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Chemical cycling describes systems of repeated circulation of chemicals between other compounds, states and materials, and back to their original state, that occurs in space, and on many objects in space including the Earth. Active chemical cycling is known to occur in stars, many planets and natural satellites.
Chemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_cycling |
A chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information . This information is about chemical and crystal structures , spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data.
Bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_database |
Chemical decomposition , or chemical breakdown , is the process or effect of simplifying a single chemical entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate , etc.) into two or more fragments. [ 1 ] Chemical decomposition is usually regarded and defined as the exact opposite of chemical synthesis . In short, the chemical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_decomposition |
Chemical defense is a strategy employed by many organisms to avoid consumption by producing toxic or repellent metabolites or chemical warnings which incite defensive behavioral changes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The production of defensive chemicals occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria, as well as invertebrate and vertebrate anima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_defense |
Cannabis ( /ˈkænəbɪs/ ) as a recreational drug is grown in the form of two plant species: Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica . Both produce chemicals to deter herbivorous animals . The chemical composition includes specialized terpenes and cannabinoids , mainly tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD). These ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_defenses_in_Cannabis |
During the 20th century, a large amount of chemical waste was dumped into the Pacific Ocean within the Southern California Bight off the West Coast of the United States . Dumped materials include DDT , WW II munitions , radioactive waste , PCBs , petroleum products , and sulfuric acid .
The chemical waste was dumped i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_dumps_in_ocean_off_Southern_California |
Chemical ecology is a vast and interdisciplinary field utilizing biochemistry , biology , ecology , and organic chemistry for explaining observed interactions of living things and their environment through chemical compounds (e.g. ecosystem resilience and biodiversity). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Early examples of the field trace bac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_ecology |
The names for chemical elements in East Asian languages , along with those for some chemical compounds (mostly organic ), are among the newest words to enter the local vocabularies. Except for those metals well-known since antiquity, the names of most elements were created after modern chemistry was introduced to East ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages |
A chemical engineer is a professional equipped with the knowledge of chemistry and other basic sciences who works principally in the chemical industry to convert basic raw materials into a variety of products and deals with the design and operation of plants and equipment. [ 1 ] This person applies the principles of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineer |
Chemical engineering is an engineering field which deals with the study of the operation and design of chemical plants as well as methods of improving production. Chemical engineers develop economical commercial processes to convert raw materials into useful products. Chemical engineering uses principles of chemistry ,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering |
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and chemical formulas . The reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities are on the right-hand side with a plus sign between the entities in both the reactants and the products, and an arrow th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equation |
In a chemical reaction , chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system . [ 1 ] This state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium |
A ChemFET is a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor , that is a field-effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution . [ 1 ] When the target analyte concentration changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. [ 2 ] Here, the analyte solution separates... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor |
A chemical file format is a type of data file which is used specifically for depicting molecular data. One of the most widely used is the chemical table file format, which is similar to Structure Data Format (SDF) files. They are text files that represent multiple chemical structure records and associated data fields. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_file_format |
Chemical finishing of textiles refers to the process of applying and treating textiles with a variety of chemicals in order to achieve desired functional and aesthetic properties. Textile finishing is the process by which these chemical applications, along with mechanical finishing treatments, convert woven or knitted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_finishing_of_textiles |
In materials science , chemical force microscopy ( CFM ) is a variation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which has become a versatile tool for characterization of materials surfaces . With AFM, structural morphology is probed using simple tapping or contact modes that utilize van der Waals interactions between tip and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_force_microscopy |
Chemical fouling inhibitors are products that are mixtures of fouling and corrosion inhibitors use in boiler feedwater treatment . Several of these products use aliphatic polyamines to coat the surface of pipes.
