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In atmospheric radiation , Chandrasekhar's X - and Y-function appears as the solutions of problems involving diffusive reflection and transmission, introduced by the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The Chandrasekhar's X - and Y -function X ( μ ) , Y ( μ ) {\disp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar's_X-_and_Y-function |
In astrophysics , Chandrasekhar's variational principle provides the stability criterion for a static barotropic star , subjected to radial perturbation, named after the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar .
A baratropic star with d ρ d r < 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {d\rho }{dr}}<0} and ρ ( R ) = 0... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar's_variational_principle |
In astrophysics , Chandrasekhar's white dwarf equation is an initial value ordinary differential equation introduced by the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , [ 1 ] in his study of the gravitational potential of completely degenerate white dwarf stars. The equation reads as [ 2 ]
1 η 2 d d η (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar's_white_dwarf_equation |
The Chandrasekhar limit ( / ˌ tʃ ə n d r ə ˈ ʃ eɪ k ər / ) [ 1 ] is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star . The currently accepted value of the Chandrasekhar limit is about 1.4 M ☉ ( 2.765 × 10 30 kg ). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The limit was named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar . [ 5 ]
White dwarfs resist gravitati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit |
The Chandrasekhar number is a dimensionless quantity used in magnetic convection to represent ratio of the Lorentz force to the viscosity . It is named after the Indian astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar .
The number's main function is as a measure of the magnetic field , being proportional to the square of a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar_number |
Chandrasekhar Polarization is a partial polarization of emergent radiation at the limb of rapidly rotating early-type stars or binary star system with purely electron-scattering atmosphere, named after the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , who first predicted its existence theoretically in 194... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar_polarization |
In astrophysics , Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor provides the gravitational potential of a body due to its own gravity created by the distribution of matter across the body, named after the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The Chandrasekhar tensor is a generalization ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar_potential_energy_tensor |
In astrophysics , the Chandrasekhar virial equations are a hierarchy of moment equations of the Euler equations , developed by the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , and the physicist Enrico Fermi and Norman R. Lebovitz. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Consider a fluid mass M {\displaystyle M} of volume V {... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar_virial_equations |
Chandrasekhar–Fermi method or CF method or Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method is a method that is used to calculate the mean strength of the interstellar magnetic field that is projected on the plane of the sky . The method was described by Leverett Davis Jr in 1951 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and independently by Subrahmanyan Chandrase... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar–Fermi_method |
Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability or shortly CFS instability refers to an instability that can occur in rapidly rotating stars with which the instability arises for cases where the gravitational radiation reaction is unable to cope with the change in angular momentum associated with the perturbations. The insta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz_instability |
Chandrasekhar–Kendall functions are the eigenfunctions of the curl operator derived by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and P. C. Kendall in 1957 while attempting to solve the force-free magnetic fields . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The functions were independently derived by both, and the two decided to publish their findings in the same p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrasekhar–Kendall_function |
In model theory , a branch of mathematical logic , Chang's conjecture , attributed to Chen Chung Chang by Vaught (1963 , p. 309), states that every model of type (ω 2 ,ω 1 ) for a countable language has an elementary submodel of type (ω 1 , ω). A model is of type (α,β) if it is of cardinality α and a unary relation is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang's_conjecture |
The Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP; Chinese : 长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 ), of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), is a state research institution in Changchun , Jilin , China .
It was founded in 1952 as the Institute of Instrumentation of the CAS, by a group of scientists led by Wang Daheng .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchun_Institute_of_Optics,_Fine_Mechanics_and_Physics |
The change-making problem addresses the question of finding the minimum number of coins (of certain denominations) that add up to a given amount of money. It is a special case of the integer knapsack problem , and has applications wider than just currency.
It is also the most common variation of the coin change proble... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change-making_problem |
The change request management process in systems engineering is the process of requesting, determining attainability, planning, implementing, and evaluating of changes to a system . Its main goals are to support the processing and traceability of changes to an interconnected set of factors. [ 1 ]
There is considerable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_management_(engineering) |
In mathematics , an ordered basis of a vector space of finite dimension n allows representing uniquely any element of the vector space by a coordinate vector , which is a sequence of n scalars called coordinates . If two different bases are considered, the coordinate vector that represents a vector v on one basis is, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_basis |
In mathematics , a change of variables is a basic technique used to simplify problems in which the original variables are replaced with functions of other variables. The intent is that when expressed in new variables, the problem may become simpler, or equivalent to a better understood problem.
