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Control engineering , also known as control systems engineering and, in some European countries, automation engineering , is an engineering discipline that deals with control systems , applying control theory to design equipment and systems with desired behaviors in control environments. [ 1 ] The discipline of control... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering |
A control knob is a rotary device used to provide manual input adjustments to a mechanical / electrical system when grasped and turned by a human operator, so that differing extent of knob rotation corresponds to different desired input. Control knobs are a simpler type of input hardware and one of the most common comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_knob |
Control logic is a key part of a software program that controls the operations of the program. The control logic responds to commands from the user, and it also acts on its own to perform automated tasks that have been structured into the program. [ 1 ]
Control logic can be modeled using a state diagram , [ 2 ] which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_logic |
A control loop is the fundamental building block of control systems in general and industrial control systems in particular. It consists of the process sensor , the controller function, and the final control element (FCE) which controls the process necessary to automatically adjust the value of a measured process varia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_loop |
In computer-aided geometric design a control point is a member of a set of points used to determine the shape of a spline curve or, more generally, a surface or higher-dimensional object. [ 1 ]
For Bézier curves , it has become customary to refer to the d {\displaystyle d} -vectors p i {\displaystyle \mathbf {p}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_point_(mathematics) |
Control rods are used in nuclear reactors to control the rate of fission of the nuclear fuel – uranium or plutonium . Their compositions include chemical elements such as boron , cadmium , silver , hafnium , or indium , that are capable of absorbing many neutrons without themselves decaying. These elements have differ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_rod |
A control variable (or scientific constant ) in scientific experimentation is an experimental element which is constant (controlled) and unchanged throughout the course of the investigation. Control variables could strongly influence experimental results were they not held constant during the experiment in order to tes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_variable |
In continuum mechanics and thermodynamics , a control volume ( CV ) is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes. In an inertial frame of reference , it is a fictitious region of a given volume fixed in space or moving with constant flow velocity through wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_volume |
A controlled burn or prescribed burn ( Rx burn ) is the practice of intentionally setting a fire to change the assemblage of vegetation and decaying material in a landscape. The purpose could be for forest management , ecological restoration , land clearing or wildfire fuel management. A controlled burn may also refer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burn |
In control theory , a controlled invariant subspace of the state space representation of some system is a subspace . If the system's state is initially in the subspace, it can be controlled so that the state is always in the subspace. This concept was introduced by Giuseppe Basile and Giovanni Marro ( Basile & Marro 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_invariant_subspace |
A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture , possession and use is regulated by a government, such as illicitly used drugs or prescription medications that are designated by law. Some treaties , notably the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , the Convention on Psychotropic Substances , a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_substance |
Uber , officially Uber Technologies Inc., has been the subject of controversies. Like other ridesharing companies, the company classifies its drivers as gig workers / independent contractors . This has become the subject of legal action in several jurisdictions. The company has disrupted taxicab businesses and allegedl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Uber |
In mathematical logic , the theory of infinite sets was first developed by Georg Cantor . Although this work has become a thoroughly standard fixture of classical set theory , it has been criticized in several areas by mathematicians and philosophers.
Cantor's theorem implies that there are sets having cardinality gre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversy_over_Cantor's_theory |
Convection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously through the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid , most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy ). When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection |
Convection (or convective heat transfer ) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_(heat_transfer) |
The convection–diffusion equation is a parabolic partial differential equation that combines the diffusion and convection ( advection ) equations. It describes physical phenomena where particles, energy, or other physical quantities are transferred inside a physical system due to two processes: diffusion and convection... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection–diffusion_equation |
In meteorology , convective available potential energy (commonly abbreviated as CAPE ), [ 1 ] is a measure of the capacity of the atmosphere to support upward air movement that can lead to cloud formation and storms. Some atmospheric conditions, such as very warm, moist, air in an atmosphere that cools rapidly with hei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_available_potential_energy |
The convective overturn model of supernovae was proposed by Bethe and Wilson in 1985, and received a dramatic test with SN 1987A , and the detection of neutrinos from the explosion . The model is for type II supernovae , which take place in stars more massive than 8 solar masses.
When the iron core of a super massive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_overturn |
A convenient number is a number which in several situations can prove convenient for use by humans for counting and measuring, and is related to preferred numbers (which are standard recommendations used for choosing product dimensions ).
