Datasets:

evidence-retrieval
/

DocHopQA-retrieval

doc_id stringlengths 66 66	text stringlengths 18 6.97k	paper_id stringlengths 10 10	section stringlengths 1 222 ⌀	subsection stringlengths 1 237 ⌀
p_00015b4c6d2a66cff3733b2c76db78f9bcf796c8a2ced17d466c25a38a43ca27	To study RT-mediated template switching, we forced a recombination event by introducing an extended 300 bp long hairpin in the HIV-1 Nef gene (lhNef). This unnatural hairpin is extremely stable (Δ G = −648.2 kcal/mol) and therefore induces a severe replication defect. We subsequently selected several replication-compet...	PMC1456326	INTRODUCTION	null
p_00017ca3c0bd046362f0a09d7e951f921c3d082da017a0984e38c28fd290b4a8	With the advent of microdebriders and image guidance systems, endoscope-assisted surgery is now more widely used for the treatment of tumors involving the base of the skull. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features of tumors involving the anterior skull base and to evaluate the treatment outcomes acco...	PMC2671747	abstract	Objectives
p_0007e6456d46d9c68ec2f103980ba81c2e89d86f67bacdac627fdad0d9ea0a63	Tumor necrosis factor has been implicated in a number of arthritic disease states, including RA ( Saxne et al 1988 ), PsA ( Partsch et al 1997 ; Ritchlin et al 1998 ), and AS ( Braun et al 1995 ). Inhibition of TNF activity by adalimumab has been shown to significantly improve signs and symptoms, function, and QOL; ind...	PMC1936294	Conclusions	null
p_0009b0907c24665b4291a01f51c0f3096241303cde4c1b6377fb0b619337f243	APOBEC3G is a cytidine deaminase that was recently identified as the prime substrate of the HIV-1 viral infectivity factor Vif [ 1 ]. In the absence of Vif, APOBEC3G is packaged into viral cores and potently interferes with virus replication (for a recent review see [ 2 ]). While it is undisputed that much of APOBEC3G'...	PMC2491656	Commentary	null
p_000d5f0333593307b1679340492a7fc7c342dd9cbe3a9f9efdad8e06d5bc27d1	Improvements in the performance and accuracy of text mining for GO terms should be expected in the next BioCreAtIvE challenge. In the meantime the manual and electronic GO annotation strategies already employed by GOA will provide high quality annotations.	PMC1869009	abstract	Conclusion
p_000dd6e961e4eea91d636144034fa235b435ae15299979e88cb52d59f308abaa	However, over years, many specialized models have also been proposed. Some are just special cases of the general genetic model and some are simplified variants tailored for particular applications or interpretations. With the propagation of numerous quantitative genetic models, there have also been some confusions in l...	PMC1456990	Background	null
p_000e8fb48dc0e756802203f76eca234d3cb87baf37836669a3096c6a8d93dc6a	In summary, this study documented wide variation in the strength of the alcohol-control policies of 30 countries located in Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia. The Alcohol Policy Index, a simple model corroborated using advanced statistical techniques, provides a straightforward tool for facilitating internatio...	PMC1876414	Discussion	Study Limitations
p_000ed43a5af520123482fe0c6d01835fa8ab610b5b4726353cc9f6a29eff5612	Despite a lesser number of patients in this study, it can however be said that this implant could reduce the rates of nonunion following use of unlocked nails. The results and complications are equivalent to that associated with plate osteosynthesis, and it can be considered as an alternative to plate fixation in fract...	PMC3162676	D	null
p_000f02989e92491538848680c38880722bffe6afb0fee079cfeaa64903e9d9f0	Few data exist on infective endocarditis in intravenous drug use (IVDU) patients. A new pattern of infective endocarditis in IVDU is emerging, characterized by more frequent left heart involvement, a severe clinical course, and a need for surgery in the active phase [ 1 ]. The standard of care has included perioperativ...	PMC2726561	Introduction	null
p_001184fccf024ed569167019b9b9130249ef3951ae32288adfb49b84f44bed5f	During the first decade of the 21st century the sequencing of whole genomes has become a routine biological practice. The list of chordates with assembled genome sequences now numbers nearly two dozen, while the total number of sequenced bacteria, archea, and eukaryota is approaching 2,000. The genome sequence is said ...	PMC1810551	Background	null
p_0011cf713ac052e3e7955e48c30facf51e76220f6a37862382ef30e9f13c599d	Cleidocranial dysplasia is a rare congenital defect of autosomal dominant inheritance, [ 1 , 2 ] primarily affecting bones that undergo intra-membranous ossification, i.e. generally the calvarian but also the clavicular bones. It is also known as Marie and Sainton disease, Mutational dysostosis and Cleidocranial dysost...	PMC2614945	Background	null
p_001470b5a226a2dc61c0e838842548a3e66439c6e2219b44cf002607a98dc49f	There are several reports describing the construction of novel and useful vectors with properties such as stability and compatibility with existing plasmids [ 14 , 15 ]. However most of these reports do not demonstrate sustained expression abilities and long term co-existence, especially during high level production of...	PMC1876245	Background	null