Change of variables is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_variables |
Often a partial differential equation can be reduced to a simpler form with a known solution by a suitable change of variables .
The article discusses change of variable for PDEs below in two ways:
For example, the following simplified form of the Black–Scholes PDE
is reducible to the heat equation
by the change of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_variables_(PDE) |
In project management, change orders are also called variations or variation orders. Any modification or change to works agreed in the contract is treated as a variation.
These modifications can be divided into three main categories [ 1 ]
A change order is work that is added to or deleted from the original scope of w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_order |
A change request , sometimes called change control request ( CCR ), is a document containing a call for an adjustment of a system ; it is of great importance in the change management process .
A change request is declarative, i.e. it states what needs to be accomplished, but leaves out how the change should be carried... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_request |
Changestat is a continuous cultivation method that is used for acquiring quantitative data of a microorganism 's metabolism at various environmental conditions within a single experiment. Every changestat always starts as a continuous cultivation experiment ( chemostat , turbidostat ), but after reaching steady state ,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changestat |
Changzhi Li is a full professor and Whitacre Endowed Chair in Electrical & Computer Engineering, at Texas Tech University . [ 1 ] He is also head of Biomedical Integrated Devices and Systems (BIDS). [ 2 ]
Professor Li specializes in portable radar sensor technologies that significantly advance healthcare, smart living... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changzhi_Li |
In quantum information theory , the channel-state duality refers to the correspondence between quantum channels and quantum states (described by density matrices ). Phrased differently, the duality is the isomorphism between completely positive maps (channels) from A to C n × n , where A is a C*-algebra and C n × n den... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-state_duality |
Channel 9 was a Microsoft website for hosting videos and podcasts that Microsoft employees create. [ 1 ]
Launched in 2004 when Microsoft's corporate reputation was at a low, [ 2 ] Channel 9 was the company's first blog . It was named after the United Airlines audio channel that lets airplane passengers listen to the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_9_(Microsoft) |
In telecommunications , a channel bank is a device that performs multiplexing or demultiplexing ("demux") of a group of communications channels, such as analog or digital telephone lines , into one channel of higher bandwidth or higher digital bit rate , such as a DS-1 (T1) circuit, so that all the channels can be sent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_bank |
In wireless communications , channel state information ( CSI ) is the known channel properties of a communication link. This information describes how a signal propagates from the transmitter to the receiver and represents the combined effect of, for example, scattering , fading , and power decay with distance. The met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_state_information |
Channel use is a quantity used in signal processing or telecommunication related to symbol rate and channel capacity . Capacity is measured in bits per input symbol into the channel (bits per channel use). If a symbol enters the channel every T s seconds (for every symbol period a symbol is transmitted) the channel cap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_use |
The channelosome (not to be confused with " channelome ") is the collection of (usually) signalling proteins associated with an ion channel . The channelosome is frequently clustered within a lipid microdomain or caveolae . This collection of proteins may be involved with anchoring, phosphorylation or some other modu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channelosome |
The Chan–Lam coupling reaction, also known as the Chan–Evans–Lam coupling , is a cross-coupling reaction between an aryl boronic acid and an alcohol or an amine to form the corresponding secondary aryl amines or aryl ethers , respectively. [ 1 ] The Chan–Lam coupling is catalyzed by copper complexes. It can be conducte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan–Lam_coupling |
Chaos is a malware that infects Windows , Linux and FreeBSD devices. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is written in the Go programming language . [ 1 ] It was discovered by Black Lotus Labs in April 2022. [ 2 ] It is used for DDoS attacks and crypto mining . [ 2 ] Chaos was believed to be an offshoot of Kaiji, a piece of botnet software... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_(malware) |
Chaos engineering is the discipline of experimenting on a system in order to build confidence in the system's capability to withstand turbulent conditions in production. [ 1 ]
In software development, the ability of a given software to tolerate failures while still ensuring adequate quality of service —often termed re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_engineering |
In chaos theory and fluid dynamics , chaotic mixing is a process
by which flow tracers develop into complex fractals under the action
of a fluid flow.
The flow is characterized by an exponential growth of fluid filaments. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Even very simple flows, such as the blinking vortex ,
or finitely resolved wind fields... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaotic_mixing |
Chaotic rotation involves the irregular and unpredictable rotation of an astronomical body, typically seen in objects that aren't spherically symmetric and influenced by other forces. Unlike Earth's rotation , a chaotic rotation may not have a fixed axis or period.