Helamin is a boiler feedwater treatment based on amines and polyamines . [ 1 ] Helamin is a registered trad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_fouling_inhibitors |
A chemical garden is a set of complex biological-looking structures created by mixing inorganic chemicals. This experiment in chemistry is usually performed by adding metal salts, such as copper sulfate or cobalt(II) chloride , to an aqueous solution of sodium silicate (otherwise known as waterglass). This results in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_garden |
Chemical genetics is the investigation of the function of proteins and signal transduction pathways in cells by the screening of chemical libraries of small molecules . [ 1 ] Chemical genetics is analogous to classical genetic screen where random mutations are introduced in organisms, the phenotype of these mutants is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_genetics |
A chemical glycosylation reaction involves the coupling of a glycosyl donor , to a glycosyl acceptor forming a glycoside . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] If both the donor and acceptor are sugars, then the product is an oligosaccharide . The reaction requires activation with a suitable activating reagent. The reactions often res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_glycosylation |
Chemical graph theory is the topology branch of mathematical chemistry which applies graph theory to mathematical modelling of chemical phenomena. [ 1 ] The pioneers of chemical graph theory are Alexandru Balaban , Ante Graovac , Iván Gutman , Haruo Hosoya , Milan Randić and Nenad Trinajstić [ 2 ] (also Harry Wiener an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_graph_theory |
Chemical hazards are hazards present in hazardous chemicals and hazardous materials . Exposure to certain chemicals can cause acute or long-term adverse health effects. Chemical hazards are usually classified separately from biological hazards (biohazards). Chemical hazards are classified into groups that include asphy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_hazard |
Chemical imaging (as quantitative – chemical mapping ) is the analytical capability to create a visual image of components distribution from simultaneous measurement of spectra and spatial, time information. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Hyperspectral imaging measures contiguous spectral bands, as opposed to multispectral imaging which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_imaging |
In chemistry and materials science , impurities are chemical substances inside a confined amount of liquid , gas , or solid . They differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound. [ 1 ] Firstly, a pure chemical should appear in at least one chemical phase and can also be characterized by its phase diag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_impurity |
The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals . Central to the modern world economy , the chemical industry converts raw materials ( oil , natural gas , air , water , metals , and minerals ) into commodity chemicals for industria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry |
Manufacturing in Australia peaked in the 1960s at 25% of the country's gross domestic product, and has since dropped below 10%. At one stage manufacturing employed almost a third of Australia's workforce. [ 1 ] Automotive manufacturing in Australia began in the 1920s and came to an end in 2017.
Australia's greatest ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_Australia |
The chemical industry in the People's Republic of China valued at around $1.75 trillion in 2014. [ 1 ] The country is currently the largest chemicals manufacturer in the world. [ 2 ]
The chemical industry is central to modern China's economy. It uses special methods to alter the structure, composition or synthesis of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China |
Chemical industry in Poland - one of the key branches of the processing industry which includes:
Chemical industry in terms of tons of production can be divided into: [ 2 ]
Chemical industry is characteristic of the high capital intensity and low labour consumption, for this reason, the most of operations are automat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_Poland |
Chemical kinetics , also known as reaction kinetics , is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is different from chemical thermodynamics , which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate. Chemical ki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_kinetics |
Chemical leasing is a business model that intends to shift the focus from increasing sales volume of chemicals towards a value-added approach. It intends to address unnecessary over-consumption of chemicals by charging consumers based on functions performed by the chemicals rather than by volume. [ 1 ] This treatment o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_leasing |
A chemical library or compound library is a collection of stored chemicals usually used ultimately in high-throughput screening or industrial manufacture . The chemical library can consist in simple terms of a series of stored chemicals. Each chemical has associated information stored in some kind of database with info... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_library |
Chemical ligation is the chemoselective condensation of unprotected peptide segments enabled by the formation of a non-native bond at the ligation site.
