action of the enzyme pig liver esterase (EC 3.1.1.1). Asymmetric ester hydrolysis involves the selective reaction of one of a pair of either enantiotopic (within the same molecule and rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_ester_hydrolysis_with_pig-liver_esterase |
Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is most versatile and most widely used sub-technique within the family of field flow fractionation (FFF) methods. AF4 can be used in aqueous and organic solvents and is able to characterize nanoparticles, polymers and proteins. The theory for AF4 was conceived in 1986 an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_flow_field_flow_fractionation |
Asymmetric hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that adds two atoms of hydrogen to a target (substrate) molecule with three-dimensional spatial selectivity . Critically, this selectivity does not come from the target molecule itself, but from other reagents or catalysts present in the reaction. This allows spatial inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_hydrogenation |
Asymmetric induction describes the preferential formation in a chemical reaction of one enantiomer (enantioinduction) or diastereoisomer (diastereoinduction) over the other as a result of the influence of a chiral feature present in the substrate , reagent , catalyst or environment. [ 1 ] Asymmetric induction is a key ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_induction |
Asymmetric ion-pairing catalysis in chemistry is a type of asymmetric catalysis taking place specifically with charged intermediates or charged reagents . In one type of catalysis ion-pairing exists with a charged and chiral catalyst . The charged catalyst can be cationic or anionic. Catalysis by anionic catalysts is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_ion-pairing_catalysis |
Rolling hairpin replication ( RHR ) is a unidirectional, strand displacement form of DNA replication used by parvoviruses, a group of viruses that constitute the family Parvoviridae . Parvoviruses have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes in which the coding portion of the genome is flanked by telomeres at each ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_junction_resolution |
Nucleophilic epoxidation is the formation of epoxides from electron-deficient double bonds through the action of nucleophilic oxidants. Nucleophilic epoxidation methods represent a viable alternative to electrophilic methods, many of which do not epoxidize electron-poor double bonds efficiently. [ 1 ]
Although the mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_nucleophilic_epoxidation |
Asymmetric numeral systems ( ANS ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is a family of entropy encoding methods introduced by Jarosław (Jarek) Duda [ 3 ] from Jagiellonian University , used in data compression since 2014 [ 4 ] due to improved performance compared to previous methods. [ 5 ] ANS combines the compression ratio of arithmetic codin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems |
In probability theory , the asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) is an interacting particle system introduced in 1970 by Frank Spitzer . [ 1 ] Many articles have been published on it in the physics and mathematics literature since then, and it has become a "default stochastic model for transport phenomena". [ 2 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_simple_exclusion_process |
Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry (the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection). [ 1 ] Symmetry is an important property of both physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in precise terms or in more aesthetic terms. [ 2 ] The absence of or violati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetry |
In analytic geometry , an asymptote ( / ˈ æ s ɪ m p t oʊ t / ) of a curve is a line such that the distance between the curve and the line approaches zero as one or both of the x or y coordinates tends to infinity . In projective geometry and related contexts, an asymptote of a curve is a line which is tangent to the cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptote |
Asymptotic safety (sometimes also referred to as nonperturbative renormalizability ) is a concept in quantum field theory which aims at finding a consistent and predictive quantum theory of the gravitational field . Its key ingredient is a nontrivial fixed point of the theory's renormalization group flow which controls... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_safety_in_quantum_gravity |
Asymptotology has been defined as “the art of dealing with applied mathematical systems in limiting cases ” [ 1 ] as well as “the science about the synthesis of simplicity and exactness by means of localization". [ 2 ]
The field of asymptotics is normally first encountered in school geometry with the introduction of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotology |
The Bluetooth Asynchronous Connection-oriented logical transport ( ACL ) is one of two types of logical transport defined in the Bluetooth Core Specification, either BR/EDR ACL or LE ACL. BR/EDR ACL is the ACL logical transport variant used with Bluetooth Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR, also known as Bluetooth C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_connection-oriented_logical_transport |
In game theory , asynchrony refers to a gameplay structure where interactions and decisions do not occur in uniformly timed rounds. Unlike synchronous systems, where agents act in coordination with a shared timing mechanism, asynchronous systems lack a global clock, allowing agents to operate at independent and arbitra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchrony_(game_theory) |
Astatine bromide is an interhalogen compound with the chemical formula At Br .
