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In organic chemistry , the Cornforth rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction of a 4-acyloxazole in which the group attached to an acyl on position 4 and the substituent on position 5 of an oxazole ring exchange places. [ 1 ] It was first reported in 1949, and is named for John Cornforth . The reaction is used in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornforth_rearrangement |
In classical antiquity , the cornucopia ( / ˌ k ɔːr n ( j ) ə ˈ k oʊ p i ə , - n ( j ) uː -/ ⓘ ; from Latin cornu ' horn ' and copia ' abundance ' ), also called the horn of plenty , was a symbol of abundance and nourishment , commonly a large horn -shaped container overflowing with produce , flowers, or nuts . In Gree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornucopia |
In mathematics and logic , a corollary ( US : / ˈ k ɒr ə ˌ l ɛər i / KORR -ə-lair-ee , UK : / k ə ˈ r ɒ l ər i / kər- OL -ər-ee ) is a theorem of less importance which can be readily deduced from a previous, more notable statement. A corollary could, for instance, be a proposition which is incidentally proved while pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corollary |
In graph theory , the corona product of graphs G and H , denoted G ∘ H {\displaystyle G\circ H} , can be obtained by taking one copy of G , called the center graph, and a number of copies of H equal to the order of G . Then, each copy of H is assigned a vertex in G , and that one vertex is attached to each vertex in it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_product |
In solar physics , a coronal loop is a well-defined arch-like structure in the Sun 's atmosphere made up of relatively dense plasma confined and isolated from the surrounding medium by magnetic flux tubes . Coronal loops begin and end at two footpoints on the photosphere and project into the transition region and lower... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_loop |
The coronary arteries are the arterial blood vessels of coronary circulation , which transport oxygenated blood to the heart muscle . The heart requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function and survive, much like any other tissue or organ of the body. [ 1 ]
The coronary arteries wrap around the entire heart. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_arteries |
A coronavirus breathalyzer is a diagnostic medical device enabling the user to test with 90% or greater accuracy the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in an exhaled breath. [ 1 ] As of the first half of 2020, the idea of a practical coronavirus breathalyzer was concomitantly developed by unrel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer |
Corpora amylacea ( CA ) (from the Latin meaning "starch-like bodies") is a general term for small hyaline masses found in the prostate gland , [ 1 ] nervous system , [ 2 ] lung , [ 1 ] and sometimes in other organs of the body. [ 3 ] Corpora amylacea increase in number and size with advancing age, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] although ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpora_amylacea |
Corporate Memphis , commonly referred to as Alegria art , is an art style named after the Memphis Group that features flat areas of color and geometric elements. Widely associated with Big Tech illustrations in the late 2010s [ 1 ] and early 2020s, [ 2 ] it has been met with a polarized response, with criticism focusin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Memphis |
Corporate architecture refers to the use of architectural design to construct physical spaces (buildings, workplaces, etc.) that can promote the image of a corporation . [ 1 ] During the 20th century corporate architecture underwent a transformation from functional design philosophies to more creative endeavours, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_architecture |
Corps Commander , or "Corps Commander: Operational Manoeuvre Group" is a set of micro-armour Miniature wargaming rules designed by Bruce Rea Taylor and Andy Ashton and published in the UK by Tabletop games copyrighted by B. A. Rea Taylor, A. Ashton & Tabletop Games [ 1 ] July 1986.
These rules simulates modern warfare... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_Commander |
The Corps of Mining Engineers was a militarized organization founded in Imperial Russia on 1 January 1834 to manage mining and oil extraction.
Yegor Kankrin , the Minister of Finance was the first head of the organization, with Major General Konstantin Chevkin acting as Chief of staff. [ 1 ] Russian geologist Ernst Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Mining_Engineers |
Corpus Corporum (Lat. "the collection of collections") or in full, Corpus Córporum: repositorium operum latinorum apud universitatem Turicensem , is a digital Latin library developed by the University of Zurich , Institute for Greek and Latin Philology. As of February 2025, the repository contains a total of approximat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Corporum |
The Corrected d-exponent , also known as dc-exponent or cd-exponent , is a parameter used in mud logging and formation pore pressure analysis in the petroleum industry . It is an extrapolation of certain drilling parameters to estimate a pressure gradient for pore pressure evaluation while drilling, particularly in ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrected_d-exponent |
In theoretical computer science , an algorithm is correct with respect to a specification if it behaves as specified. Best explored is functional correctness, which refers to the input–output behavior of the algorithm: for each input it produces an output satisfying the specification. [ 1 ]
Within the latter notion, p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctness_(computer_science) |
Correlates of immunity or correlates of protection to a virus or other infectious pathogen are measurable signs that a person (or other potential host) is immune , in the sense of being protected against becoming infected and/or developing disease .