Because of the conservation of angular momentum , cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaotic_rotation |
Chaotic scattering is a branch of chaos theory dealing with scattering systems displaying a strong sensitivity to initial conditions . In a classical scattering system there will be one or more impact parameters , b , in which a particle is sent into the scatterer. This gives rise to one or more exit parameters, y , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaotic_scattering |
Chaotropicity describes the entropic disordering of lipid bilayers and other biomacromolecules which is caused by substances dissolved in water . According to the original usage [ 1 ] and work carried out on cellular stress mechanisms and responses , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] chaotropic substances do not necessarily disorder t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaotropic_activity |
A chaotropic agent is a molecule in water solution that can disrupt the hydrogen bonding network between water molecules (i.e. exerts chaotropic activity ). This has an effect on the stability of the native state of other molecules in the solution, mainly macromolecules ( proteins , nucleic acids ) by weakening the hyd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaotropic_agent |
Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy is a cellular process for the selective, ubiquitin -dependent degradation of chaperone -bound proteins in lysosomes . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Autophagy (Greek: ‘self-eating’) was initially identified as a catabolic process for the unselective degradation of cellular content in ly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone-assisted_selective_autophagy |
Chaperone-mediated autophagy ( CMA ) refers to the chaperone-dependent selection of soluble cytosolic proteins that are then targeted to lysosomes and directly translocated across the lysosome membrane for degradation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The unique features of this type of autophagy are the selectivity on the proteins that ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone-mediated_autophagy |
The chaperone code refers to post-translational modifications of molecular chaperones that control protein folding. Whilst the genetic code specifies how DNA makes proteins, and the histone code regulates histone-DNA interactions, the chaperone code controls how proteins are folded to produce a functional proteome . [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_code |
The Chaplin's patent distilling apparatus with Steam pump for circulating water attached was an early design of an evaporator , a device for producing fresh water on board ship by distillation of seawater. An example of this apparatus has been recovered from the wreck of SS Xantho (1872), [ 1 ] an auxiliary steamship u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplin's_patent_distilling_apparatus |
In gas dynamics , Chaplygin's equation , named after Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin (1902), is a partial differential equation useful in the study of transonic flow . [ 1 ] It is
Here, c = c ( v ) {\displaystyle c=c(v)} is the speed of sound , determined by the equation of state of the fluid and conservation of energy .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplygin's_equation |
In mathematical theory of differential equations the Chaplygin's theorem (Chaplygin's method) states about existence and uniqueness of the solution to an initial value problem for the first order explicit ordinary differential equation . This theorem was stated by Sergey Chaplygin . [ 1 ] It is one of many comparison t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplygin's_theorem |
Chaplygin Siberian Scientific Research Institute Of Aviation (SibNIA) ( Russian : Сибирский научно-исследовательский институт авиации им. С. А. Чаплыгина ) is a research institute based in Novosibirsk , Russia, and established in 1941.
SIBNIA is one of Russia's leading aviation research institutes, with departments de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplygin_Siberian_Scientific_Research_Institute_Of_Aviation |
The Chaplygin sleigh is a simple pedagogical example of a nonholonomic system in mechanics , described by Sergey Chaplygin . It consists of a body that slides frictionlessly on a horizontal plane, with a knife edge that constrains its motion so that the knife slides only longitudinally. Because this constraint is nonho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplygin_sleigh |
Carboximidates (or more general imidates ) are organic compounds, which can be thought of as esters formed between an imidic acid ( R−C(=NR′)OH ) and an alcohol , with the general formula R−C(=NR′)OR″ .