The convenient numbers in this article were developed in the US in connection wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenient_number |
In mathematics, convenient vector spaces are locally convex vector spaces satisfying a very mild completeness condition .
Traditional differential calculus is effective in the analysis of finite-dimensional vector spaces and for Banach spaces . Beyond Banach spaces, difficulties begin to arise; in particular, composit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenient_vector_space |
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The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine , otherwise known as the European Convention on Bioethics or the European Bioethics Convention , is an international instrument aiming to prohibit the misuse of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Human_Rights_and_Dignity_of_the_Human_Being_with_regard_to_the_Application_of_Biology_and_Medicine |
The Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention , is a multilateral treaty . The Convention has three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity ); the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity |
The Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident is a 1986 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) treaty whereby states have agreed to provide notification of any nuclear accident that occur within its jurisdiction that could affect other states. It, along with the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Early_Notification_of_a_Nuclear_Accident |
A conventional pollutant is a term used in the USA to describe a water pollutant that is amenable to treatment by a municipal sewage treatment plant. A basic list of conventional pollutants is defined in the U.S. Clean Water Act . [ 1 ] The list has been amended in regulations issued by the Environmental Protection Ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_pollutant |
Conventional superconductors are materials that display superconductivity as described by BCS theory or its extensions. This is in contrast to unconventional superconductors , which do not. Conventional superconductors can be either type-I or type-II .
Most elemental superconductors are conventional. Niobium and vanad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_superconductor |
Conventionalism is the philosophical attitude that fundamental principles of a certain kind are grounded on (explicit or implicit) agreements in society, rather than on external reality. Unspoken rules play a key role in the philosophy's structure. Although this attitude is commonly held with respect to the rules of g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventionalism |
ConverDyn is a general partnership between American multinational firms General Atomics and Honeywell that provides uranium hexafluoride (UF 6 ) conversion and related services to utilities operating nuclear power plants in North America, Europe, and Asia. The company is the sole marketing agent of UF 6 produced at th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConverDyn |
Converged infrastructure is a way of structuring an information technology (IT) system which groups multiple components into a single optimized computing package. Components of a converged infrastructure may include servers , data storage devices , networking equipment and software for IT infrastructure management, aut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converged_infrastructure |
The theory of convergence-divergence zones [ 1 ] [ 2 ] was proposed by Antonio Damasio , in 1989, to explain the neural mechanisms of recollection. It also helps to explain other forms of consciousness : creative imagination , thought , the formation of beliefs and motivations ...
It is based on two key assumptions:
1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence-divergence_zone |
In mathematics, a convergence group or a discrete convergence group is a group Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } acting by homeomorphisms on a compact metrizable space M {\displaystyle M} in a way that generalizes the properties of the action of Kleinian group by Möbius transformations on the ideal boundary S 2 {\displaystyle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_group |
Convergence proof techniques are canonical patterns of mathematical proofs that sequences or functions converge to a finite limit when the argument tends to infinity.
There are many types of sequences and modes of convergence , and different proof techniques may be more appropriate than others for proving each type of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_proof_techniques |
Convergence research aims to solve complex problems employing transdisciplinarity . [ 1 ] While academic disciplines are useful for identifying and conveying coherent bodies of knowledge , some problems require collaboration among disciplines, including both enhanced understanding of scientific phenomena as well as res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_research |
In mathematics , a convergence space , also called a generalized convergence , is a set together with a relation called a convergence that satisfies certain properties relating elements of X with the family of filters on X . Convergence spaces generalize the notions of convergence that are found in point-set topology ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_space |
Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) is an electron diffraction technique where a convergent or divergent beam (conical electron beam) of electrons is used to study materials.
CBED was first introduced in 1939 by Kossel and Möllenstedt. [ 1 ] The development of the Field Emission Gun (FEG) in the 1970s, [ 2 ] t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_beam_electron_diffraction |
Convergent charging and billing (also known as convergent charging, converged charging and convergent billing), is a solution in the telecommunications industry that enables common management of all users and all services for operators. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It includes convergence of payment methods like prepaid and postp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_charging |
Convergent extension ( CE ), sometimes called convergence and extension ( C&E ), is the process by which the tissue of an embryo is restructured to converge (narrow) along one axis and extend (elongate) along a perpendicular axis by cellular movement.