For many viruses, antibodies and especially neutralizing antibodies s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlates_of_immunity |
A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of some type of linear correlation , meaning a statistical relationship between two variables . [ a ] The variables may be two columns of a given data set of observations, often called a sample , or two components of a multivariate random variable with a known distributi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_coefficient |
In chaos theory , the correlation dimension (denoted by ν ) is a measure of the dimensionality of the space occupied by a set of random points, often referred to as a type of fractal dimension . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
For example, if we have a set of random points on the real number line between 0 and 1, the correlation di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_dimension |
In statistical mechanics , the correlation function is a measure of the order in a system, as characterized by a mathematical correlation function . Correlation functions describe how microscopic variables, such as spin and density, at different positions or times are related. More specifically, correlation functions m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_function_(statistical_mechanics) |
A correlation inequality is any of a number of inequalities satisfied by the correlation functions of a model. Such inequalities are of particular use in statistical mechanics and in percolation theory . [ 1 ]
Examples include:
This article about lattice models is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_inequality |
In chaos theory , the correlation sum is the estimator of the correlation integral , which reflects the mean probability that the states at two different times are close:
where N {\displaystyle N} is the number of considered states x → ( i ) {\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(i)} , ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } is a threshold... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_sum |
In physics , a correspondence principle is any one of several premises or assertions about the relationship between classical and quantum mechanics .
The physicist Niels Bohr coined the term in 1920 [ 1 ] during the early development of quantum theory ; he used it to explain how quantized classical orbitals connect to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_principle |
The correspondence problem refers to the problem of ascertaining which parts of one image correspond to which parts of another image, [ 1 ] where differences are due to movement of the camera, the elapse of time, and/or movement of objects in the photos.
Correspondence is a fundamental problem in computer vision — inf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_problem |
In geometry , the tests for congruence and similarity involve comparing corresponding sides and corresponding angles of polygons . In these tests, each side and each angle in one polygon is paired with a side or angle in the second polygon, taking care to preserve the order of adjacency. [ 1 ]
For example, if one poly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corresponding_sides_and_corresponding_angles |
Corrin is a heterocyclic compound . Although not known to exist on its own, the molecule is of interest as the parent macrocycle related to the cofactor and chromophore in vitamin B 12 . Its name reflects that it is the "core" of vitamin B 12 ( cobalamins ). Compounds with a corrin core are known as "corrins". [ 2 ]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrin |
Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide . It is the gradual deterioration of materials (usually a metal) by chemical or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing corrosion. [ 1 ] [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion |
Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology ( CEST ) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of IOM3 covering corrosion engineering , corrosion science , and corrosion control . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The journal was founded in 1965 as the British Corrosion Journal ( BCJ ). It was launched... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_Engineering,_Science_and_Technology |
Corrosion Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier in 16 issues per year. [ 1 ] Established in 1961, it covers a wide range of topics in the study of pure/applied corrosion and corrosion engineering , including but not limited to oxidation , biochemical corrosion, stress corrosion cracking , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_Science |
Corrosion engineering is an engineering specialty that applies scientific, technical, engineering skills, and knowledge of natural laws and physical resources to design and implement materials, structures, devices, systems, and procedures to manage corrosion . [ 1 ] From a holistic perspective, corrosion is the phenome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_engineering |
Corrosion fatigue is fatigue in a corrosive environment. It is the mechanical degradation of a material under the joint action of corrosion and cyclic loading. Nearly all engineering structures experience some form of alternating stress, and are exposed to harmful environments during their service life. The environment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_fatigue |
Corrosion in Ballast Tanks is the deterioration process where the surface of a ballast tank progresses from microblistering, to loss of tank coating, and finally to cracking of the tank steel itself.
