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Datasets:
crawlora-net
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ai-crawler-blocking-index

Tags:
robots-txt
ai-crawlers
web
License:
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The dataset generation failed
Error code:   DatasetGenerationError
Exception:    CastError
Message:      Couldn't cast
block_all_via_star: int64
block_all_via_star_pct_all: double
block_at_least_one_ai: int64
block_at_least_one_ai_pct_all: double
block_at_least_one_ai_pct_robots: double
by_bot: list<item: struct<Bot: string, UA: string, FullyBlocked: int64, Named: int64, FullyBlockedPctAll: do (... 58 chars omitted)
  child 0, item: struct<Bot: string, UA: string, FullyBlocked: int64, Named: int64, FullyBlockedPctAll: double, Fully (... 46 chars omitted)
      child 0, Bot: string
      child 1, UA: string
      child 2, FullyBlocked: int64
      child 3, Named: int64
      child 4, FullyBlockedPctAll: double
      child 5, FullyBlockedPctRobots: double
      child 6, NamedPctAll: double
definition: string
license: string
rank_gradient: list<item: struct<band: string, block_any_pct_all: double, block_any_pct_robots: double, n: int64>>
  child 0, item: struct<band: string, block_any_pct_all: double, block_any_pct_robots: double, n: int64>
      child 0, band: string
      child 1, block_any_pct_all: double
      child 2, block_any_pct_robots: double
      child 3, n: int64
run_id: string
scanned_at: timestamp[s]
source: string
title: string
total_domains: int64
with_robots_txt: int64
with_robots_txt_pct: double
blocks_any_ai: bool
robots_status: int64
blocks_ai: list<item: string>
  child 0, item: string
names_ai: list<item: string>
  child 0, item: string
scheme: string
has_robots: bool
rank: int64
star_disallow_root: bool
domain: string
to
{'domain': Value('string'), 'rank': Value('int64'), 'scheme': Value('string'), 'robots_status': Value('int64'), 'has_robots': Value('bool'), 'names_ai': List(Value('string')), 'blocks_ai': List(Value('string')), 'blocks_any_ai': Value('bool'), 'star_disallow_root': Value('bool')}
because column names don't match
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1816, in _prepare_split_single
                  for key, table in generator:
                                    ^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 613, in wrapped
                  for item in generator(*args, **kwargs):
                              ~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 343, in _generate_tables
                  self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 132, in _cast_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2369, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2297, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
                  ...<3 lines>...
                  )
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              block_all_via_star: int64
              block_all_via_star_pct_all: double
              block_at_least_one_ai: int64
              block_at_least_one_ai_pct_all: double
              block_at_least_one_ai_pct_robots: double
              by_bot: list<item: struct<Bot: string, UA: string, FullyBlocked: int64, Named: int64, FullyBlockedPctAll: do (... 58 chars omitted)
                child 0, item: struct<Bot: string, UA: string, FullyBlocked: int64, Named: int64, FullyBlockedPctAll: double, Fully (... 46 chars omitted)
                    child 0, Bot: string
                    child 1, UA: string
                    child 2, FullyBlocked: int64
                    child 3, Named: int64
                    child 4, FullyBlockedPctAll: double
                    child 5, FullyBlockedPctRobots: double
                    child 6, NamedPctAll: double
              definition: string
              license: string
              rank_gradient: list<item: struct<band: string, block_any_pct_all: double, block_any_pct_robots: double, n: int64>>
                child 0, item: struct<band: string, block_any_pct_all: double, block_any_pct_robots: double, n: int64>
                    child 0, band: string
                    child 1, block_any_pct_all: double
                    child 2, block_any_pct_robots: double
                    child 3, n: int64
              run_id: string
              scanned_at: timestamp[s]
              source: string
              title: string
              total_domains: int64
              with_robots_txt: int64
              with_robots_txt_pct: double
              blocks_any_ai: bool
              robots_status: int64
              blocks_ai: list<item: string>
                child 0, item: string
              names_ai: list<item: string>
                child 0, item: string
              scheme: string
              has_robots: bool
              rank: int64
              star_disallow_root: bool
              domain: string
              to
              {'domain': Value('string'), 'rank': Value('int64'), 'scheme': Value('string'), 'robots_status': Value('int64'), 'has_robots': Value('bool'), 'names_ai': List(Value('string')), 'blocks_ai': List(Value('string')), 'blocks_any_ai': Value('bool'), 'star_disallow_root': Value('bool')}
              because column names don't match
              
              The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1369, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
                                                                        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      builder, max_dataset_size_bytes=max_dataset_size_bytes
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  )
                  ^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 948, in stream_convert_to_parquet
                  builder._prepare_split(split_generator=splits_generators[split], file_format="parquet")
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1683, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, job_id=job_id, **_prepare_split_args
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  ):
                  ^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1869, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the dataset