p_001b5adb22e2daff65ffb0c7b428dae8e50f134691de7e210741ea6a543f172b	To estimate the number of Americans potentially affected if a CRP criteria were adopted as an additional indication for lipid lowering therapy. To provide context, we also determined how well current lipid lowering guidelines are being implemented.	PMC1824732	abstract	Objective
p_0022dcd273628a1b1840b95894a2a9f4543dae3cca8f6c4219140996b5463f7d	The aims of treatment for CHB are to achieve sustained suppression of HBV replication, thereby inducing remission of liver diseases and interrupting progression to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma[ 7 ]. Pegylated interferon alpha-2a is created by attaching a large, branched, 40-kD polyethylene glycol molecul...	PMC2714489	Discussion	null
p_002320dbba214ec80fc628749c200f44ef697cef04d01c8b05528bfbc6fe407c	Different types of definitions can be found in the literature on chronic rhinosinusitis. Some of them are dedicated to clinicians, general practitioners, or specialists, while the others are specifically designed for epidemiological surveys or research.	PMC1936288	Definitions	null
p_00257b38008e972de566daaae3cd0d2073e5fb30351ca240fe5d914f4fc578c4	The purpose of this study was to estimate both cross-sectional sibling recurrence risk ratio (λ s ) and lifetime λ s for the metabolic syndrome and its individual components over time among sibships in the prospectively followed-up cohorts provided by the Genetic Analysis Workshop 13. Five measures included in the oper...	PMC1866469	abstract	Background
p_002753cf63b2992767839ad8a0f5c7143ee959a3bfa03acba8e88c51eb2da034	Despite the increasing incidence of colonic diverticular disease, GCD remains a rare clinical entity [ 7 ]. We report a case of a 53-year-old man who underwent a laparoscopic-assisted sigmoid colectomy for treatment of a symptomatic giant diverticulum. This is the first reported case of laparoscopic-assisted resection ...	PMC2726551	Introduction	null
p_002bbda30bead94c3bf540dd7b8b775532dee71dd26c8e8b927aade606c550d6	The discussion of pandemic influenza preparedness planning has frequently focussed on the amounts of drugs to be stockpiled and to whom and when they should be supplied [ 22 ]. Even if the currently stockpiled antiviral drugs will be fully effective against the pandemic strain, their use may not be able to sufficiently...	PMC1939851	Discussion	Antivirals
p_002e75023931df7ad121aa6aee608ee3c7ea1caa073d3e5b7e62c9cc8464dd39	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating disease characterized by inflammation-induced airflow limitation and parenchymal destruction. In addition to pulmonary manifestations, patients with COPD develop systemic problems, including skeletal muscle and other organ-specific dysfunctions, nutritional...	PMC2650609	abstract	null
p_0034e7801c8f67026cee9691cc919d8c40b5dccf70e3a85e43cb3f1d7169b775	It has been shown that EDWT < 6 mm from echocardiogram virtually excludes the potential for recovery of function and EDWT > 6 mm had a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 48% respectively for recovery of function [ 3 ]. Reversible wall thinning in hibernation can be predicted by CMR even in the patient with ejection...	PMC2561019	Discussion	null
p_0037f77234ab502f6ebbf5f0bc1b1620d6ac420aab4e1ad38a9fb032268aff96	Figure 3 also shows the scores of different de novo motif discovery methods on the benchmark suite of Tompa et al ., in addition to the average discrimination and prediction scores for each of the three motif models. Although the limited possibility for discrimination between binding sites and remaining sequence puts a...	PMC1903367	Results and discussion	Comparison of motif discovery methods
p_003be61aa0a9cef68b156c7419fa1ba16c1d2b900b91c415152ff61b06a2910a	In conclusion, a decrease in the number of glomerular podocytes is a cell marker of renal damage and would be a predictive factor of the loss of function of filtration in the kidneys of patients with lupus nephritis.	PMC3161433	Discussion	null
p_003f67afb318f57378d2ef3209a6102e76b6c767f338b939178f5a50fa9651e7	In this paper we present a qPCR approach for the detection of chromosomal microdeletions and microduplications. The strategic use of in silico modelling for qPCR primer design to avoid regions of repetitive DNA, whilst providing a level of genomic resolution greater than standard cytogenetic assays. The implementation ...	PMC1327677	abstract	Conclusion
p_00426833dcef924149fdfc921d0f6b85ba99a030f8d94362d2cfc1d9ef833ceb	A literature review of the major computerized bibliographic databases MEDLINE, HealthStar, EMBASE, CINAHL, PyscInfo, and Contemporary Women's Issues from 1995 onwards was conducted. Selected Canadian studies that have used previous versions of population surveys or national databases are presented in the Discussion sec...	PMC2096683	Methods	Literature Review
p_0045d8a99794b40be525ffdfdf34b21edb40de232aff6ad9668b9545f6c98ad4	Previously, YY-1 had been reported to serve as a necessary and sufficient activator for the expression of some bidirectional gene pairs [ 13 , 49 ]. As for the evolutionarily conserved PREPL-C2ORF34 gene pair, mutations occurring at the YY-1 binding site were shown to cause significantly decreased promoter activity tow...	PMC2713978	Discussion	null