Astatine bromide is produced by the reaction of astatine with an aqueous solution of iodine monobromide :
Astatine bromide also can produce by reacting elemental astatine and bromine : [ 2 ]
This inorganic compound –related article is a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AtBr |
Ata Sarajedini is an astrophysicist , professional astronomer , academic, author, and podcaster. He is the Bjorn Lamborn Endowed Chair and Professor in Astrophysics at Florida Atlantic University . [ 1 ]
Sarajedini's research focuses on resolved stellar populations in galaxies , pulsating variable stars , globular clu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_Sarajedini |
Atamestane (developmental code name SH-489 ), also known as metandroden , as well as 1-methylandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione , is a steroidal aromatase inhibitor that was studied in the treatment of cancer . [ 2 ] It blocks the production of estrogen in the body. The drug is selective, competitive, and irreversible in it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atamestane |
In computing and mathematics , the function atan2 is the 2- argument arctangent . By definition, θ = atan2 ( y , x ) {\displaystyle \theta =\operatorname {atan2} (y,x)} is the angle measure (in radians , with − π < θ ≤ π {\displaystyle -\pi <\theta \leq \pi } ) between the positive x {\displaystyle x} -axis and the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan2 |
Atari Calculator (or Calculator ) is a proprietary software program developed by Atari, Inc. for Atari 8-bit computers and published in 1979. It incorporates the functionality of a scientific calculator into a software calculator . It was written in assembly language by American programmer and game designer Carol Shaw ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_Calculator |
In biology , an atavism is a modification of a biological traits structure or behavior [ 3 ] whereby an ancestral genetic trait reappears after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations. [ 4 ] Atavisms can occur in several ways, [ 5 ] one of which is when genes for previously existing phenoty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavism |
In chemistry , an ate complex is a salt formed by the reaction of a Lewis acid with a Lewis base whereby the central atom (from the Lewis acid) increases its valence and gains a negative formal charge . [ 1 ] (In this definition, the meaning of valence is equivalent to coordination number ).
Often in chemical nomencla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate_complex |
Atelier One is a British structural engineering company, established in 1989 and based in London . [ 1 ] The company has collaborated with architects , designers and artists (including Paul Cocksedge , [ 2 ] Anish Kapoor [ 3 ] and Rachel Whiteread [ 4 ] ), and has been described as 'the most innovative engineering prac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelier_One |
Atena-Sviatomyra Vasylivna Pashko ( Ukrainian : Атена-Святомира Василівна Пашко ; 10 October 1931 – 20 March 2012) [ 1 ] was a Ukrainian chemical engineer , poet, and social activist in the Ukrainian rights movement . Her published poetry collections include, On the crossroads ( На перехрестях), Volume 1 , 1989; [ 2 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atena_Pashko |
Athanasius Kircher SJ (2 May 1602 – 27 November 1680) [ 1 ] was a German Jesuit scholar and polymath who published around 40 major works of comparative religion , geology , and medicine . Kircher has been compared to fellow Jesuit Roger Joseph Boscovich and to Leonardo da Vinci for his vast range of interests, and has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher |
The term Athanogene , derived from the Greek for "against death" (' athánatos ), was incorporated into name of the gene Bcl-2-associated athanogene 1 ( BAG-1 ; alias HAP46/BAG-1M) upon discovery of its ability to confer transfected cells with resistance to apoptosis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanogene |
Athena SWAN ( Scientific Women's Academic Network ) is an equality charter mark framework and accreditation scheme established and managed by the UK Equality Challenge Unit (now part of Advance HE ) in 2005 [ 1 ] that recognises and celebrates good practices in higher education and research institutions towards the adv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_SWAN |
Athene cunicularia arubensis , also known as the Aruban burrowing owl or shoco , is an endemic subspecies of burrowing owl in Aruba . Since 2015, the shoco has become a national symbol of Aruba. [ 1 ]
In the IOC World Bird List, the subspecies A. c. arubensis is no longer listed separately but has been merged with the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athene_cunicularia_arubensis |
The Atherton-Todd reaction is a name reaction in organic chemistry , which goes back to the British chemists F. R. Atherton, H. T. Openshaw and A. R. Todd. These described the reaction for the first time in 1945 as a method of converting dialkyl phosphites into dialkyl chlorophosphates. [ 1 ] The dialkyl chlorophosphat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherton–Todd_reaction |
The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging , usually referred to as just the "Martinos Center," is a major hub of biomedical imaging technology development and translational research. The Center is part of the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital and is affiliated with both Harvard Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athinoula_A._Martinos_Center_for_Biomedical_Imaging |
Thomas Athol Rafter OBE (5 March 1913 – 26 September 1996) was a New Zealand nuclear chemist .