An example of this process is where the anteroposterior axis (the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_extension |
In chemistry a convergent synthesis is a strategy that aims to improve the efficiency of multistep synthesis , most often in organic synthesis . In this type of synthesis several individual pieces of a complex molecule are synthesized in stage one, and then in stage two these pieces are combined to form the final produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_synthesis |
Conversable is a SaaS based Artificial Intelligence (AI) powered conversational platform, headquartered in Austin, Texas . It allows customers to create intelligent, automated response flows through conversations in any messaging channel or voice platforms. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It has offices in Austin and Dallas .
Some of com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversable |
Collective intelligence Collective action Self-organized criticality Herd mentality Phase transition Agent-based modelling Synchronization Ant colony optimization Particle swarm optimization Swarm behaviour
Social network analysis Small-world networks Centrality Motifs Graph theory Scaling Robustness Systems biology D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation_theory |
Conversational commerce is e-commerce done via various means of conversation ( live support on e-commerce Web sites , online chat using messaging apps , [ 1 ] chatbots on messaging apps or websites, voice assistants [ 2 ] ) and using technology such as: speech recognition , speaker recognition (voice biometrics), natur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversational_commerce |
Conversations is a free software , instant messaging client application software for Android . It is largely based on recognized open standards such as the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) and Transport Layer Security ( TLS ).
The development focus is on secure communication and implementation of XM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversations_(software) |
In mathematics , the converse of a binary relation is the relation that occurs when the order of the elements is switched in the relation. For example, the converse of the relation 'child of' is the relation 'parent of'. In formal terms, if X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} are sets and L ⊆ X × Y {\displaysty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_relation |
In the mathematical theory of automorphic forms , a converse theorem gives sufficient conditions for a Dirichlet series to be the Mellin transform of a modular form . More generally a converse theorem states that a representation of an algebraic group over the adeles is automorphic whenever the L-functions of various t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_theorem |
Conversion and its related terms yield and selectivity are important terms in chemical reaction engineering . They are described as ratios of how much of a reactant has reacted ( X — conversion, normally between zero and one), how much of a desired product was formed ( Y — yield, normally also between zero and one) and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_(chemistry) |
A conversion coating is a chemical or electro-chemical treatment applied to manufactured parts that superficially converts the material into a thin adhering coating of an insoluble compound. These coatings are commonly applied to protect the part against corrosion , to improve the adherence of other coatings, for lubri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_coating |
Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy ( CEMS ) is a Mössbauer spectroscopy technique based on conversion electron .
The CEM spectrum can be obtained either by collecting essentially all the electrons leaving the surface (integral technique), or by selecting the ones in a given energy range by means of a beta ray ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_electron_Mössbauer_spectroscopy |
Converting is a type of metallurgical smelting that includes several processes; the most commercially important form is the treatment of molten metal sulfides to produce crude metal and slag , as in the case of copper and nickel converting. A now-uncommon form is batch treatment of pig iron to produce steel by the Bes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converting_(metallurgy) |
In linear algebra , a cone —sometimes called a linear cone to distinguish it from other sorts of cones—is a subset of a real vector space that is closed under positive scalar multiplication; that is, C {\displaystyle C} is a cone if x ∈ C {\displaystyle x\in C} implies s x ∈ C {\displaystyle sx\in C} for every positive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_cone |
In metric graph theory , a convex subgraph of an undirected graph G is a subgraph that includes every shortest path in G between two of its vertices. Thus, it is analogous to the definition of a convex set in geometry, a set that contains the line segment between every pair of its points. [ 1 ]
Convex subgraphs play a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_subgraph |
A conveyor bridge is a piece of mining equipment used in strip mining for the removal of overburden and for dumping it on the inner spoil bank of the open-cut mine. It is used together with multibucket excavators, frequently bucket chain excavators , that remove the overburden which is moved to the bridge by connecting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_bridge |
A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transport of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transport for a wide variety of materials, which make th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_system |
Convia, Inc. , based in Buffalo Grove, Illinois , is an American manufacturer of components which provide an integrated energy management platform that allows for the control and metering of lighting , plug-loads and HVAC . It is one of the first companies to deliver and control power while at the same time monitoring ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convia |
In mathematics , the convolution theorem states that under suitable conditions the Fourier transform of a convolution of two functions (or signals ) is the product of their Fourier transforms. More generally, convolution in one domain (e.g., time domain ) equals point-wise multiplication in the other domain (e.g., freq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution_theorem |
The convolutional sparse coding paradigm is an extension of the global sparse coding model , in which a redundant dictionary is modeled as a concatenation of circulant matrices. While the global sparsity constraint describes signal x ∈ R N {\textstyle \mathbf {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{N}} as a linear combination of a few a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_sparse_coding |
Conway chained arrow notation , created by mathematician John Horton Conway , is a means of expressing certain extremely large numbers . [ 1 ] It is simply a finite sequence of positive integers separated by rightward arrows, e.g. 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 → 6 {\displaystyle 2\to 3\to 4\to 5\to 6} .