p_0046c6922fa905e79d7d5c0583abdd97228a0f7eadba541e55aab42e8fb7f5e2	Sp17 expression was analyzed by immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy on spermatozoa.	PMC2727497	abstract	Methods
p_0048c3077dc62961c1f665a90ff00ed32203c71571b105d74eb8e3a03202d26c	The use of bezafibrate as lipid-modifying agent in patients with coronary artery disease appears to be associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer.	PMC2440374	Conclusion	null
p_004f30dda919332a2bea1dda665197ebc624b98646024904141fb22d3a5298cf	SNP: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms	PMC1866696	Abbreviations	null
p_0056a781a8c21ec5f2c0bfcd53f4fbd7f8a15793ee3399e0f918ff9fea89d6c4	Although intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis is angiographically more common than extracranial lesions in Asians including Koreans, the pattern and mechanism of cerebral infarction in partially occluded atherosclerotic cerebral arteries remain unknown ( 1 , 2 ). A few studies have been conducted on the hemodynamics i...	PMC3150681	INTRODUCTION	null
p_005a0755019c0ef55021b508d59dcaa3fbab62fb5ff0f32976b0c81e01a88090	Epe1 is required to restrict domains of heterochromatin, and in its absence heterochromatin spreads into surrounding euchromatin ( Figure 1 ; Ayoub et al, 2003 ; Zofall and Grewal, 2006 ). However, contrary to this, our analysis demonstrates that Epe1 is required for normal heterochromatin integrity since loss of Epe1 ...	PMC2048757	Results	Loss of Epe1 causes heterochromatin to oscillate
p_005bf3995e1ccdc94ad3552f0d80a397b06fbb5c0d9f456d5293ec5a27a5d752	A report of E. granulosus in plateau pika ( Ochotona curzoniae ) in Qinghai Province appears retrospectively almost certainly to be due to E. shiquicus , a new Echinococcus species described in 2005 that infects Tibetan foxes ( Vulpes ferrilata ) on the Tibetan Plateau . Work in the 1980s in NHAR indicated that the tra...	PMC2737643	Introduction	null
p_005c47ca7fe1361d9e5f72b719e72c1d2b83e4e55e434b26b2d132ed8eb990b5	The binding of transcription factors to their respective DNA sites is a key component of every regulatory network. Predictions of transcription factor binding sites are usually based on models for transcription factor specificity. These models, in turn, are often based on examples of known binding sites.	PMC2726951	abstract	Background
p_0061c5397f26a15eb117e235b331b37e6ecb74e60b1c66d8471778c87e911ca3	We observed a modestly increased rate of breast cancer among postmenopausal women with any history of digoxin use, compared with women with no such use, after adjustment for age, use of other prescription drugs, and cardiovascular indications. The associations persisted in long-term exposure categories. While a number ...	PMC2656898	Conclusion	null
p_00641bfe4c2478ff527c7d687ca82fd8eca0817c3bd680ed7c1c91a5a1c0cfc5	The GENCODE consortium was formed to identify and map all protein-coding genes within the ENCODE regions. This was achieved by a combination of initial manual annotation by the HAVANA team, experimental validation by the GENCODE consortium and a refinement of the annotation based on these experimental results.	PMC1810553	abstract	Background
p_006afbd97886a8d166bf0213a2954e17fc10f31734a24529ce8cb7f6ea0b9076	Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) is a rare manifestation of lung cancer. The mechanisms by which pneumothorax occurs in lung cancer is not clear, resulting in different views being expressed.	PMC2711062	abstract	Background
p_0070bef8db0ce2c2249387e3d7fc0fe5130101b039841d1eb201aeb388a1372c	Applying the spatial scan statistic as we did in this study to adjusted survival times allows a better understanding of the extent to which geographic patterns of CRC survival can be explained by important risk factors. Documenting risk of death (observed vs expected) by geographic area after each covariate adjustment ...	PMC2724436	Discussion	null
p_007577e11bd08378d157a7bff540d15ee7787133a96cb0a2573db156ae46ff16	Herein, we determined that PREPL and C2ORF34 are separated by only a 405-bp intergenic DNA region in the human genome. Within this small intergenic region, a 243-bp GC-rich segment was shown to function as a bidirectional minimal promoter to initiate transcription of both flanking genes. By performing a series of promo...	PMC2713978	Background	null
p_00790292dcde230ffe38879804fc38363269ab6696e026cc91965b115bbaebd9	Patients incurring sustained hyperglycemia are at risk of further delays in appropriate management. Barriers to appropriate care include prescription drug copayments, few physician contacts, and other factors that are likely amenable to intervention.	PMC2713615	abstract	CONCLUSIONS
p_00793c4b2fdd6779c616c109b4b65ae3e141ce52a9a3987a4bfd791387ded51c	An "overlap syndrome" is defined as the sequential appearance over time of two or more risk factors for glaucomatous damage. The appearance of a new risk factor can alter the course and prognosis of previously stable disease. Exfoliation syndrome is a leading cause of glaucoma and is associated with vascular disease. W...	PMC2630328	abstract	Introduction