Chemical ligation is usually carried out in aqueous solution. Multiple consecutive chemical ligation reactions can be used to make proteins of the typical size found ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_ligation |
Chemical looping combustion ( CLC ) is a technological process typically employing a dual fluidized bed system. CLC operated with an interconnected moving bed with a fluidized bed system, has also been employed as a technology process. In CLC, a metal oxide is employed as a bed material providing the oxygen for combust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_looping_combustion |
Chemical looping reforming ( CLR ) and gasification ( CLG ) are the operations that involve the use of gaseous carbonaceous feedstock and solid carbonaceous feedstock, respectively, in their conversion to syngas in the chemical looping scheme. [ 1 ] The typical gaseous carbonaceous feedstocks used are natural gas and r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_looping_reforming_and_gasification |
Chemical metallurgy is the science of obtaining metals from their concentrates, semi products, recycled bodies and solutions, and of considering reactions of metals with an approach of disciplines belonging to chemistry . As such, it involves reactivity of metals and it is especially concerned with the reduction and ox... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_metallurgy |
Chemical milling or industrial etching is the subtractive manufacturing process of using baths of temperature-regulated etching chemicals to remove material to create an object with the desired shape. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Other names for chemical etching include photo etching, chemical etching, photo chemical etching and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_milling |
Chemical mimicry (or molecular mimicry ) is a type of biological mimicry involving the use of chemicals to dupe an operator.
A chemical mimic dupes an operator (e.g. a predator) by showing an adaptive chemical resemblance to an object of its environment and as a consequence receives selective advantage. [ 1 ] In all c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_mimicry |
Chemical nomenclature is a set of rules to generate systematic names for chemical compounds . The nomenclature used most frequently worldwide is the one created and developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
IUPAC Nomenclature ensures that each compound (and its various isomers ) have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature |
In chemistry , a chemical oscillator is a complex mixture of reacting chemical compounds in which the concentration of one or more components exhibits periodic changes. They are a class of reactions that serve as an example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics with far-from-equilibrium behavior. The reactions are theoreti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oscillator |
In environmental chemistry , the chemical oxygen demand ( COD ) is an indicative measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a measured solution . It is commonly expressed in mass of oxygen consumed over volume of solution, which in SI units is milligrams per liter ( mg / L ). A COD test can be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand |
Chemical phosphorus removal is a wastewater treatment method, where phosphorus is removed using salts of aluminum (e.g. alum or polyaluminum chloride), iron (e.g. ferric chloride ), or calcium (e.g. lime). Phosphate forms precipitates with the metal ions and is removed together with the sludge in the separation unit ( ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_phosphorus_removal |
Chemical physics is a branch of physics that studies chemical processes from a physical point of view. It focuses on understanding the physical properties and behavior of chemical systems, using principles from both physics and chemistry. This field investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_physics |
A chemical plant is an industrial process plant that manufactures (or otherwise processes) chemicals , usually on a large scale. [ 1 ] The general objective of a chemical plant is to create new material wealth via the chemical or biological transformation and or separation of materials. [ 2 ] Chemical plants use specia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant |
Chemical plant cost indexes are dimensionless numbers employed to updating capital cost required to erect a chemical plant from a past date to a later time, following changes in the value of money due to inflation and deflation. Since, at any given time, the number of chemical plants is insufficient to use in a prelim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant_cost_indexes |
In chemistry , polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment , with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.