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domain
string
rank
int64
scheme
string
robots_status
int64
has_robots
bool
names_ai
list
blocks_ai
list
blocks_any_ai
bool
star_disallow_root
bool
google.com
1
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
gtld-servers.net
2
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
cloudflare.com
3
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "chatgpt-user", "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "cohere-ai" ]
[]
false
false
gstatic.com
4
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
true
facebook.com
5
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "petalbot" ]
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "petalbot" ]
true
true
microsoft.com
6
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
googleapis.com
7
https
404
false
[]
[]
false
false
youtube.com
8
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
amazonaws.com
9
http
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
apple.com
10
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
instagram.com
11
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "petalbot" ]
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "petalbot" ]
true
true
mail.ru
12
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
true
akamai.net
13
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
fbcdn.net
14
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "petalbot" ]
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "petalbot" ]
true
true
ezviz7.com
15
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
dzen.ru
16
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
twitter.com
17
https
200
true
[ "google-extended", "facebookbot" ]
[]
false
true
linkedin.com
18
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "meta-externalagent", "cohere-ai", "diffbot", "omgilibot" ]
[ "gptbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "meta-externalagent", "cohere-ai", "diffbot", "omgilibot" ]
true
true
googletagmanager.com
19
https
404
false
[]
[]
false
false
googlevideo.com
20
https
404
false
[]
[]
false
false
live.com
21
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
office.com
22
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
akamaiedge.net
23
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
akadns.net
24
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
amazon.com
25
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "meta-externalagent", "cohere-ai", "diffbot", "petalbot", "youbot", "imagesiftbot" ]
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "meta-externalagent", "cohere-ai", "diffbot", "petalbot", "youbot", "imagesiftbot" ]
true
false
azure.com
26
http
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
wikipedia.org
27
http
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
hicloudcam.com
28
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
github.com
29
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
bing.com
30
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
domaincontrol.com
31
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
googleusercontent.com
32
https
404
false
[]
[]
false
false
doubleclick.net
33
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
whatsapp.net
34
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "petalbot" ]
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "petalbot" ]
true
false
fastly.net
35
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
appsflyersdk.com
36
https
403
false
[]
[]
false
false
apple-dns.net
37
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
microsoftonline.com
38
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
trafficmanager.net
39
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
netflix.com
40
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot" ]
[]
false
true
aaplimg.com
41
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
office.net
42
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
wordpress.org
43
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "applebot-extended" ]
[]
false
false
digicert.com
44
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot" ]
[]
false
false
skype.com
45
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
sharepoint.com
46
https
301
false
[]
[]
false
false
youtu.be
47
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
ripn.net
48
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
pinterest.com
49
https
200
true
[ "facebookbot" ]
[]
false
true
gandi.net
50
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
cloudfront.net
51
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
goo.gl
52
https
400
false
[]
[]
false
false
whatsapp.com
53
http
200
true
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "petalbot" ]
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "petalbot" ]
true
false
x.com
54
https
200
true
[ "google-extended", "facebookbot" ]
[]
false
true
googlesyndication.com
55
https
404
false
[]
[]
false
false
yahoo.com
56
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "facebookbot", "cohere-ai", "diffbot", "petalbot", "youbot", "imagesiftbot", "omgilibot" ]
[ "gptbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "facebookbot", "cohere-ai", "diffbot", "petalbot", "youbot", "imagesiftbot", "omgilibot" ]
true
false
cloud.microsoft
57
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
icloud.com
58
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
windowsupdate.com
59
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
tiktok.com
60
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "applebot-extended", "meta-externalagent", "petalbot" ]
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "applebot-extended", "meta-externalagent", "petalbot" ]
true
false
msn.com
61
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "meta-externalagent", "facebookbot", "cohere-ai", "diffbot", "youbot", "imagesiftbot", "omgilibot" ]
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "amazonbot", "applebot-extended", "meta-externalagent", "facebookbot", "cohere-ai", "diffbot", "youbot", "imagesiftbot", "omgilibot" ]
true
false
spotify.com
62
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
cloudflare.net
63
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
adobe.com
64
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
gvt1.com
65
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
googledomains.com
66
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
windows.net
67
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
ntp.org
68
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
wa.me
69
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
chatgpt.com
70
https
200
true
[ "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "facebookbot", "omgilibot" ]
[ "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "perplexitybot", "bytespider", "facebookbot", "omgilibot" ]
true
true
vimeo.com
71
https
200
true
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "bytespider", "facebookbot", "diffbot", "imagesiftbot", "omgilibot" ]
[ "gptbot", "claudebot", "anthropic-ai", "claude-web", "ccbot", "google-extended", "bytespider", "facebookbot", "diffbot", "imagesiftbot", "omgilibot" ]
true
false
akam.net
72
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
roblox.com
73
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
myfritz.net
74
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
true
tiktokcdn.com
75
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
zoom.us
76
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
gvt2.com
77
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
pv-cdn.net
78
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
tiktokv.com
79
https
404
false
[]
[]
false
false
qq.com
80
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
yandex.net
81
https
404
false
[]
[]
false
false
baidu.com
82
http
200
true
[]
[]
false
true
edgekey.net
83
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
ytimg.com
84
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
cloudflare-dns.com
85
https
404
false
[]
[]
false
false
workers.dev
86
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
nginx.org
87
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
windows.com
88
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
mozilla.org
89
http
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
cdninstagram.com
90
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
nic.ru
91
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
opera.com
92
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
yandex.ru
93
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
samsung.com
94
http
200
true
[ "gptbot", "oai-searchbot", "chatgpt-user", "google-extended", "perplexitybot" ]
[]
false
false
nginx.com
95
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
edgesuite.net
96
null
0
false
[]
[]
false
false
sentry.io
97
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
wordpress.com
98
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
false
okcdn.ru
99
https
404
false
[]
[]
false
false
reddit.com
100
https
200
true
[]
[]
false
true
End of preview.