Rafter was born in Wellington , New Zealand in on 5 March 1913. He was educated at St Patrick’s College, Wellington, and Victoria University College (BSc in 1935 and MSc in chemistry in 1938). [ 1 ] Although carbon dating wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol_Rafter |
In mathematics , the Atiyah–Jones conjecture is a conjecture about the homology of the moduli spaces of instantons . The original form of the conjecture considered instantons over a 4-dimensional sphere . It was introduced by Michael Francis Atiyah and John D. S. Jones ( 1978 ) and proved by Charles P. Boyer , Jacques ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah–Jones_conjecture |
The Atiyah–Segal completion theorem is a theorem in mathematics about equivariant K-theory in homotopy theory . Let G be a compact Lie group and let X be a G - CW-complex . The theorem then states that the projection map
induces an isomorphism of prorings
Here, the induced map has as domain the completion of the G -e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah–Segal_completion_theorem |
Atkinson friction factor is a measure of the resistance to airflow of a duct. It is widely used in the mine ventilation industry but is rarely referred to outside of it.
Atkinson friction factor is represented by the symbol k {\displaystyle k} and has the same units as air density (kilograms per cubic metre in SI unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson_friction_factor |
Atkinson resistance is commonly used in mine ventilation to characterise the resistance to airflow of a duct of irregular size and shape, such as a mine roadway. It has the symbol R {\displaystyle R} and is used in the square law for pressure drop,
where (in English units )
One atkinson is defined as the resistance ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson_resistance |
In applied mathematics , the Atkinson–Mingarelli theorem , named after Frederick Valentine Atkinson and A. B. Mingarelli, concerns eigenvalues of certain Sturm–Liouville differential operators .
In the simplest of formulations let p , q , w be real-valued piecewise continuous functions defined on a closed bounded real... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson–Mingarelli_theorem |
The Atlantic Biogeographic Region is the biogeographic region of Europe bordering the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea .
The Atlantic Region borders on the North Sea and North-east Atlantic Ocean. [ 1 ] It includes all of the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands , parts of Germany , Denmark , Belgium and France , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Biogeographic_Region |
The Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes at the Deep Sea Floor ( ADEPD ) was a marine research project funded by the EU from 1998 to 2000 as part of MAST III (Marine Science and Technology Programme). The project was coordinated by Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research , Warnemünd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Data_Base_for_Exchange_Processes_at_the_Deep_Sea_Floor |
Atlantropa , also referred to as Panropa , [ 1 ] was a gigantic engineering and colonisation idea that German architect Herman Sörgel devised in the 1920s, and promoted until his death in 1952. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The proposal included several hydroelectric dams at key points on the Mediterranean Sea, such as the Strait of Gib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantropa |
ATLAS3D is an astronomical survey that considers every galaxy in the deep sky within the local (42 Mpc ) volume (1.16×10 5 Mpc 3 ). This project uses multi-wavelength filters of a sample of 260 early-type galaxies . The survey use of numerical simulations and semi-analytic modeling to consider every galaxy and deep sky... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_3d_survey |
In architecture , spatial design , literary theory , and film theory — affective atmosphere ( colloquially called atmosphere ) refers to the mood , situation , or sensorial qualities of a space. [ 1 ] Spaces containing atmosphere are shaped through subjective and intersubjective interactions with the qualia of the arch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_(architecture_and_spatial_design) |
Atmospheric pressure photoionization ( APPI ) is a soft ionization method used in mass spectrometry (MS) usually coupled to liquid chromatography (LC). Molecules are ionized using a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source operating at atmospheric pressure (105 Pa), either by direct absorption followed by electron ejectio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric-pressure_photoionization |
The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite ( ACS ) is a science payload consisting of three infrared spectrometer channels aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) orbiting Mars since October 2016. [ 1 ] The three channels are: the near-infrared channel ( NIR ), the mid-infrared channel (MIR), and the far infrared channel (FIR,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_Chemistry_Suite |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics is an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the European Geosciences Union . It covers research on the Earth's atmosphere and the underlying chemical and physical processes, including the altitude range from the land and ocean surface up to the turbopause , includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_Chemistry_and_Physics |
Atmospheric Environment is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research pertaining to air pollution and other ways humans and natural forces affect the Earth's atmosphere . It was established in 1967. In 1990 it was split into two parts, Atmospheric Environment, Part A: General Topics and Atmospheric Environmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_Environment |