As with most combinatorial not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_chained_arrow_notation |
In geometry and topology , Conway polyhedron notation , invented by John Horton Conway and promoted by George W. Hart , is used to describe polyhedra based on a seed polyhedron modified by various prefix operations . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Conway and Hart extended the idea of using operators, like truncation as defined by Kepler... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_polyhedron_notation |
In mathematics, the Conway polynomial C p , n for the finite field F p n is a particular irreducible polynomial of degree n over F p that can be used to define a standard representation of F p n as a splitting field of C p , n . Conway polynomials were named after John H. Conway by Richard A. Parker , who was the firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_polynomial_(finite_fields) |
In geometry , the Conway triangle notation , named after English mathematician John Horton Conway , [ 1 ] allows trigonometric functions of a triangle to be managed algebraically. However, though the notation was promoted by Conway, a much earlier reference to the notation goes back to the Spanish nineteenth century ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_triangle_notation |
CooA is a heme -containing transcription factor that responds to the presence of carbon monoxide . This protein forms homodimers and is a homolog of cAMP receptor protein . [ 1 ] CooA regulates the expression of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase , an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of CO to CO 2 . The most well-studied... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CooA |
The Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust is a programme of the Government of the Cook Islands to collect and integrate scientific and traditional information on local organisms (plants, animals and microbes) and related subjects (geology, ethnography etc...); which can be accessed at the Cook Islands Biodiversity databa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_Natural_Heritage_Trust |
The Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis highlights the formation of 5-aminothiazoles through the chemical reaction of α-aminonitriles or aminocyanoacetates with dithioacids, carbon disulphide, carbon oxysulfide, or isothiocyanates at room temperature and under mild or aqueous conditions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Variation of substitue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook–Heilbron_thiazole_synthesis |
In computational complexity theory , the Cook–Levin theorem , also known as Cook's theorem , states that the Boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete . That is, it is in NP , and any problem in NP can be reduced in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine to the Boolean satisfiability problem.
The theor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook–Levin_theorem |
COOLFluiD is a component based scientific computing environment that handles high-performance computing problems with focus on complex computational fluid dynamics (CFD) involving multiphysics phenomena.
It features a Collaborative Simulation Environment where multiple physical models and multiple discretization meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolfluid |
A cooling bath or ice bath , in laboratory chemistry practice, is a liquid mixture which is used to maintain low temperatures, typically between 13 °C and −196 °C. These low temperatures are used to collect liquids after distillation , to remove solvents using a rotary evaporator , or to perform a chemical reaction be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_bath |
A cooling curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter , typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. The independent variable (X-axis) is time and the dependent variable (Y-axis) is temperature. [ 1 ] Below is an example of a cooling curve used in castings .
The initial point of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_curve |
Cooling load is the rate at which sensible and latent heat must be removed from the space to maintain a constant space dry-bulb air temperature and humidity . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Sensible heat into the space causes its air temperature to rise while latent heat is associated with the rise of the moisture content in the space. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_load |
A cooling pond is a man-made body of water primarily formed for the purpose of cooling heated water or to store and supply cooling water to a nearby power plant or industrial facility such as a petroleum refinery , pulp and paper mill , chemical plant , steel mill or smelter .