AI-Crawler Blocking Index

A robots.txt census of the Tranco top 1,000,000 domains (June 2026): which AI crawlers does each site block? Every domain's /robots.txt is fetched and parsed for 20 AI-crawler user-agents (GPTBot, CCBot, ClaudeBot, Google-Extended, Bytespider, …) and whether each is Disallow: /'d. This is the dataset behind the Crawlora AI-Crawler Blocking Index. CC BY 4.0.

Headline

  • 998,497 domains scanned · 629,565 (63.1%) serve a robots.txt.
  • 9.33% fully block at least one major AI crawler (a User-agent: X group with Disallow: /) — 14.8% of the robots-serving sites.
  • Most-blocked: GPTBot 7.4% ≈ CCBot 7.2% — the open Common Crawl corpus is blocked nearly as hard as OpenAI's own crawler — then Bytespider 6.8%, ClaudeBot 6.7%, Amazonbot 6.6%, Google-Extended 6.3%.
  • Concentrated at the head: ~13% of the top 10,000 block an AI crawler, fading to ~9% across the long tail — the inverse of managed anti-bot / WAF adoption, which climbs down the ranking.
  • 7.19% block every bot with a blanket User-agent: * / Disallow: / — overwhelmingly the parked / abandoned tail.
  • The big training crawlers are blocked ~6× more than the AI-search / assistant agents that return traffic (PerplexityBot, ChatGPT-User, OAI-SearchBot ≈ 1%): sites distinguish "train on me" from "send me users".

What "fully blocks" means

A site fully blocks a crawler when its robots.txt names that user-agent (exact, case-insensitive) in a group with Disallow: /. That's the strict, unambiguous "kept off the whole site" signal — it excludes partial-path disallows (Disallow: /private) and allow-only mentions, so these numbers are lower than studies that count any mention of a bot. robots.txt is a published request, not an enforced wall — a crawler can ignore it. This measures stated policy, not traffic.

Files

  • data/results.jsonl.gz — one JSON record per domain (gzipped), 998,497 rows.
  • data/sample.jsonl — first 200 records, uncompressed preview.
  • data/summary.json — headline aggregates: per-crawler blocking, the rank gradient, totals.

Read it: gzip -dc data/results.jsonl.gz | head, or in Python for line in gzip.open("data/results.jsonl.gz","rt"): rec = json.loads(line).

Schema (one JSON record per line)

domain, rank (Tranco), scheme (https/http), robots_status (HTTP status of /robots.txt), has_robots (200 + body), names_ai (AI user-agents named in robots.txt), blocks_ai (AI user-agents with Disallow: /), blocks_any_ai, star_disallow_root (a User-agent: * / Disallow: / group).

Methodology

One GET /robots.txt per domain (https first, http fallback) from a datacenter IP, parsed into User-agent groups. 20 AI user-agents tracked across OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, Common Crawl, ByteDance, Meta, Amazon, Apple, Perplexity, Cohere and others. Same domain universe as the Anti-Bot Adoption Index — the two datasets join on domain, so you can ask "does a managed-WAF site also block AI in robots.txt?".

License & sources

CC BY 4.0. Interactive explorer: https://crawlora.net/ai-crawler-index · companion studies: https://crawlora.net/anti-bot-index , https://crawlora.net/dead-web-index
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