The atmospheric carbon cycle accounts for the exchange of gaseous carbon compounds , primarily carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), between Earth's atmosphere, the oceans, and the terrestrial biosphere . It is one of the faster components of the planet's overall carbon cycle , supporting the exchange of more than 200 billion ton... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle |
Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science that studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets. This multidisciplinary approach of research draws on environmental chemistry , physics , meteorology , computer modeling , oceanography , geology and volcanology , climatology and oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry |
Over the last two centuries many environmental chemical observations have been made from a variety of ground-based, airborne , and orbital platforms and deposited in databases . Many of these databases are publicly available. All of the instruments mentioned in this article give online public access to their data. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry_observational_databases |
Atmospheric dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere . It is performed with computer programs that include algorithms to solve the mathematical equations that govern the pollutant dispersion. The dispersion models are used to estimate the downwind ambie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling |
Refining of crude oils essentially consists of primary separation processes and secondary conversion processes. The petroleum refining process is the separation of the different hydrocarbons present in crude oil into useful fractions and the conversion of some of the
hydrocarbons into products having higher quality per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_distillation_of_crude_oil |
Atmospheric entry (sometimes listed as V impact or V entry ) is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet , dwarf planet , or natural satellite . Atmospheric entry may be uncontrolled entry, as in the entry of astronomical objects , space debris , or bolides . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry |
Atmospheric escape is the loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space . A number of different mechanisms can be responsible for atmospheric escape; these processes can be divided into thermal escape, non-thermal (or suprathermal) escape, and impact erosion. The relative importance of each loss process depends on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_escape |
Atmospheric methane is the methane present in Earth's atmosphere . [ 2 ] The concentration of atmospheric methane is increasing due to methane emissions , and is causing climate change . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Methane is one of the most potent greenhouse gases . [ 5 ] : 82 Methane's radiative forcing (RF) of climate is direct, [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_methane |
Atmospheric methane removal is a category of potential approaches being researched to accelerate the breakdown of methane that is in the atmosphere, for mitigating some of the impacts of climate change . [ 1 ] Atmospheric methane has increased since pre-industrial times from 0.7 ppm to 1.9 ppm, more than doubling in co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_methane_removal |
Atmospheric optics is "the study of the optical characteristics of the atmosphere or products of atmospheric processes .... [including] temporal and spatial resolutions beyond those discernible with the naked eye". [ 1 ] Meteorological optics is "that part of atmospheric optics concerned with the study of patterns obse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_optics |
Atmospheric optics ray tracing codes - this article list codes for light scattering using ray-tracing technique to study atmospheric optics phenomena such as rainbows and halos. Such particles can be large raindrops or hexagonal ice crystals. Such codes are one of many approaches to calculations of light scattering by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_optics_ray-tracing_codes |
Within the atmospheric sciences , atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere . Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using fluid flow equations, radiation budget , and energy transfer processes in the atmosphere (as well... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_physics |
Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting . Climatology is the study of atmospheric conditions over timescales longer than those of weather , fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_science |
An atoll ( / ˈ æ t . ɒ l , - ɔː l , - oʊ l , ə ˈ t ɒ l , - ˈ t ɔː l , - ˈ t oʊ l / ) [ 1 ] is a ring-shaped island, including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon . There may be coral islands or cays on the rim. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Atolls are located in warm tropical or subtropical parts of the oceans and seas where corals can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll |
In the mathematical field of order theory , an element a of a partially ordered set with least element 0 is an atom if 0 < a and there is no x such that 0 < x < a .
Equivalently, one may define an atom to be an element that is minimal among the non-zero elements, or alternatively an element that covers the least eleme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(order_theory) |
Atom is a domain-specific language (DSL) in Haskell , for designing real-time embedded software .