p_007c9b5b9b39258f8232a331421b64e4cd4057b39418d724d787809cdb22eb02	Iron overload is an important issue in the state of thalassemic patients due to the harmful effect of high concentration of iron deposited in different tissues in human body including endocrine glands. In the present work, an attempt is carried out to estimate the effect of iron overload in thalassemic patients on the ...	PMC3159240	abstract	Background:
p_007d8db7d639ea2d01a5d3763e6bd53f80748cda6fb85d7eff53205bbd5412da	The poor efficacy and high toxicity of current immunotherapeutic approaches used to treat distant metastatic melanoma underscore an urgent need for novel therapies that take advantage of recent advances in understanding the biology of the disease. In parallel, introducing novel criteria for the selection of potential t...	PMC2712591	conclusion	null
p_0082203640efe8dd3f0e5e78d10339673a74609b185391e14c67ff9225399484	Thus, the one-step ES-based angiogenesis model, that allows routine and reproducible accomplishment in a reduced time, constitutes a good alternative for existing in vitro angiogenesis models. In addition, in view of its simplicity, it allows an easy transfer to non-specialist investigators. We expect the one-step ES a...	PMC1858686	Conclusion	null
p_0082255adccc4d0db9dec2703e59aa77f965682778e15482cc991e76bc4a95ec	Coronary-subclavian steal syndrome should be considered in patients presenting with recurrent chest pains after CABG with in situ left internal mammary grafts. Surgical extra anatomical bypass is an effective method of treating this uncommon condition when PTA is not possible. In experienced hands, carotid subclavian a...	PMC2728612	4. Conclusion	null
p_008249b873f2050b8eb48768540e4b42adc99c06f329d90597308d4fa3e8ee02	We would like to point out two limitations of this study. We were interested in testing for association with a latent trait containing 4 phenotypes. Therefore, we conducted multivariate analysis using FBAT. Given the fact that we used 100 nuclear families each with a single sibship to test association, a more appropria...	PMC1866714	Discussion and conclusion	null
p_00857dcf49f227fd545ff95f9fe01f5fb2d9c8f2b11ddc129231211ea3da9a28	In conclusion, this cohort study shows significant associations between traffic-related air pollution at residential addresses over several decades and risks for cervical and brain cancer. Although experimental evidence shows that ultrafine particles can translocate from the airways to other organs, our results are bas...	PMC3157417	Conclusions	null
p_008cfdf3f5d36997abd9928492275969574cb53a9e50275ee9dd818707429e8c	In major cities, gun homicide rates were higher where FFLs were more prevalent (rate ratio [RR] = 1.70, 95% CI 1.03–2.81). This association increased (p < 0.01) from 1993 (RR = 1.69) to 1999 (RR = 12.72), due likely to federal reforms that eliminated low-volume dealers, making FFL prevalence a more accurate exposure me...	PMC2714509	abstract	Results
p_008db76915af6bee1b51f60fafd8da08c867f9b1abccdbddffbf1a44a97cd22f	Apoptosis is a well-organised mode of cell suicide that plays a role in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Apoptosis is associated with loss of cardiomyocytes following myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic plaque instability, congestive heart failure and allograft rejection of the transplanted heart. Thus, apoptosis cons...	PMC1914225	abstract	Apoptosis and molecular imaging
p_008f7a13112e3f022a2d7310fe948eac26266e3bc4842540a4a1c30041bf67ea	Age at onset for ALDX1 and ALDX2 and age at interview information from the COGA dataset were used as phenotypic data. ALDX1 was defined as an affected by the definitions of the DSM-III-R alcohol dependence and Feighner. ALDX2 was defined as an affected with DSM-IV alcohol dependence. For individuals without age-at-onse...	PMC1866730	Methods	Analysis of COGA data
p_008fe22fcd79e9e76ef427d63aef2a94007b37265c52c0d23bdfe152b34c56a6	Future research in this field will need to be continued. We will need to continue to evaluate the incidence of the virus third world countries as well as the transmissibility of the various genotypes. Better prevention, screening and treatment methods for Hepatitis C virus all need to be elucidated.	PMC1415844	4. Prevention	null
p_0091fefe593c2d906048fe1e6112fab623317502d7826593fdcca40a6933a08f	A greater proportion of women than men sustain fragility fractures because (i) men's skeletons are larger than women's, and therefore more resistant to bending; (ii) men do not have a mid-life decline in sex hormones and increase in remodelling rate; (iii) bone loss in most men is the result of a negative BMU balance p...	PMC2427165	Adulthood and the emergence of bone fragility	Sex differences in trabecular and cortical bone loss
p_0093582a2ae00652e88d8bf5444330ca8057d0936ce45b85e366cb2824f07048	Genomic sequencing data provide detailed information on variations and mutations at the nucleotide level. We have already determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the C. japonica chloroplast genome using the shotgun sequencing method, and determined that 116 genes are encoded in the genome (Hirao et al. 2008 , Ge...	PMC2691868	Introduction	null
