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bcv-commons
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inclusive-we

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Text
Formats:
parquet
Languages:
Ancient Hebrew
Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)
Ancient Greek (to 1453)
Size:
1K - 10K
Tags:
bible
hebrew
greek
clusivity
pronouns
translation
Libraries:
Datasets
pandas
Polars
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book
stringclasses
64 values
chapter
stringclasses
103 values
verse
stringclasses
72 values
src_we
stringclasses
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stringlengths
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tgl_ulb
stringclasses
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stringclasses
4 values
hil_bib
stringclasses
4 values
mal_irv
stringclasses
4 values
tam_irv
stringclasses
4 values
tel_irv
stringclasses
4 values
mar_irv
stringclasses
4 values
haw_868
stringclasses
4 values
ton_png
stringclasses
4 values
vie_vcb
stringclasses
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n_i
stringclasses
10 values
n_e
stringclasses
10 values
n_m
stringclasses
9 values
value
stringclasses
4 values
agree
stringclasses
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rule
stringclasses
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1.00
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Inclusive and exclusive "we" (v0.1)

Hebrew and Greek say "we" without saying whether the person spoken to is included. Many languages must choose: an inclusive "we" (speaker and addressee: "let us go", said to companions) or an exclusive one (the speaker's group without the addressee: "we have sinned", said to God). This dataset gives every first-person plural word of the Hebrew Bible and the Greek New Testament (4,670 words in 2,460 verses) a value, with its reason and the other reading where one is attested.

inclusive exclusive translators differ unknown
New Testament 848 760 97 28
Tanakh 909 1,640 240 148

(word counts)

How the values were made

Votes. Translators into languages that mark the distinction have each decided every case. For every verse with a source first-person plural, the inclusive and exclusive forms of a closed list per language were counted in openly licensed editions. A verse with only inclusive forms is an inclusive vote, only exclusive an exclusive vote; a verse with neither is an abstention, not a vote. A value is set when at least 75% of at least 3 decisive votes agree; otherwise the verse is split (translators differ, both readings kept) or unknown (too few votes). Edition verses are mapped to the source's numbering. No alignment is used, and no translation text is stored: only codes and counts.

edition family licence votes
tgl_ulb Philippine CC BY-SA yes
ceb_ulb Philippine CC BY-SA yes
hil_bib Philippine CC BY-SA yes
mal_irv Dravidian CC BY-SA yes
tam_irv Dravidian CC BY-SA yes
tel_irv Dravidian CC BY-SA yes
mar_irv Indo-Aryan CC BY-SA no (counted only)
haw_868 Polynesian public domain yes
ton_png Polynesian public domain yes
vie_vcb Vietic CC BY-SA yes

Each form list was checked by its precision (the share of a form's occurrences in verses with a source "we"); forms mostly used otherwise were dropped. Marathi is counted but does not vote: it agrees with the others 0.74-0.82, against 0.89-0.95 for every other pair.

Agreement. Among decisive votes, editions agree 0.96 in the New Testament and 0.93 in the Tanakh; Fleiss' kappa 0.87 and 0.75. Counted with abstentions as votes, kappa falls to about 0.5, which is why studies that count every token find lower figures. Disagreement concentrates in Paul's letters (Paul and co-workers, or Paul and readers) and in communal laments and confessions (Psalms, Isaiah, Jeremiah).

Rules. Two rules from the source, checked against the votes, also give values:

  • to_god: a verse with a second-person form whose MACULA referent is God is exclusive; God is not in the "we" (agrees 0.99).
  • let_us: a cohortative or hortatory "we" with no "you" in the verse is inclusive (agrees 0.94). A rule settles a split verse and fills an unknown one; where a rule and the votes disagree, the votes win and the rule's value is the alternative.

Columns (words)

column description
key MACULA word id (Hebrew 12 digits, Greek 11)
lang, book, chapter, verse where (source numbering)
clause_key the clause in the bcv-commons clause layouts (as in bcv-commons/clause-columns)
form verb, pronoun, suffix (Hebrew pronominal suffix), possessive (Greek ἡμέτερος)
value i (inclusive), e (exclusive), split (translators differ), unknown
alternative the other attested reading
basis votes, rule:to_god, rule:let_us, votes+rule:… (both agree), rule:…,votes_split
n_i, n_e, agree the verse's decisive inclusive and exclusive votes, and the majority's share

The value is per verse: several "we" words in one verse share it (about 5% of edition votes show both forms in one verse). verses has the per-edition votes (i, e, m for both, - for none) behind each value.

Measured use

A rule-based drafting engine choosing the target form from value, tested on the Tanakh in six rotating test groups (each drafted by an engine that had not seen it), on the 1,117 verses where the value changed its choice:

before after
Indonesian kita / kami right 0.614 0.912
Tagalog inclusive / exclusive right 0.529 0.788

No value was checked by hand; a human review of samples is planned and will be reported here.

Licence

CC BY-SA 4.0. The values are computed from counts in the editions above (CC BY-SA 4.0 and public domain, eBible), MACULA (CC BY 4.0) and the Hebrew clause layout's keys (CC BY-SA 4.0); no translation text is included. Credit: the translation teams of the editions above, MACULA (Clear Bible / Biblica), make-tanakh-research (the measurements), and this dataset.
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