Polar molecules must contain one or more polar bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity |
In thermodynamics , the chemical potential of a species is the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given species, e.g. in a chemical reaction or phase transition . The chemical potential of a species in a mixture is defined as the rate of change of free energy of a ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potential |
In the field of chemical biology , a chemical probe is a small molecule that is used to study and manipulate a biological system such as a cell or an organism by reversibly binding to and altering the function of a biological target (most commonly a protein) within that system. [ 1 ] Probes ideally have a high affinity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_probe |
In a scientific sense, a chemical process is a method or means of somehow changing one or more chemicals or chemical compounds . [ 1 ] Such a chemical process can occur by itself or be caused by an outside force, and involves a chemical reaction of some sort. In an " engineering " sense, a chemical process is a method ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_process |
Chemical process modeling is a computer modeling technique used in chemical engineering process design . It typically involves using purpose-built software to define a system of interconnected components, [ 1 ] which are then solved so that the steady-state or dynamic behavior of the system can be predicted. The system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_process_modeling |
Decomposition in animals is a process that begins immediately after death and involves the destruction of soft tissue, leaving behind skeletonized remains. The chemical process of decomposition is complex and involves the breakdown of soft tissue, as the body passes through the sequential stages of decomposition . [ 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_process_of_decomposition |
A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during, or after, a chemical reaction ; that is, any attribute that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity . [ 1 ] Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_property |
Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC) is specialized equipment designed to prevent hazardous chemicals from coming into direct contact with the wearer. Used in chemical, physical, and biological operations as a last line of defense if safety controls fail. They are made of a variety of materials that are selected for thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_protective_clothing |
Pulp is a fibrous lignocellulosic material prepared by chemically, semi-chemically, or mechanically isolating the cellulosic fibers of wood , fiber crops , waste paper , or rags . Mixed with water and other chemicals or plant-based additives, pulp is the major raw material used in papermaking and the industrial product... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_pulping_process |
In chemistry , chemical purity is the measurement of the amount of impurities found in a sample . Several grades of purity are used by the scientific, pharmaceutical, and industrial communities. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Some of the commonly used grades of purity include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_purity |
Chemical reaction engineering (reaction engineering or reactor engineering) is a specialty in chemical engineering or industrial chemistry dealing with chemical reactors . Frequently the term relates specifically to catalytic reaction systems where either a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst is present in the react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering |
Chemical reaction models transform physical knowledge into a mathematical formulation that can be utilized in computational simulation of practical problems in chemical engineering . Computer simulation provides the flexibility to study chemical processes under a wide range of conditions. Modeling of a chemical reactio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction_model |
Chemical reaction network theory is an area of applied mathematics that attempts to model the behaviour of real-world chemical systems. Since its foundation in the 1960s, it has attracted a growing research community, mainly due to its applications in biochemistry and theoretical chemistry . It has also attracted inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction_network_theory |
A chemical reactor is an enclosed volume in which a chemical reaction takes place. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In chemical engineering , it is generally understood to be a process vessel used to carry out a chemical reaction, [ 5 ] which is one of the classic unit operations in chemical process analysis. The design of a ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactor |
Chemical reactor materials selection is an important aspect in the design of a chemical reactor . There are four main groups of chemical reactors - CSTR , PFR , semi-batch , and catalytic - with variations on each. Depending on the nature of the chemicals involved in the reaction, as well as the operating conditions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactor_materials_selection |
Chemical safety includes all safety policies, procedures and practices designed to minimize the risk of exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals . This includes the risks of exposure to persons handling the chemicals, to the surrounding environment, and to the communities and ecosystems within that environment. [ 1 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_safety |
A Chemical safety assessment ( CSA ) is an analysis used in many situations where chemical are used and where there is a possibility that they may present a risk to life, health or the environment.
The European Union has adopted this phrase to describe a process that has to be performed by registrants for substances ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_safety_assessment |
A chemical sensor array is a sensor architecture with multiple sensor components that create a pattern for analyte detection from the additive responses of individual sensor components. There exist several types of chemical sensor arrays including electronic, optical, acoustic wave, and potentiometric devices. These ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_sensor_array |
In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the chemical shift is the resonant frequency of an atomic nucleus relative to a standard in a magnetic field . Often the position and number of chemical shifts are diagnostic of the structure of a molecule . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Chemical shifts are also used to describe s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_shift |
The chemical shift index or CSI is a widely employed technique in protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that can be used to display and identify the location (i.e. start and end) as well as the type of protein secondary structure (beta strands, helices and random coil regions) found in proteins using only bac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_shift_index |
Chemical similarity (or molecular similarity ) refers to the similarity of chemical elements , molecules or chemical compounds with respect to either structural or functional qualities, i.e. the effect that the chemical compound has on reaction partners in inorganic or biological settings. Biological effects and thus a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_similarity |
Chemical space is a concept in cheminformatics referring to the property space spanned by all possible molecules and chemical compounds adhering to a given set of construction principles and boundary conditions. It contains millions of compounds which are readily accessible and available to researchers. It is a library... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_space |
Chemical species are a specific form of chemical substance or chemically identical molecular entities that have the same molecular energy level at a specified timescale. These entities are classified through bonding types and relative abundance of isotopes . [ 1 ] Types of chemical species can be classified based on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_species |
Chemical specificity is the ability of binding site of a macromolecule (such as a protein ) to bind specific ligands . The fewer ligands a protein can bind, the greater its specificity.