Throughout the years the merchant fleet has become increasingly aware of the importance of avoiding corrosion in ballas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_in_ballast_tanks |
Corrosion in space is the corrosion of materials occurring in outer space . Instead of moisture and oxygen acting as the primary corrosion causes, the materials exposed to outer space are subjected to vacuum , bombardment by ultraviolet and X-rays , solar energetic particles (mostly electrons and protons from solar win... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_in_space |
A corrosion inhibitor or anti-corrosive is a chemical compound added to a liquid or gas to decrease the corrosion rate of a metal that comes into contact with the fluid. [ 1 ] The effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor depends on fluid composition and dynamics . Corrosion inhibitors are common in industry, and also fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitor |
Corrosion inhibitors are substances used in the oil industry to protect equipment and pipes against corrosion. Corrosion is a common problem in the oil industry due to the presence of water, gases, and other corrosive contaminants in the production environment.
Anodic inhibitors and cathodic inhibitors are the two mai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitors_for_the_petroleum_industry |
Corrosion loop(s) are systematized analysis "loops" used during Risk-based inspection analysis.
Both terms “RBI Corrosion loops” or “RBI corrosion circuits” are generic terms used to indicate the systematization of piping systems into usable and understandable parts associated with corrosion.
Systematized piping loop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_loop |
Corrosion mapping by ultrasonics is a nonintrusive (noninvasive) technique which maps material thickness using ultrasonic techniques.
Variations in material thickness due to corrosion can be identified and graphically portrayed as an image .
The technique is widely used in the oil and gas industries for the in-servic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_mapping_by_ultrasonics |
Corrosion monitoring is the use of a corrator (corrosion meter) or set of methods [ 1 ] and equipment to provide offline or online information about corrosion rate expressed in mpy (mill per year). [ 2 ] - for better care and to take or improve preventive measures to combat and protect against corrosion .
Various meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_monitoring |
Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a severe form of localized external corrosion that occurs in carbon and low alloy steel equipment that has been insulated. This form of corrosion occurs when water is absorbed by or collected in the insulation. The equipment begins to corrode as it is exposed to water and oxygen. CUI... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_under_insulation |
Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide . It is the gradual deterioration of materials (usually a metal) by chemical or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing corrosion. [ 1 ] [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosivity |
Corruption in Nigeria is a constant phenomenon. In 2012, Nigeria was estimated to have lost over $400 billion to corruption since its independence . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Corruption is an anti-social attitude awarding improper privileges contrary to legal and moral norms and impairs the authorities' capacity to secure the welfar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria |
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Cortactin (from " cort ical actin binding protein") is a monomeric protein located ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortactin |
In anatomy and zoology , the cortex ( pl. : cortices ) is the outermost, otherwise known as superficial, layer of an organ . Organs with well-defined cortical layers include kidneys , adrenal glands , ovaries , the thymus , and portions of the brain , including the cerebral cortex , the best-known of all cortices. [ 1 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_(anatomy) |
Cortical pseudolaminar necrosis , also known as cortical laminar necrosis and simply laminar necrosis , is the death of cells in the cerebral cortex of the brain in a band-like pattern, [ 1 ] with a relative preservation of cells immediately adjacent to the meninges .
It is seen in the context of cerebral hypoxic - is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_pseudolaminar_necrosis |
The cortical reaction is a process initiated during fertilization that prevents polyspermy , the fusion of multiple sperm with one egg. In contrast to the fast block of polyspermy which immediately but temporarily blocks additional sperm from fertilizing the egg, the cortical reaction gradually establishes a permanent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_reaction |
Cortical thymic epithelial cells ( cTECs ) form unique parenchyma cell population of the thymus which critically contribute to the development of T cells .