p_0095986a647b83c94c85d623d999f2c8215fa3c9136b58cd194bc08e51610245	As well as interactions with HER2 and other EGFR receptor family members, a number of other factors influence EGFR signalling in cancer cells, such as receptor mutations and increased expression of ligands ( Arteaga, 2002 ; Ciardiello and Tortora, 2003 ). In addition, the EGFR mediates a complex network of downstream p...	PMC2409824	DISCUSSION	null
p_009604fa7cf14d99e4f7e6aba1f95d9e6d4247838ab10ddefe5ff06105725cd0	We report pyomyositis of the tensor fascia lata in a 10-year-old boy presenting with fever and a painful hip. In children with clinical and laboratory findings of inflammation in the vicinity of the hip joint, the differential diagnosis includes transient synovitis, an early stage of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, infecti...	PMC2495003	Discussion	null
p_0096237685d7f251712d46e93c4fb8a6d174729b5726156eb1ff1c2e1010ba3a	It is clear that the progression of the epidemic of HIV-related mortality in this rural South African community, with population-based rates increasing more than tenfold over a 14-year period, was successfully detected and tracked by means of VA, in the absence of any more rigorous routine procedures for following up d...	PMC3160939	Discussion	null
p_009f00c5e037f756846e879b38ddf5f522adc080a913343a2c9313e4d3db6e01	The 2004 U.S. Surgeon General's report concluded that the available evidence was suggestive of a causal relationship between smoking and both neovascular and atrophic age-related macular degeneration,[ 31 ] and summarized 3 biologic mechanisms whereby smoking might exacerbate or accelerate the degenerative changes that...	PMC2562365	Discussion	null
p_00a0336c4e975a822395e4f33060906a97eba1513ced4163760ba05ab5ae8070	The use of mailed reminders, either alone or with physician prompts, can significantly improve osteoporosis screening and treatment rates among insured primary care patients (Clinical Trials.gov number NCT00139425).	PMC1824751	abstract	Conclusions
p_00a2a8798f5e164250136795945fe0cd44af5c9485f0d3914960a2e17f6a195a	In addition to our internally selected and community-requested targets, the methods reported here have also enabled a rapid response to emerging diseases such as the 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 (Yamada et al. , 2010 ▶ ). Example protein crystals of influenza polymerase PB2 subunit are shown in Fig. 4 ▶ and a panel of ...	PMC3169391	Results and discussion	null
p_00a3d2059b61d63fc744cd8eca9c2d81a36865ffe6ead9ad8ed1b2937ade5553	The evidence on air pollution and asthma incidence in adults comes from a cohort study of Seventh-day Adventists in California, known as the ASHMOG study. Investigators analyzed air pollution exposure in residentially stable nonsmokers in 1977 and followed up in 1982 and 1992. Exposure was based on the nearest monitori...	PMC1440792	Ambient Air Pollution and Asthma Induction	null
p_00a5d7380b002d10f8dadeadcc64bc626219e3e12f642e10232127e2facd2789	HPV infection causes changes in expression of host cervical cell cycle regulatory proteins. Such differentially expressed host proteins and nucleic acids may have a role as ‘biomarker’ of dysplastic cells. Investigation of potential biomarkers may also help to unravel new pathways involved in the HPV-mediated pathogene...	PMC2716791	Introduction	null
p_00a997a53ebc8ffb87e3a80e195fbd09e646e6f680530276ea8db01b7e52def4	Post-transcriptional events in the life of an RNA including RNA processing, transport, translation and metabolism are characterized by the regulated assembly of multiple ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. At each of these steps, there is the engagement and disengagement of RNA-binding proteins until the RNA reaches its...	PMC1475878	abstract	null
p_00ac3dd2b7c58697ff6c4e26c1af99f5bd24b583d8a251ffed2f26709805bdf5	Biomarkers of disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) could support the identification of beneficial drugs in clinical trials. We aimed to test whether soluble fragments of beta-amyloid precursor protein (sAPPα and sAPPß) correlated with clinical subtypes of ALS and were of prognostic value.	PMC3156148	abstract	Background
p_00acc55ad8081acf4108a95b7055b4d5d5e0109f5bae58f6111a5ca717180718	These in vivo results suggest that both toxic gain and loss of function (R521H) or solely loss of function (R521C) can render FUS mutations pathogenic. A lack of phenotype for the S57Δ FUS could indicate that this variant may be a rare polymorphism not causing disease. In accordance with this functional characterizatio...	PMC3150442	Results	Toxic gain of function of mutant
p_00adb6e7e2fd00ef936925d2e73a5aa43d744792ccd1f8d132b11bc8972a2407	Public health professionals at the federal and state levels found the State Plan Index to be a useful tool for evaluating public health plans that were developed by states using various planning approaches. After the field tests, state staff reported adapting the State Plan Index for use as a planning tool, an evaluati...	PMC1327709	abstract	Conclusion
p_00b39c6320758930e5c082ea0f259a4e11df29a5fda2953f044763bf9773782d	A typical data set arising in a clinical application of mass spectrometry contains tens or hundreds of spectra; each spectrum contains tens of thousands of intensity measurements representing an unknown number of protein peaks. Any attempt to make sense of this volume of data requires extensive low-level processing in ...	PMC2657656	Introduction	null