Cooling ponds are used where sufficient l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_pond |
A cooling tower is a device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a coolant stream, usually a water stream, to a lower temperature. [ 1 ] Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of dr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower |
A coolpower setup in a truck engine can use an aftercooler mounted on top of the engine with a tip turbine fan, or an air-to-air cooler in front of the radiator. In either case, the goal is to cool the hot, compressed air going from the turbocharger into the engine. With the tip turbine, a small quantity of compressed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolpower |
Coomber's relationship can be used to describe how the internal pressure and dielectric constant of a non-polar liquid are related.
As p i = ( ∂ E ∂ V ) T {\displaystyle p_{i}=\left({\frac {\partial E}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}\,} , which defines the internal pressure of a liquid, it can be found that: p i = n ⋅ I ⋅ b (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coomber's_relationship |
The direct and indirect Coombs tests , also known as antiglobulin test ( AGT ), are blood tests used in immunohematology . The direct Coombs test detects antibodies that are stuck to the surface of the red blood cells. [ 1 ] Since these antibodies sometimes destroy red blood cells they can cause anemia ; this test can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coombs_test |
In condensed matter physics , a Cooper pair or BCS pair ( Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer pair ) is a pair of electrons (or other fermions ) bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner first described in 1956 by American physicist Leon Cooper . [ 1 ]
Cooper showed that an arbitrarily small attraction between elec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_pair |
In evolution , cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation that has evolved, at least in part, to increase the reproductive success of the actor's social partners. [ 1 ] For example, territorial choruses by male lions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution) |
In radio, cooperative multiple-input multiple-output ( cooperative MIMO , CO-MIMO ) is a technology that can effectively exploit the spatial domain of mobile fading channels to bring significant performance improvements to wireless communication systems. It is also called network MIMO , distributed MIMO , virtual MIMO ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_MIMO |
The cooperative eye hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the appearance of the human eye . It suggests that the eye's distinctive visible characteristics evolved to make it easier for humans to follow another's gaze while communicating or while working together on tasks. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
Unlike other primates , a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_eye_hypothesis |
In game theory , a cooperative game (or coalitional game ) is a game with groups of players who form binding “coalitions” with external enforcement of cooperative behavior (e.g. through contract law ). This is different from non-cooperative games in which there is either no possibility to forge alliances or all agreeme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_game_theory |
Cooperative segmental mobility is a phenomenon associated with mobility of tens to a few hundreds of repeat units of a polymer and is important in defining the transition between “glassy” and “rubbery” state of the polymer. This cooperative segmental mobility is closely related to the dynamics of the polymer near its g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_segmental_mobility |
Cooperativity is a phenomenon displayed by systems involving identical or near-identical elements, which act dependently of each other, relative to a hypothetical standard non-interacting system in which the individual elements are acting independently. One manifestation of this is enzymes or receptors that have multip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativity |
Coopetition (also spelled co-opetition , coopertition or co-opertition ) is a concept in which firms or individuals engage in both cooperation and competition simultaneously. It describes situations where competing entities work together toward a common goal or share resources while still maintaining competitive intere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coopetition |
A coordinate-free , or component-free , treatment of a scientific theory or mathematical topic develops its concepts on any form of manifold without reference to any particular coordinate system .
Coordinate-free treatments generally allow for simpler systems of equations and inherently constrain certain types of inco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate-free |
A coordinate-measuring machine ( CMM ) is a device that measures the geometry of physical objects by sensing discrete points on the surface of the object with a probe. Various types of probes are used in CMMs, the most common being mechanical and laser sensors, though optical and white light sensors do exist. Depending... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate-measuring_machine |
CORDIC ( coordinate rotation digital computer ), Volder's algorithm , Digit-by-digit method , Circular CORDIC ( Jack E. Volder ), [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Linear CORDIC , Hyperbolic CORDIC (John Stephen Walther), [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and Generalized Hyperbolic CORDIC ( GH CORDIC ) (Yuanyong Luo et al.), [ 5 ] [ 6 ] is a simple and efficient... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_Rotation_Digital_Computer |
In coordination chemistry , a coordinate covalent bond , [ 1 ] also known as a dative bond , [ 2 ] dipolar bond , [ 1 ] or coordinate bond [ 3 ] is a kind of two-center, two-electron covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom . The bonding of metal ions to ligands involves this kind of interact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bond |
In mathematics and physics , a coordinate singularity occurs when an apparent singularity or discontinuity occurs in one coordinate frame that can be removed by choosing a different frame.