Thymus tissue is compartmentalized into cortex and medulla and each of these two compartments comprises its specific thymic epithelial cell subset. cTECs reside in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_thymic_epithelial_cells |
Corticocortical coherence refers to the synchrony in the neural activity of different cortical brain areas. The neural activities are picked up by electrophysiological recordings from the brain (e.g. EEG , MEG , ECoG , etc.). It is a method to study the brain's neural communication and function at rest or during functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticocortical_coherence |
A corticolous lichen is a lichen that grows on bark. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This is contrasted with lignicolous lichen , which grows on wood that has had the bark stripped from it, [ 3 ] and saxicolous lichen , which grows on rock. [ 4 ]
Examples of corticolous lichens include the crustose lichen Graphis plumierae , [ 5 ] folios... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticolous_lichen |
Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide ( Al 2 O 3 ) typically containing traces of iron , titanium , vanadium , and chromium . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is a rock -forming mineral . It is a naturally transparent material, but can have different colors depending on the presence of transition metal impurities in its crys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundum |
Corundum is the name for a structure prototype in inorganic solids, derived from the namesake polymorph of aluminum oxide (α-Al 2 O 3 ). [ 1 ] Other compounds, especially among the inorganic solids, exist in corundum structure, either in ambient or other conditions. Corundum structures are associated with metal-insulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundum_(structure) |
Corwin Herman Hansch (October 6, 1918 – May 8, 2011) [ 2 ] was a professor of chemistry at Pomona College in California . He became known as the 'father of computer-assisted molecule design.' [ 3 ]
Hansch was born on October 6, 1918, in Kenmare, North Dakota . He earned a BS from the University of Illinois in 1940 and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwin_Hansch |
COS-B (Celestial Observation Satellite B) [ 1 ] was the first European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) mission to study cosmic gamma ray sources . COS-B was first put forward by the European scientific community in the mid-1960s and approved by the ESRO council in 1969. The mission consisted of a satellite containin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos-B |
In mathematics , sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle . The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle : for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos_(trigonometry) |
In mathematics , the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions , angle functions or goniometric functions ) [ 1 ] are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths. They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry , such as navigation , soli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosec |
In mathematics , the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions , angle functions or goniometric functions ) [ 1 ] are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths. They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry , such as navigation , soli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosecans |
In mathematics , the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions , angle functions or goniometric functions ) [ 1 ] are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths. They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry , such as navigation , soli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosecant |
Cosegregation, in genealogy , is the transmission to the next generation, of two or more genes in proximity on the same chromosome . Their closeness means that they are genetically linked . [ 1 ] In genetics , it may also represent an interaction estimation probability between any number of loci , or specified parts of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosegregation |
In coding theory , a coset leader is a word of minimum weight in any particular coset - that is, a word with the lowest amount of non-zero entries. Sometimes there are several words of equal minimum weight in a coset, and in that case, any one of those words may be chosen to be the coset leader.
Coset leaders are used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coset_leader |
In mathematics , sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle . The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle : for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine |
Cosine error is a type of measurement error caused by the difference between the intended and actual directions in which a measurement is taken. Depending on the type of measurement, it either multiplies or divides the true value by the cosine of the angle between the two directions.
For small angles the resulting err... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine_error |
In mathematics , sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle . The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle : for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosinus |
In mathematics , the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions , angle functions or goniometric functions ) [ 1 ] are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths. They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry , such as navigation , soli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosinus_rectus |
The versine or versed sine is a trigonometric function found in some of the earliest ( Sanskrit Aryabhatia , [ 1 ] Section I) trigonometric tables . The versine of an angle is 1 minus its cosine .
There are several related functions, most notably the coversine and haversine . The latter, half a versine, is of particul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosinus_versus |
The term cosmetic packaging is used for containers (primary packaging) and secondary packaging of fragrances and cosmetic products . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Cosmetic products are substances intended for human cleansing, beautifying and promoting an enhanced appearance without altering the body's structure or functions. [ 3 ]
Cosm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging |
Council Directive 76/768/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products [ 2 ] (as amended) was the main European Union law on the safety of cosmetics. It was made under Art. 100 ( ex Art. 94) of the Treaty of Rome . By agreement, it was also applicable in the Eur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics_Directive |
Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a scientific project initiated at the end of August 2016 by Polish scientists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Kraków (researchers from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary also joined the project) whose purpose is the detection of cosmic rays and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic-Ray_Extremely_Distributed_Observatory |
The Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE / ˈ k oʊ b i / KOH -bee ), also referred to as Explorer 66 , was a NASA satellite dedicated to cosmology , which operated from 1989 to 1993. Its goals were to investigate the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB or CMBR) of the universe and provide measurements that would hel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer |
The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe , scaling its currently understood age of 13.787 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science . A similar analogy used to visualize the geologic time scale and the hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar |
The Cosmic Hunt is an ancient and widely distributed family of cognate myths . The story involves a large animal pursued by hunters ; the animal is wounded and transformed into a constellation . Variants of the Cosmic Hunt are common in cultures of Northern Eurasia and the Americas, and include the story of Callisto in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Hunt |
The Cosmic Radiation Satellite ( CORSA , also CORSA-A ) was a Japanese space telescope . It was supposed to be Japan's first X-ray astronomy satellite but was lost due to failure of its Mu-3 launch vehicle on 4 Feb 1976. A replacement satellite Hakucho (CORSA-b) was later launched.