Specificity describes the strength of binding between a given protein and ligand. This relationship can be described by a dissociatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_specificity |
In chemistry , chemical stability is the thermodynamic stability of a chemical system, in particular a chemical compound or a polymer . [ 1 ] Colloquially, it may instead refer to kinetic persistence , the shelf-life of a metastable substance or system; that is, the timescale over which it begins to degrade.
Thermodyn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_stability |
Chemical storage is the storage of controlled substances or hazardous materials in chemical stores, chemical storage cabinets, or similar devices.
Chemical storage devices are usually present where a workplace requires the use of non-hazardous and/or hazardous chemicals. Proper storage is imperative for the safety of,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_storage |
A chemical structure of a molecule is a spatial arrangement of its atoms and their chemical bonds. Its determination includes a chemist 's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure |
A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Chemical substances may take the form of a single element or chemical compounds . If two or more chemical substances can be combined without reacting , they may form a chemical mixture . [ 3 ] ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance |
Chemical symbols are the abbreviations used in chemistry , mainly for chemical elements ; but also for functional groups , chemical compounds, and other entities. Element symbols for chemical elements, also known as atomic symbols , normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet and are written with the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_symbol |
Chemical synthesis ( chemical combination ) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products . [ 1 ] This occurs by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory uses, the process is reproducible and reliable.
A chemical synthesis i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synthesis |
Chemical table file (CT file) is a family of text-based chemical file formats that describe molecules and chemical reactions. One format, for example, lists each atom in a molecule, the x-y-z coordinates of that atom, and the bonds among the atoms.
There are several file formats in the family.
The formats were create... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_table_file |
Chemical terrorism is the form of terrorism that uses the toxic effects of chemicals to kill, injure, or otherwise adversely affect the interests of its targets. [ 1 ] It can broadly be considered a form of chemical warfare .
During the Sri Lankan Civil War , the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) separatists wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_terrorism |
In chemistry , a chemical test is a qualitative or quantitative procedure designed to identify, quantify, or characterise a chemical compound or chemical group .
Chemical testing might have a variety of purposes, such as to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_test |
Chemical tests in mushroom identification are methods that aid in determining the variety of some fungi. The most useful tests are Melzer's reagent and potassium hydroxide .
Household ammonia can be used. A couple of drops are placed on the flesh. For example, Boletus spadiceus gives a fleeting blue to blue-green re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_tests_in_mushroom_identification |
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics . Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of math... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics |
A chemical transport model (CTM) is a type of computer numerical model which typically simulates atmospheric chemistry and may be used for air pollution forecasting .
While related general circulation models (GCMs) focus on simulating overall atmospheric dynamics (e.g. fluid and heat flows ), a CTM instead focuses on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_transport_model |
In chemistry , a chemical transport reaction describes a process for purification and crystallization of non- volatile solids . [ 1 ] The process is also responsible for certain aspects of mineral growth from the effluent of volcanoes . The technique is distinct from chemical vapor deposition , which usually entails d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_transport_reaction |
In chemistry , a chemical trap is a chemical compound that is used to detect unstable compounds. [ 1 ] The method relies on efficiency of bimolecular reactions with reagents to produce a more easily characterize trapped product. In some cases, the trapping agent is used in large excess.