p_00b40aa625d942160b25df08d82a68e3496db2045680b43beb3f224069ea95a8	Tissue hydration increased in both keratoconus corneas following hypo-osmolar riboflavin/UVA cross-linking. In each case, this was accompanied by an increase in collagen interfibrillar spacing (p<0.001) ( Figure 1 ).	PMC3151245	Results	Hypo-osmolar riboflavin/UVA cross-linking of keratoconus corneas
p_00b532e75e670da1e1c291d4f1248f89ab037398321cc96f0de638f665086f39	Thus, the minimal media response to LSMMG seen here is more likely a response to conditions created by the loss of the gravity vector, e.g. low shear, than to gravity itself. A further test of this conclusion might be made by examining E. coli cultures growing in LSMMG environments under anaerobic conditions. If the ch...	PMC1852313	Conclusion	null
p_00bcf084097e79b90edf863ad3a5fbf97a8c3e6bc4ef45c414c7fdaff82b44b4	Whether or not activated microglia are sufficient to cause neuropathic pain is still open to debate. Intrathecal administration of microglia, activated by ATP, decreased the pain threshold, while a similar application of activated astrocytes did not [ 80 , 95 ]. This result supports the suggestion that activated microg...	PMC3163530	Introduction	Activated microglia and neuropathic pain
p_00bf8f1d63a6b1ce45f8fed20dee8bb4038acdae7cd2d15c0b2a44d7145dba5c	BALB/c mice that did not develop tumors were susceptible to subsequent challenge with parental C26 cells, whereas mice that remained tumor-free after rejecting incipient C26/IL-12 tumors were resistant to challenge (Table 1 ). These results are consistent with our previous suggestion that debulking of an incipient tumo...	PMC2525540	Results	Unimpaired Memory and CTL Responses and Increased GM-CSF Production in GKO Mice.
p_00c05ad05e7c0316d63ad69637b4f8febcf81874645074375d7a123f1eb3dff4	Safety data of all randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials and cohort studies in our review were pooled together. Analysis of 23 controlled studies (7 controlled studies were excluded because ciprofloxacin or another fluoroquinolone was administered in the comparator arm) comprising 6481 cases an...	PMC3155117	Results	Controlled studies
p_00c3455c6bf565655fc1f6c597b2f2bb741bfaf524e10f27f3dfc7ba1ebbafab	Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a highly prevalent major chronic respiratory disease. It significantly impacts quality of life (QoL) and creates an economic burden. AR can be classified as intermittent or persistent allergic rhinitis (PER), as described by the recent 'Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)' guidel...	PMC2715403	Background	null
p_00c53a7b43d98eadf930943bd63dbaf0d3295fc817728aa76dc2c01ae68c7fcd	In this paper we describe the development of the public health training programme at UWC, emphasizing the innovative aspects of the programme and offering some evaluative indications of its impact. We further demonstrate how, by using the text-led distance learning mode, the School of Public Health (SOPH) has realized ...	PMC2678972	Review	null
p_00c61877fc68518ec58e11a3cd459ce2ed01229245f8e8a000102f264d7d9d15	Mortality ranged according to age (table 1 ), with the worst outcome in patients above 45 years of age. Overall 5-year survival in metastatic papillary thyroid cancer was 88.2%, 10-year 76.6% and 15-year survival 35.8% (for 10 patients). Cumulative survival is shown in Figure 1 .	PMC3161950	Results	null
p_00c95df593db7e336885336f31116e3045561370f1b22d297742b78da5a15a76	The linkage analysis using three summary measures (mean, slope, and principal components) supports the utility of univariate transformation from multiple longitudinal measures as an alternative for direct multivariate modelling, but interpretations of different summary measures in the context of genetics are different.	PMC1866459	Conclusions	null
p_00cc5b6c820178340da233ef3c2ea4d68f750eaa1b1f3f0d8dde1e0350e2d9d9	Improvement in acute stroke care requires the identification of variables which may influence care quality. The nature and impact of demographic and stroke-related variables on care quality provided by allied health (AH) professionals is unknown.	PMC3155854	abstract	Background:
p_00cf6c0518a6bd23fe07340706c502af52258f50fc09ca8d5936ebc17d62944a	Because of their prognostic importance, there has been interest in understanding the environmental and genetic factors contributing to interindividual variability in systemic biomarker concentrations. Prior reports support the heritability of systemic biomarker concentrations reflecting inflammatory processes [ 14 , 15...	PMC1995615	Background	null
p_00cfb5d39cf611dbe55d92d0483af78933eae557bd38caaf867856af575cd255	The analysis of the antitumorigenic properties of PPAR α ligands has been less studied mostly due to the observation that long-term administration of certain PPAR α agonists (Clofibrateand WY14643) induces hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents [ 33 – 35 ], despite the fact that PPAR α ligands are widely used in medicine as a...	PMC2517125	2. PPARs AND CANCER	null