This article about one or more space... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Radiation_Satellite |
Cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic radiation that fills all space. The origin of this radiation depends on the region of the spectrum that is observed. One component is the cosmic microwave background . This component is redshifted photons that have freely streamed from an epoch when the Universe became tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_background_radiation |
In cosmology , the cosmic coincidence is the observation that at the present epoch of the universe's evolution , the energy densities associated with dark matter and dark energy are of the same order of magnitude, leading to their comparable effects on the dynamics of the cosmos. [ 1 ] This coincidence is puzzling beca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_coincidence |
The cosmic distance ladder (also known as the extragalactic distance scale ) is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects. A direct distance measurement of an astronomical object is possible only for those objects that are "close enough" (within about a thousand parsecs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder |
Cosmic dust – also called extraterrestrial dust , space dust , or star dust – is dust that occurs in outer space or has fallen onto Earth . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Most cosmic dust particles measure between a few molecules and 0.1 mm (100 μm ), such as micrometeoroids (<30 μm) and meteoroids (>30 μm). [ 3 ] Cosmic dust can be furt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_dust |
In physical cosmology , cosmic inflation , cosmological inflation , or just inflation , is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the very early universe . Following the inflationary period, the universe continued to expand, but at a slower rate. The re-acceleration of this slowing expansion due to dark energy b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation |
The cosmic microwave background ( CMB , CMBR ), or relic radiation , is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe . With a standard optical telescope , the background space between stars and galaxies is almost completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope detects a faint b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background |
Cosmic pluralism , the plurality of worlds , or simply pluralism , describes the belief in numerous " worlds " ( planets , dwarf planets or natural satellites ) in addition to Earth (possibly an infinite number), which may harbour extraterrestrial life .
The debate over pluralism began as early as the time of Anaximan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_pluralism |
Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei ) that move through space at nearly the speed of light . They originate from the Sun , from outside of the Solar System in our own galaxy, [ 1 ] and from distant galaxies. [ 2 ] Upon impac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray |
Cosmic ray astronomy is a branch of observational astronomy where scientists attempt to identify and study the potential sources of extremely high-energy (ranging from 1 MeV to more than 1 EeV ) charged particles called cosmic rays coming from outer space . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] These particles, which include protons ( nucleus o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray_astronomy |
In mathematics , particularly topology , a cosmic space is any topological space that is a continuous image of some separable metric space . Equivalently (for regular T 1 spaces but not in general), a space is cosmic if and only if it has a countable network; namely a countable collection of subsets of the space such t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_space |
Cosmic time , or cosmological time , is the time coordinate used in the Big Bang models of physical cosmology . [ 1 ] : 315 This concept of time avoids some issues related to relativity by being defined within a solution to the equations of general relativity widely used in cosmology.