They are also known as imino ethers , since they resemble imines ( >C=N− ) with an oxygen atom connected to the carb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_rearrangement |
Chapman–Enskog theory provides a framework in which equations of hydrodynamics for a gas can be derived from the Boltzmann equation . The technique justifies the otherwise phenomenological constitutive relations appearing in hydrodynamical descriptions such as the Navier–Stokes equations . In doing so, expressions for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman–Enskog_theory |
The Chapman–Jouguet condition holds approximately in detonation waves in high explosives . It states that the detonation propagates at a velocity at which the reacting gases just reach sonic velocity (in the frame of the leading shock wave ) as the reaction ceases. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
David Chapman [ 3 ] and Émile Jouguet [ 4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman–Jouguet_condition |
In mathematics , specifically in the theory of Markovian stochastic processes in probability theory , the Chapman–Kolmogorov equation (CKE) is an identity relating the joint probability distributions of different sets of coordinates on a stochastic process. The equation was derived independently by both the British m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman–Kolmogorov_equation |
CharProtDB is a curated database of biochemically characterized proteins . [ 1 ]
This Biological database -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CharProtDB |
A character technical director ( TD ), also referred to as a creature TD ( ILM , Weta ) or technical animator ( Imageworks ), is a type of technical director in film and video games who is specifically concerned with characters , creatures, and mechanical objects. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The role of a character TD may vary from s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_Technical_Director |
Character computing is a trans-disciplinary field of research at the intersection of computer science and psychology . [ 1 ] It is any computing that incorporates the human character within its context. Character is defined as all features or characteristics defining an individual and guiding their behavior in a specif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_computing |
Character displacement is the phenomenon where differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur, but are minimized or lost where the species' distributions do not overlap. This pattern results from evolutionary change driven by biological... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_displacement |
Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters , especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using computers. [ 1 ] The numerical values that make up a character encoding are known as code points and collectively comprise ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding |
In mathematics , a character group is the group of representations of an abelian group by complex -valued functions . These functions can be thought of as one-dimensional matrix representations and so are special cases of the group characters that arise in the related context of character theory . Whenever a group is r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_group |
Characteristic admittance is the mathematical inverse of the characteristic impedance .
The general expression for the characteristic admittance of a transmission line is as follows:
where
The current and voltage phasors on the line are related by the characteristic admittance as:
where the superscripts + {\displays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_admittance |
The characteristic energy length scale χ {\displaystyle \chi } describes the size of the region from which energy flows to a rapidly moving crack . If material properties change within the characteristic energy length scale, local wave speeds can dominate crack dynamics. This can lead to supersonic fracture .
This a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_energy_length_scale |
The characteristic impedance or surge impedance (usually written Z 0 ) of a uniform transmission line is the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and current of a wave travelling in one direction along the line in the absence of reflections in the other direction. Equivalently, it can be defined as the input impedance o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedance |
Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers ) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena . [ 1 ] They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers , which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_number_(fluid_dynamics) |
In linear algebra , the characteristic polynomial of a square matrix is a polynomial which is invariant under matrix similarity and has the eigenvalues as roots . It has the determinant and the trace of the matrix among its coefficients. The characteristic polynomial of an endomorphism of a finite-dimensional vector sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial |
A characteristic property is a chemical or physical property that helps identify and classify substances. The characteristic properties of a substance are always the same whether the sample being observed is large or small. Thus, conversely, if the property of a substance changes as the sample size changes, that proper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_property |
The characteristic state function or Massieu's potential [ 1 ] in statistical mechanics refers to a particular relationship between the partition function of an ensemble .
In particular, if the partition function P satisfies
in which Q is a thermodynamic quantity, then Q is known as the "characteristic state function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_state_function |
In mathematical analysis, the characteristic variety of a microdifferential operator P is an algebraic variety that is the zero set of the principal symbol of P in the cotangent bundle . It is invariant under a quantized contact transformation .
The notion is also defined more generally in commutative algebra . A basi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_variety |
Characteristic velocity or c ∗ {\displaystyle c^{*}} , or C-star is a measure of the combustion performance of a rocket engine independent of nozzle performance, and is used to compare different propellants and propulsion systems . It is independent of the nozzle, making it a useful metric for evaluating propellant com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_velocity |
Characterization , when used in materials science , refers to the broad and general process by which a material's structure and properties are probed and measured. It is a fundamental process in the field of materials science, without which no scientific understanding of engineering materials could be ascertained. [ 1 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science) |
In mathematics , a characterization of an object is a set of conditions that, while possibly different from the definition of the object, is logically equivalent to it. [ 1 ] To say that "Property P characterizes object X " is to say that not only does X have property P , but that X is the only thing that has property ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization_(mathematics) |
In mathematics in general, a characterization theorem says that a particular object – a function, a space, etc. – is the only one that possesses properties specified in the theorem. A characterization of a probability distribution accordingly states that it is the only probability distribution that satisfies specified ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization_of_probability_distributions |
In mathematics , the exponential function can be characterized in many ways.
This article presents some common characterizations, discusses why each makes sense, and proves that they are all equivalent .