p_00d07397e6d4d252e707cd8a114469e566b91cf8cbb7386afd5848066ee04ca6	Randomised controlled trials have shown that the policy of mammographic screening confers a substantial and significant reduction in breast cancer mortality [ 1 - 3 ]. There is continuing interest in the human costs associated with the mortality benefit, in particular, whether overdiagnosis occurs in breast cancer scre...	PMC1410738	Introduction	null
p_00d0fbb718cca28c44f52be38d3e30c92525abda99b8aee3394ffcb846319b81	When heuristic methods are employed, how can one assess the quality of the alignment obtained? Feng and Doolittle [ 16 ] argue that the main biological motivation for multiple sequence alignment is to reconstruct phylogeny; see [ 17 ] for a recent overview. With this in mind, quality relates to the amount of biological...	PMC1890300	Background	null
p_00d13c086163ae6c06f631b1a914983f325abfbf94f9026bb403ffccc1e289cb	The identification of the germline mutation in a Lynch syndrome family allows mutation carriers to be included in lifesaving cancer surveillance programs [ 1 ]. The occurrence of cancer of a type that is atypical for the hereditary cancer syndrome in a family makes the interpretation of the pedigree difficult. It is no...	PMC2692982	Background	null
p_00d3b991508212bbd1a2b17d4690cbb85dcbfe6dbb80d967ba40bd684825d297	Traditionally, mathematical modelling of the spread of airborne infectious diseases used age-mixing matrices that were chosen for mathematical convenience, such as proportionate mixing and so-called “who acquires infection from whom” (WAIFW) matrices . However, age - albeit important – is most certainly not the only va...	PMC2691957	Introduction	null
p_00e2b0d69961d792942eb6c9d0c730c3c73c37c20e341788d59c1b08ad0e5740	Our retrospective study suggests that OLB was a useful and acceptably safe diagnostic procedure in some selected patients with early-stage ARDS.	PMC1751007	abstract	Conclusion
p_00e2fa7d2d2d107b7a611fc09d1493ad41099c2198a29221f34ea831f6570b44	So how can we improve the care of tracheotomized patients in the absence of clinical trials? First, we can recognize the nature of the problem. At the outset of respiratory failure, highly skilled critical care teams manage patients in the resource intense environment of the intensive care unit (ICU). The management of...	PMC2447570	Improving decannulation outcomes	null
p_00eba5e646b9c5f4fb9290c488cb993ab8cc4d2eca7dde7e26d52333ca885c1e	A study of memantine monotherapy in subjects with mild to moderate AD has recently been reported by Peskind et al (2006) . This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of memantine 10 mg twice daily, in which 403 community-dwelling subjects were followed for 24 weeks. This trial included male and femal...	PMC2654628	Memantine for mild to moderate AD	Peskind et al study
p_00ed0a1e9d00ce4e2231d56f39b922da02d2671b994f7f8ce7247e745176ad19	Figure 1 shows the three main levels/types of cerclage: (1). regular transvaginal cerclage at the junction of cervix and fornix, (2) high-transvaginal cerclage after opening the fornix, and (3) transabdominal cerclage at the level of the internal cervical os. The effectiveness of these levels of cerclage has not been s...	PMC1892058	Technical aspects of cerclages	null
p_00f3f37827c7eab8a7a8cd82c3e4641a1b122e9e76cc042eed983182949ef379	Patients in poor control of their diabetes have been found to have distinctly different perceptions of their illness than those in good control. A study of patients with type 2 diabetes [ 33 ] found that compared to patients in good control (HbA1c < 7), those in poor control (HbA1c > 8.5) had a stronger perception that...	PMC1919379	Background	Illness perceptions
p_00f6bb096ef747aa8ad1bde655dbca83657cf89d8002e40ff61e0908999f838d	Providing functionality through careful and comprehensive application of a standardized vocabulary, such as the Gene Ontology (GO) requires manual curation. The GO has evolved into a reliable and rapid means of assigning functional information [ 19 - 22 ]. There are two types of GO annotations. One is referred to as si...	PMC2654668	Introduction	null
p_00f79925f3c29fabc2827493ebb610ac64a38f63f02d4e77c01878cc3064152e	To make it more physiologically relevant, we also investigated how the induction of NF-κB–dependent genes (IL-8, A20, and IκBα) was influenced by knocking down endogenous UXT expression. For cells transfected with control siRNA or UXT siRNA, quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to measure endogenous mRNA levels of IL...	PMC2064443	Results	Knockdown of UXT sharply attenuates NF-κB activation by multiple stimuli
p_00fd711bc4c8226cd5446975282f14ccef2af1f4d65c6ca118200129026d5221	Since the seminal identification of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-Fs) by Friedenstein and colleagues in 1970 [ 1 ] and the first detailed description of the tri-lineage potential of MSCs by Pittenger and colleagues [ 2 ], our understanding of these unique cells has taken great st...	PMC1860068	Introduction	null
p_00ffe7cb975888ad327026546ba356f414791115a95de998967ad6789e91dcce	OBJECTIVE —To determine the contribution of maternal glucose and lipids to intrauterine metabolic environment and fetal growth in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).	PMC2518359	abstract	null