Originally intended as a high-level hardware description language (HDL), Atom was created in early 2007 and released as free and open-source software (FOSS) of April of that year. [ 1 ] Inspired by TRS [ 2 ] and Bluespec ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(programming_language) |
Nanoclusters are atomically precise, crystalline materials most often existing on the 0-2 nanometer scale. [ citation needed ] They are often considered [ by whom? ] kinetically stable intermediates that form during the synthesis of comparatively larger materials such as semiconductor and metallic nanocrystals. The maj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_cluster |
Atom economy ( atom efficiency/percentage ) is the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved and the desired products produced. The simplest definition was introduced by Barry Trost in 1991 and is equal to the ratio between the mass of desired product to the total mass of reactants, exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_economy |
Atom optics (or atomic optics) "refers to techniques to manipulate the trajectories and exploit the wave properties of neutral atoms". [ 1 ] Typical experiments employ beams of cold, slowly moving neutral atoms , as a special case of a particle beam . Like an optical beam, the atomic beam may exhibit diffraction and in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_optics |
The atom probe was introduced at the 14th Field Emission Symposium in 1967 by Erwin Wilhelm Müller and J. A. Panitz . It combined a field ion microscope with a mass spectrometer having a single particle detection capability and, for the first time, an instrument could “... determine the nature of one single atom seen o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_probe |
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics ( AMO ) is the study of matter –matter and light –matter interactions, at the scale of one or a few atoms [ 1 ] and energy scales around several electron volts . [ 2 ] : 1356 [ 3 ] The three areas are closely interrelated. AMO theory includes classical , semi-classical and quantu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics |
In design , the Atomic Age is the period roughly corresponding from 1940 to 1963, when concerns about nuclear war dominated Western society during the Cold War . Architecture, industrial design, commercial design (including advertising), interior design, and fine arts were all influenced by the themes of atomic science... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Age_(design) |
The Atomic Energy Organization of Iran ( AEOI ) is the main Iranian government agency responsible for operating nuclear energy and nuclear fuel cycle installations in Iran. The AEOI is the primary organization responsible for nuclear technology research and development activities in Iran. [ 1 ] The AEOI was involved in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Organization_of_Iran |
Atomic Homefront is a 2017 documentary film about the effects of radioactive waste stored in West Lake Landfill in St. Louis County, Missouri . The film was made by Rebecca Cammisa and co-produced by James Freydberg and Larissa Bills . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
This 2010s documentary film-related article is a stub . You... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Homefront |
The Atomic Industrial Forum ( AIF ) was an industrial policy organization for the commercial development of nuclear power and energy.
The Atomic Industrial Forum history dates to Autumn 1952, when it was being first organized:
I would propose that those industrial concerns, institutions and individuals that are today... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Industrial_Forum |
Atomic absorption spectroscopy ( AAS ) is a spectro-analytical procedure for the quantitative measurement of chemical elements . AAS is based on the absorption of light by free metallic ions that have been atomized from a sample. An alternative technique is atomic emission spectroscopy ( AES ).
In analytical chemistry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy |
Atomic astrophysics is concerned with performing atomic physics calculations that will be useful to astronomers and using atomic data to interpret astronomical observations . Atomic physics plays a key role in astrophysics as astronomers' only information about a particular object comes through the light that it emits,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics |
In physics , atomic coherence is the induced coherence between levels of a multi-level atomic system and an electromagnetic field.
The internal state of an atom is characterized by a superposition of excited states and their associated energy levels . In the presence of external electromagnetic fields , the atom's ene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_coherence |
In chemical physics , atomic diffusion is a diffusion process whereby the random, thermally-activated movement of atoms in a solid results in the net transport of atoms. For example, helium atoms inside a balloon can diffuse through the wall of the balloon and escape, resulting in the balloon slowly deflating. Other ai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_diffusion |
Atomic emission spectroscopy ( AES ) is a method of chemical analysis that uses the intensity of light emitted from a flame , plasma , arc , or spark at a particular wavelength to determine the quantity of an element in a sample. The wavelength of the atomic spectral line in the emission spectrum gives the identity of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_emission_spectroscopy |
Atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) or scanning force microscopy ( SFM ) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit .
Atomic force microscopy [ 1 ] (AFM) gathers inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy |
Atomic gardening is a form of mutation breeding where plants are exposed to radiation . Some of the mutations produced thereby have turned out to be useful. Typically this is gamma radiation – in which case it is a gamma garden [ 1 ] – produced by cobalt-60 . [ 2 ]
The practice of plant irradiation has resulted in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_gardening |
Atomic layer deposition ( ALD ) is a thin-film deposition technique based on the sequential use of a gas-phase chemical process ; it is a subclass of chemical vapour deposition . The majority of ALD reactions use two chemicals called precursors (also called "reactants"). These precursors react with the surface of a mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_layer_deposition |
Atomic layer etching ( ALE ) is an emerging technique in semiconductor manufacture , in which a sequence alternating between self-limiting chemical modification steps which affect only the top atomic layers of the wafer, and etching steps which remove only the chemically-modified areas, allows the removal of individual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_layer_etching |
Atomic manipulation is the process of moving single atoms on a substrate using Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). The atomic manipulation is a surface science technique usually used to create artificial objects on the substrate made out of atoms and to study electronic behaviour of matter. These objects do not occur ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_manipulation |
Atomic mass ( m a or m ) is the mass of a single atom . The atomic mass mostly comes from the combined mass of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus, with minor contributions from the electrons and nuclear binding energy . [ 1 ] The atomic mass of atoms, ions, or atomic nuclei is slightly less than the sum of the mas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass |
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