Albert Einstein's theory of speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_time |
Cosmic wind is a powerful cosmic stream of charged particles that can push interstellar dust clouds of low density into intergalactic space . Although it easily pushes low density gas and dust clouds, it cannot easily push high density clouds. As the cosmic winds start to push the clouds, they start to separate and sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_wind |
A cosmid is a type of hybrid plasmid that contains a Lambda phage cos sequence. [ 1 ] Often used as cloning vectors in genetic engineering , cosmids can be used to build genomic libraries . They were first described by Collins and Hohn in 1978. [ 2 ] Cosmids can contain 37 to 52 (normally 45) kb of DNA, limits based on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmid |
Cosmochemistry (from Ancient Greek κόσμος ( kósmos ) ' universe ' and χημεία ( khēmeía ) ' chemistry ' ) or chemical cosmology is the study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions. [ 1 ] This is done primarily through the study of the chemical composition o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmochemistry |
Cosmogenic nuclides (or cosmogenic isotopes ) are rare nuclides ( isotopes ) created when a high-energy cosmic ray interacts with the nucleus of an in situ Solar System atom , causing nucleons (protons and neutrons) to be expelled from the atom (see cosmic ray spallation ). These nuclides are produced within Earth mate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide |
Cosmogony is any model concerning the origin of the cosmos or the universe . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
In astronomy , cosmogony is the study of the origin of particular astrophysical objects or systems, and is most commonly used in reference to the origin of the universe, the Solar System , or the Earth–Moon system . [ 1 ] [ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogony |
Cosmographia (" Cosmography "), also known as De mundi universitate ("On the totality of the world"), is a Latin philosophical allegory , dealing with the creation of the universe , by the twelfth-century author Bernardus Silvestris . In form, it is a prosimetrum , in which passages of prose alternate with verse passag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmographia_(Bernardus_Silvestris) |
The cosmolabe was an ancient astronomical instrument resembling the astrolabe , formerly used for measuring the angles between heavenly bodies . It is also called pantacosm . Jacques Besson also uses this name, or universal instrument , for his invention described in Le cosmolabe (1566), which could be used for astrome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmolabe |
Cosmoline is the genericized trademark for a common class of brown, wax -like petroleum-based corrosion inhibitors , typically conforming to United States Military Standard MIL-C-11796C Class 3. [ 1 ] They are viscous when freshly applied, have a slight fluorescence , and solidify over time with exposure to air. The ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmoline |
In cosmology , the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda : Λ ), alternatively called Einstein's cosmological constant ,
is a coefficient that Albert Einstein initially added to his field equations of general relativity . He later removed it; however, much later it was revived to exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant |
A cosmological phase transition is an overall change in the state of matter across the whole universe. The success of the Big Bang model led researchers to conjecture possible cosmological phase transitions taking place in the very early universe, at a time when it was much hotter and denser than today. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition |
In modern physical cosmology , the cosmological principle is the notion that the spatial distribution of matter in the universe is uniformly isotropic and homogeneous when viewed on a large enough scale, since the forces are expected to act equally throughout the universe on a large scale, and should, therefore, produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_principle |
The Cosmopolitan Railway was a proposed global railroad network advocated by William Gilpin , formerly the first territorial governor of Colorado (1861–62), in his 1890 treatise Cosmopolitan Railway: Compacting and Fusing Together All the World's Continents . Gilpin named his capital city of Denver as the "railroad cen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Railway |
In biogeography , a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats ; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and environmental conditions, though this is not always so. Killer whales ( orcas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution |
The cosmos ( / ˈ k ɒ z m ɒ s / , US also /- m oʊ s , - m ə s / ; [ 1 ] Ancient Greek : κόσμος , romanized : kósmos ) is an alternative name for the universe or its nature or order. Usage of the word cosmos implies viewing the universe as a complex and orderly system or entity. [ 2 ]
The cosmos is studied in cosmology ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos |
COSMOS stands for " COSMetic Organic and Natural Standard ", which sets certification requirements for organic and natural cosmetics products in the Europe . The standard is recognized globally by the cosmetic industry . By adhering to specific guidelines, cosmetics marketers can use COSMOS signatures, which are regist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(standard) |
Cospeciation is a form of coevolution in which the speciation of one species dictates speciation of another species and is most commonly studied in host- parasite relationships. In the case of a host-parasite relationship, if two hosts of the same species get within close proximity of each other, parasites of the same ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cospeciation |
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Cossaviricota is a phylum of viruses . The phylum is named after Yvonne Cossart who discovered Parvovirus B19 , the causative pathogen of fifth disease . [ 1 ]
The following classes are recognized:
This virus -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossaviricota |
The Cossee–Arlman mechanism in polymer chemistry is the main pathway for the formation of C–C bonds in the polymerization of alkenes . The mechanism features an intermediate coordination complex that contains both the growing polymer chain and the monomer (alkene). These ligands combine within the coordination sphere ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossee–Arlman_mechanism |
Cost-effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) is a form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action. Cost-effectiveness analysis is distinct from cost–benefit analysis , which assigns a monetary value to the measure of effect. [ 1 ] Cost-effectiveness analysis is of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-effectiveness_analysis |
When estimating the cost for a project , product or other item or investment, there is always uncertainty as to the precise content of all items in the estimate, how work will be performed, what work conditions will be like when the project is executed and so on. These uncertainties are risks to the project . Some refe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_contingency |
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