p_0100666003658fdbf8f47d7dd3142b4217d1b372781d265a31e60ae43fc8a672	The goal of this paper is to document the outcomes of TJR performed on a cohort of Dominican patients by surgeons of Operation (Op) Walk Boston, a not for profit medical relief organization that performs joint replacements upon approximately 45 Dominican patients annually with advanced hip or knee arthritis. In March 2...	PMC3162285	INTRODUCTION	null
p_0101e174e84f3c2eb87b6ed92900031163765d6a1a49593e10ddfe35dfc1111e	The electrical activity of the uterine muscle is representative of uterine contractility. Its characterization may be used to detect a potential risk of preterm delivery in women, even at an early gestational stage.	PMC1892062	abstract	Background
p_01021730c42910c84eff69646a387f7725ae7bad60c4a1dfcc4f1197bdda21d1	Conventional actins are in general extremely abundant proteins. However, this does not exclude expression of specific actin isoforms at low concentrations, in distinct subcellular regions, or for a short time during development only. Data are still sparse but the activities of actin genes in D. discoideum shed some lig...	PMC2441452	Results and Discussion	Expression patterns of actin isoforms
p_01070166d71d04f876013d2d6af92d29994401f2c09f1f0ee95ef3ccc07438d5	In Uzbekistan, there is a high incidence of infection with hepatitis viruses including the viruses of hepatitis A (HAV) [ 1 ], hepatitis B (HBV) [ 2 ], hepatitis C (HCV) [ 3 ], hepatitis D (HDV) [ 4 ], and hepatitis E (HEV) [ 5 ]. In 1990–1995, of all reportable infectious processes, the number of reported cases of acu...	PMC2671511	Background	null
p_0107ef77d9bb8097c287f7bd79431a5d13517dc5b0d75bc4b66a1262868f59ce	Community-acquired MRSA can be classified into the following categories: discharged hospital patients with MRSA, nursing-home residents with MRSA, MRSA transmitted to nonhospitalized patients, and MRSA arising de novo in the community ( 7 ) . The first three categories include MRSA isolates of health-care facility orig...	PMC2738488	Discussion	null
p_010f0e2bddcb573d5d01fde408e7c48453ea2fc72d953445173f3ad40ab3a290	Laminin α2 ( LAMA2 )-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy is a severe, early-onset disease caused by abnormal levels of laminin 211 in the basal lamina leading to muscle weakness, transient inflammation, muscle degeneration and impaired mobility. In a Lama2 -deficient mouse model for this disease, animal survival is...	PMC3151242	abstract	null
p_0110907af9267e54502d2feb42f71ca5ae61e50ee5b3ca73bc1779bbcf73421a	To evaluate the feasibility of CT fluoroscopy (CTF)-guided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in emergency patients with acute obstructive cholangitis.	PMC2651435	abstract	Objective
p_01115b59c417f6d8e57e50467601af6cadb943d0502ab6ba45bafce6500db548	Figure 2 shows the time course of the amount of 5-AcASA in the cells, medium, and their total (cells plus medium), and the percentage of cellular accumulation of 5-AcASA at 1, 2, and 4-hour incubation in the presence of flavonols (100 μ M) with 5-ASA (200 μ M) in Caco-2 cells grown in tissue culture dishes. 5-AcASA was...	PMC2726441	3. Results	null
p_0113fe59b6361b208e547402d6e89af4ef59b48d25d25aeead4e83f4cfa064d7	In conclusion, the finding of a protective role for leptin against TNF toxicity extends the picture of communication between the immune system and the neuroendocrine system. It is attractive to speculate that the leptin system, with its structural relationship to the cytokine system ( 41 ) and functional similarity to ...	PMC1887698	Discussion	null
p_0114119dfc4334e6044114bc071db8b35281ebe448a2246f21d997005622fa61	Young men who leave the UK Armed Forces were at increased risk of suicide. This may reflect preservice vulnerabilities rather than factors related to service experiences or discharge. Preventive strategies might include practical and psychological preparation for discharge and encouraging appropriate help-seeking behav...	PMC2650723	abstract	Conclusions
p_0117de441612881cb1778c1df627bc359e9c539556cc64d484a8b8bdcf5cef00	Although several contraceptive methods, including EC, are available and free to users at all public sector health facilities across the country, high rates of teenage and unintended pregnancy in South Africa persist. It is estimated that up to 75% of pregnancies in South Africa are unintended, with the highest proporti...	PMC2031876	Background	null

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DocHop-QA retrieval

Paragraph-only adaptation of DocHop-QA: 8,567 questions over 20,960 unique supporting passages.

corpus: doc_id, text, paper_id, section, subsection.
queries: query_id, text, question_concept_type, used_doc (single/multi).
qrels: query_id, doc_id, relevance (positive labels).
titles: paper_titles.csv with columns pmc_id,title.

from datasets import load_dataset
corpus = load_dataset("evidence-retrieval/DocHopQA-retrieval", "corpus", split="test")
# Use "queries" or "qrels" to load the other configurations.

Source: original dataset, CC BY 4.0.

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Paper for evidence-retrieval/DocHopQA-retrieval

DocHop-QA: Towards Multi-Hop Reasoning over Multimodal Document Collections

Paper • 2508.15851 • Published Aug 20, 2025 • 1