An example is the apparent (longitudinal) singularity at the 90 degree latitude in spherical coordinates . An object moving due no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_singularity |
In geometry , a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers , or coordinates , to uniquely determine the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The order of the coordinates is significant, and they are sometimes identified by their position... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_system |
In the hyperbolic plane , as in the Euclidean plane , each point can be uniquely identified by two real numbers . Several qualitatively different ways of coordinatizing the plane in hyperbolic geometry are used.
This article tries to give an overview of several coordinate systems in use for the two-dimensional hyperbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_systems_for_the_hyperbolic_plane |
In the theory of relativity , it is convenient to express results in terms of a spacetime coordinate system relative to an implied observer . In many (but not all) coordinate systems, an event is specified by one time coordinate and three spatial coordinates. The time specified by the time coordinate is referred to as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_time |
In linear algebra , a coordinate vector is a representation of a vector as an ordered list of numbers (a tuple ) that describes the vector in terms of a particular ordered basis . [ 1 ] An easy example may be a position such as (5, 2, 1) in a 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system with the basis as the axes of this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_vector |
The Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology , proposed in 1984 by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and finalized in 1986, spells out the basic federal policy for regulating the development and introduction of products derived from biotechnology . [ 1 ]
This regulatory policy framew... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Framework_for_Regulation_of_Biotechnology |
Coordinated Video Timings ( CVT ; VESA-2013-3 v1.2 [ 1 ] ) is a standard by VESA which defines the timings of the component video signal . Initially intended for use by computer monitors and video cards , the standard made its way into consumer televisions .
The parameters defined by standard include horizontal blanki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Video_Timings |
Coordination cages are three-dimensional ordered structures in solution that act as hosts in host–guest chemistry . They are self-assembled in solution from organometallic precursors, and often rely solely on noncovalent interactions rather than covalent bonds. Coordinate bonds are useful in such supra molecular self-a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_cage |
A coordination complex is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion , which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre , and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Many metal-containing compounds , especially... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_complex |
The coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical pattern defined by the atoms around the central atom. The term is commonly applied in the field of inorganic chemistry , where diverse structures are observed. The coordination geometry depends on the number, not the type, of ligands bonded to the metal centre as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_geometry |
Coordination isomerism is a form of structural isomerism in which the composition of the coordination complex ion varies. In a coordination isomer the total ratio of ligand to metal remains the same, but the ligands attached to a specific metal ion change. Examples of a complete series of coordination isomers require a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_isomerism |
In chemistry , crystallography , and materials science , the coordination number , also called ligancy , of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it. The ion/molecule/atom surrounding the central ion/molecule/atom is called a ligand . This number is determined somew... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_number |
A coordination polymer is an inorganic or organometallic polymer structure containing metal cation centers linked by ligands . More formally a coordination polymer is a coordination compound with repeating coordination entities extending in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
It can also be described as a polymer whose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_polymer |
In crystallography and the theory of infinite vertex-transitive graphs , the coordination sequence of a vertex v {\displaystyle v} is an integer sequence that counts how many vertices are at each possible distance from v {\displaystyle v} . That is, it is a sequence n 0 , n 1 , n 2 , … {\displaystyle n_{0},n_{1},n_{2},... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_sequence |
In coordination chemistry , the first coordination sphere refers to the array of molecules and ions (the ligands ) directly attached to the central metal atom . The second coordination sphere consists of molecules and ions that attached in various ways to the first coordination sphere.
The first coordination sphere re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_sphere |
A coordinatograph is an instrument that mechanically plots X and Y coordinates onto a surface, such as in compiling maps [ 1 ] or in plotting control points such as in electronic circuit design.
One historic application of a coordinatograph was a machine that precisely placed and cut rubylith to create photomasks for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinatograph |
The program Coot ( Crystallographic Object-Oriented Toolkit ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is used to display and manipulate atomic models of macromolecules, typically of proteins or nucleic acids, using 3D computer graphics . It is primarily focused on building and validation of atomic models into three-dimensional electron density ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coot_(software) |
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