The exponential function occurs naturally in many branches of mathematics. Walter Rudin called it "the most importa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterizations_of_the_exponential_function |
A charcoal pile or charcoal clamp is a carefully arranged pile of wood , covered by turf or other layer, inside which a fire is lit in order to produce charcoal . The pile is tended by a charcoal burner . It is similar to a charcoal kiln , but the latter is usually a permanent structure made of materials such as stone.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal_clamp |
Charcot–Leyden crystals are microscopic crystals composed of eosinophil protein galectin-10 found in people who have allergic diseases such as asthma or parasitic infections such as parasitic pneumonia or ascariasis .
Charcot–Leyden crystals are composed of an eosinophilic lysophospholipase binding protein called Gale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcot–Leyden_crystals |
Chargaff's rules (given by Erwin Chargaff ) state that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine . Further, a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases (i.e., A+G=T+C ) shou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargaff's_rules |
In theoretical chemistry , the charge-shift bond is a proposed new class of chemical bonds that sits alongside the three familiar families of covalent , ionic , and metallic bonds where electrons are shared or transferred respectively. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The charge shift bond derives its stability from the resonance of ionic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-shift_bond |
Charge-transfer bands are a characteristic feature of the optical spectra of many compounds. These bands are typically more intense than d–d transitions. They typically exhibit solvatochromism , consistent with shifts of electron density that would be sensitive to solvation. [ 1 ]
CT absorptions bands are intense an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-transfer_band |
In chemistry , charge-transfer ( CT ) complex , or electron donor-acceptor complex , describes a type of supramolecular assembly of two or more molecules or ions. The assembly consists of two molecules that self-attract through electrostatic forces, i.e., one has at least partial negative charge and the partner has pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-transfer_complex |
In physics , a charge is any of many different quantities, such as the electric charge in electromagnetism or the color charge in quantum chromodynamics . Charges correspond to the time-invariant generators of a symmetry group , and specifically, to the generators that commute with the Hamiltonian . Charges are often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(physics) |
In solid state physics , a charge carrier is a particle or quasiparticle that is free to move, carrying an electric charge , especially the particles that carry electric charges in electrical conductors . [ 1 ] Examples are electrons , ions and holes . [ 2 ] In a conducting medium, an electric field can exert force on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_carrier |
A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing wave pattern and sometimes collectively carry an electric current. The electrons in such a CDW, like those in a superconductor , can flow through a linear chain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_density_wave |
Charge exchange (or charge exchange collision ) is a process in which a neutral atom or molecule collides with an ion , resulting in the neutral atom acquiring the charge of the ion. [ 1 ] The reaction is typically expressed as
This reaction has various diagnostic applications, such as in plasma physics and mass spect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_exchange |
Charge invariance refers to the fixed value of the electric charge of a particle regardless of its motion. Like mass , total spin and magnetic moment , particle's charge quantum number remains unchanged between two reference frames in relative motion. For example, an electron has a specific charge e , total spin ℏ 2 {\... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_invariance |
Charge modulation spectroscopy is an electro-optical spectroscopy technique tool. [ 1 ] It is used to study the charge carrier behavior of organic field-effect transistors . It measures the charge introduced optical transmission variation [ 2 ] [ 3 ] by directly probing the accumulation charge at the burning interface ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_modulation_spectroscopy |
Charge ordering (CO) is a (first- or second-order) phase transition occurring mostly in strongly correlated materials such as transition metal oxides or organic conductors . Due to the strong interaction between electrons, charges are localized on different sites leading to a disproportionation and an ordered superlatt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_ordering |
In quantum computing , a charge qubit (also known as Cooper-pair box ) is a qubit whose basis states are charge states (i.e. states which represent the presence or absence of excess Cooper pairs in the island). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In superconducting quantum computing , a charge qubit [ 4 ] is formed by a tiny superconduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_qubit |
The rms charge radius is a measure of the size of an atomic nucleus , particularly the proton distribution. The proton radius is about one femtometre = 10 −15 metre . It can be measured by the scattering of electrons by the nucleus. Relative changes in the mean squared nuclear charge distribution can be precisely measu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_radius |
Collision-induced dissociation ( CID ), also known as collisionally activated dissociation ( CAD ), is a mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The selected ions (typically molecular ions or protonated molecules) are usually accelerated by applying an electri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_remote_fragmentation |
Charge transfer coefficient , and symmetry factor (symbols α and β , respectively) are two related parameters used in description of the kinetics of electrochemical reactions . They appear in the Butler–Volmer equation and related expressions.