A famous example is the detect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_trap |
Chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) is a vacuum deposition method used to produce high-quality, and high-performance, solid materials. The process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films . [ 1 ]
In typical CVD, the wafer (substrate) is exposed to one or more volatile precursors , which react an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition |
Chemical vapor deposition of ruthenium is a method to deposit thin layers of ruthenium on substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
A unique challenge arises in trying to grow impurity-free films of a catalyst in chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Ruthenium metal activates C–H and C–C bonds, that aids C–H and C–C b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition_of_ruthenium |
Chemical vapour infiltration ( CVI ) is a ceramic engineering process whereby matrix material is infiltrated into fibrous preforms by the use of reactive gases at elevated temperature to form fiber-reinforced composites . [ 1 ] The earliest use of CVI was the infiltration of fibrous alumina with chromium carbide . [ 2 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_infiltration |
Chemical warfare ( CW ) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare , biological warfare and radiological warfare , which together make up CBRN , the military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (warfar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare |
Chemical waste is any excess, unused, or unwanted chemical . [ 1 ] Chemical waste may be classified as hazardous waste , [ 2 ] non-hazardous waste, universal waste , or household hazardous waste , each of which is regulated separately by national governments and the United Nations . [ 3 ] Hazardous waste is material th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_waste |
A chemical weapon ( CW ) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a weapon "or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon |
Many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which required the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production faciliti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_proliferation |
Chemical weapons were widely used by the United Kingdom in World War I . The use of poison gas was suggested by Winston Churchill and others in Mesopotamia during the interwar period, and also considered in World War II , although it appears that they were not actually used in these conflicts. While the UK was a signat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom |
The use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years, but the first large-scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] They were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow-moving or static nature of ga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I |
Chemicalize is an online platform for chemical calculations, search, and text processing. [ 1 ] It is developed and owned by ChemAxon and offers various cheminformatics tools in freemium model: chemical property predictions, structure-based and text-based search, chemical text processing, and checking compounds with re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalize |
Chemically induced dimerization ( CID ) is a biological mechanism in which two proteins bind only in the presence of a certain small molecule, enzyme or other dimerizing agent. [ 1 ] Genetically engineered CID systems are used in biological research to control protein localization, to manipulate signalling pathways and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemically_induced_dimerization |
In chemistry , the term chemically inert is used to describe a substance that is not chemically reactive . From a thermodynamic perspective, a substance is inert, or nonlabile , if it is thermodynamically unstable (negative standard Gibbs free energy of formation ) yet decomposes at a slow, or negligible rate. [ 1 ]
M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemically_inert |
Chemicals Convention, 1990 is an International Labour Organization Convention .
The convention was held on the 77th session of the International Labour Convention in Geneva on 6 June 1990. The convention states the importance of protection of the environment, general public and all workers from chemicals. It notes th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicals_Convention |
Chemiluminescence (also chemoluminescence ) is the emission of light ( luminescence ) as the result of a chemical reaction , i.e. a chemical reaction results in a flash or glow of light. A standard example of chemiluminescence in the laboratory setting is the luminol test. Here, blood is indicated by luminescence upo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiluminescence |
Chemiluminescent immunoassay ( CLIA ) is a type of immunoassay employing chemiluminescence . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiluminescent_immunoassay |
Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics ) refers to the use of physical chemistry theory with computer and information science techniques—so called " in silico " techniques—in application to a range of descriptive and prescriptive problems in the field of chemistry , including in its applications to biology and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminformatics |
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient . An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H + ) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis .
Hydrogen ions, or p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis |
Chemisches Zentralblatt is the first and oldest abstracts journal published in the field of chemistry . It covers the chemical literature from 1830 to 1969 and describes therefore the "birth" of chemistry as science , in contrast to alchemy . The information contained in this German journal is comparable with the conte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisches_Zentralblatt |
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