The symmetry factor and the charge transfer coefficient are dimensionless .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_transfer_coefficient |
In radiological physics, charged-particle equilibrium (CPE) occurs when the number of charged particles leaving a volume is equal to the number entering, for each energy and type of particle. [ 1 ] When CPE exists in an irradiated medium, the absorbed dose in the volume is equal to the collision kerma .
In order for t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charged-particle_equilibrium |
In physics , a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge . For example, some elementary particles , like the electron or quarks are charged. [ 1 ] Some composite particles like protons are charged particles. An ion , such as a molecule or atom with a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to protons are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charged_particle |
Chargeware is a type of mobile malware that appears to be a legitimate mobile application but is designed to charge users for services without their explicit knowledge or consent. [ 1 ]
Chargeware primarily operates by misleading users into agreeing to unclear terms of service, leading to unauthorized fees and charges... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargeware |
Charis M. Galanakis ( Greek :Χάρης Γαλανάκης) is a Greek researcher, and food , agricultural and environmental scientist . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Galanakis was born on April 3, 1981, in Chania , Greece , to a family of chemists. [ 3 ] He earned his degree in chemistry in 2002 and his certificate for Oenology in 2004, both at the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charis_Galanakis |
Charismatic megafauna are animal species that are large—in the category that they represent [ 1 ] —with symbolic value or widespread popular appeal, and are often used by environmental activists to gain public support for environmentalist goals. [ 2 ] In this definition, animals such as penguins or bald eagles are mega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_megafauna |
Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes ) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated . A modern statement of Charles's law is:
When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion. [ 1 ]
This relatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles's_law |
The Charles Babbage Premium was an annual award "for an outstanding paper on the design or use of electronic computers". [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The award was established in 1959. [ 1 ] It was initiated by the British Institution of Radio Engineers , which became the Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers . [ 3 ] In 1988, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Premium |
Charles Alfred Coulson FRS FRSE (13 December 1910 – 7 January 1974) was a British applied mathematician and theoretical chemist . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Coulson's major scientific work was as a pioneer of the application of the quantum theory of valency to problems of molecular structure , dynamics and reactivity . H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coulson |
The Charles Goodyear Medal is the highest honor conferred by the American Chemical Society, Rubber Division . Established in 1941, the award is named after Charles Goodyear , the discoverer of vulcanization , and consists of a gold medal, a framed certificate and prize money. The medal honors individuals for "outstan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goodyear_Medal |
Charles Hamilton Mitchell , CB, CMG, DSO (1872–1941) was a civil engineer and an intelligence officer of the Canadian Armed Forces in World War I , with the rank of brigadier-general . He served in France, Italy, and England during the war as an intelligence officer, winning several honours, becoming the most decorated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Mitchell |
Charles Haros was a geometer ( mathematician ) in the French Bureau du Cadastre at the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century.
One of the primary tasks of the Bureau du Cadastre was the accurate mapping of France for the purpose of taxation but from time to time the bureau also provi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Haros |
Charles Lathrop Parsons (March 23, 1867, New Marlboro, Massachusetts -February 13, 1954 Pocasset, Massachusetts ) was an American chemist. He was a professor at the University of New Hampshire for twenty years, and then a chemist and mineralogist at the U.S. Bureau of Mines . For nearly forty years, Parsons served as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lathrop_Parsons |
Charles River Laboratories International, Inc. is an American pharmaceutical company specializing in a variety of preclinical and clinical laboratory , gene therapy and cell therapy services for the pharmaceutical , medical device and biotechnology industries. [ 2 ] It also supplies assorted biomedical products, outsou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River_Laboratories |
Charles William Shoppee FAA FRS (1904–1994) was a British-born organic chemist who performed major research into steroids . He was Professor of Chemistry at the University College of Swansea (1946–1956) and Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Sydney (1956–1969). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
The short ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Shoppee |
Charles Thompson Prewitt (March 3, 1933 – April 28, 2022) was an American mineralogist and solid state chemist known for his work on structural chemistry of minerals and high-pressure chemistry . [ 1 ]
Prewitt studied geology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an undergraduate and received his PhD in 1962 in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_T._Prewitt |
Charles Thomas Beer CM (18 November 1915 – 15 June 2010) was a Canadian organic chemist who helped in the discovery of vinblastine .
Born in Leigh, Dorset , England , he received a D.Phil. in chemistry from Oxford in 1948. He came to North America in the early 1950s to the department of medical research at the Univers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Beer |
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