Datasets:

jchan58
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ReLay

participant_id int64 1 128	Employment_Status stringclasses 5 values	Income stringclasses 6 values	Hispanic stringclasses 2 values	familiar_Cancer stringclasses 5 values	familiar_Heart_disease stringclasses 5 values	familiar_Accidents stringclasses 5 values	familiar_Stroke stringclasses 5 values	familiar_Chronic_lower_respiratory_diseases stringclasses 5 values	familiar_Alzheimers stringclasses 5 values	familiar_Nephritis stringclasses 5 values	familiar_Diabetes stringclasses 5 values	familiar_Chronic_liver_disease stringclasses 5 values	familiar_Obesity stringclasses 5 values	familiar_COVID_19 stringclasses 4 values	familiar_Depression stringclasses 5 values	Which is a fruit? stringclasses 1 value	interested_Cancer stringclasses 5 values	interested_Heart_disease stringclasses 5 values	interested_Accidents stringclasses 5 values	interested_Stroke stringclasses 5 values	interested_Chronic_lower_respiratory_diseases stringclasses 5 values	interested_Alzheimers stringclasses 5 values	interested_Nephritis stringclasses 5 values	interested_Diabetes stringclasses 5 values	interested_Chronic_liver_disease stringclasses 5 values	interested_Obesity stringclasses 5 values	interested_COVID_19 stringclasses 5 values	interested_Depression stringclasses 5 values	method_Cancer stringclasses 7 values	method_Heart_disease stringclasses 7 values	method_Accidents stringclasses 7 values	method_Stroke stringclasses 7 values	method_Chronic_lower_respiratory_diseases stringclasses 7 values	method_Alzheimers stringclasses 7 values	method_Nephritis stringclasses 7 values	method_Diabetes stringclasses 7 values	method_Chronic_liver_disease stringclasses 7 values	method_Obesity stringclasses 7 values	method_COVID-19 stringclasses 7 values	method_Depression stringclasses 7 values	Would you like to participate in the next stage of this study? stringclasses 1 value	Do you currently have any chronic health conditions? (If yes, please list them.) stringlengths 2 202 ⌀	How often do you use artificial intelligence tools (e.g., ChatGPT, Gemini)? stringclasses 7 values	What kinds of questions do you usually ask AI tools (e.g., health, academics, etc., )? (Please describe in a few words or sentences.) stringlengths 6 365 ⌀	What AI tools do you use? (Select all that apply) stringclasses 19 values	How often do you need help reading or understanding medical materials (such as instructions, pamphlets, or forms)? stringclasses 5 values	A medication reduces the risk of disease from 10% to 5%. How much has the risk decreased? stringclasses 2 values	How confident are you in your ability to find reliable health information online to answer your health-related questions? stringclasses 5 values	When you want to learn more about a health topic, what do you usually do? (Select all that apply) stringlengths 21 262	What are your main reasons for searching for health information online? (Select all that apply) stringclasses 24 values	Please list up to three websites you have recently used to look for health-related information (such as news sites, blogs, or medical websites). Please DO NOT include video platforms, social media platforms, search engines, or AI chatbots (e.g., YouTube, Tiktok, Instagram, Google, Bing, ChatGPT, Gemini). Separate each website with a comma. Note: To receive payment, please make sure your response includes only eligible websites. stringlengths 5 88	How reliable do you consider each of the following sources of health information? [Scientific Journal Articles] stringclasses 5 values	How reliable do you consider each of the following sources of health information? [Government or public health organizations (CDC, NIH, WHO)] stringclasses 5 values	How reliable do you consider each of the following sources of health information? [General Health Websites (WebMD, Mayo Clinic)] stringclasses 5 values	How reliable do you consider each of the following sources of health information? [News Media] stringclasses 5 values	How reliable do you consider each of the following sources of health information? [Social Media Platforms] stringclasses 5 values	How do you usually decide whether the health information you find online is reliable? (Select all that apply) stringlengths 44 293	Write a sentence about what you had for dinner last night stringlengths 10 169	How often do you verify health information you find online with a healthcare professional? stringclasses 5 values
1	Employed full-time	$75,000–$99,999	No	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Apple	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Yes	no	Daily	I usually ask him questions to help me plan projects	ChatGPT, Copilot (Microsoft)	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	reddit, webmd	Very reliable	Slightly reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I check with my physician	I had a cheeseburger for dinner.	Most of the time
2	Unemployed	Less than $25,000	No	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	Interested	Not interested	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment	Prevention	Treatment	Yes	I don't have any chronic health conditions. N/A	A few times a month	I use AI tools to research topics I'm interested in want to learn more about, so I will ask it questions to receive relevant information on such topics.	ChatGPT	Never	5%	Very confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	Mayo Clinic, WebMD	Very reliable	Not reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	Slightly reliable	I compare the information with other reliable websites., I go with my intuition or what “feels right", I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with my physician	I had a creamy chicken and vegetable stew over white rice.	Most of the time
3	Employed part-time	Less than $25,000	No	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Interested	Very interested	A little interested	Interested	Moderately interested	Very interested	A little interested	Very interested	Moderately interested	Interested	Moderately interested	Very interested	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	Carpal tunnel, Migraines, Diabetes	Daily	I usually ask them about what something means like a word or sentence.	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google)	Sometimes	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family, Chatbots that appear when I use search engines like Google or Bing	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications	reddit.com, mayoclinic.org, diabetes.org	Somewhat Reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I follow what others share on social media, I go with my intuition or what “feels right", I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with my physician	I had spaghetti, pizza and cheez its.	Most of the time
4	Employed full-time	$25,000–$49,999	No	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Interested	Interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	Yes, depression	A few times a month	general information questions	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google), Copilot (Microsoft)	Rarely	5%	Neutral	Search online (Websites)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	Web MD, Healthline, Verywell Health	Reliable	Not reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before.	I had chicken and broccoli with pasta.	Rarely
5	Employed full-time	$50,000–$74,999	No	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Not familiar at all	Very familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Yes	No	A few times a week	General idea generation	ChatGPT, Copilot (Microsoft)	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	webmd	Very reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic)	I had waffles and sausage for dinner last night.	Sometimes
6	Employed full-time	$25,000–$49,999	No	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Not familiar at all	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Moderately familiar	Apple	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Moderately interested	Interested	Interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Yes	high cholesteral	Daily	personal and financial	ChatGPT	Sometimes	5%	Neutral	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family, Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	WebMD	Somewhat Reliable	Slightly reliable	Reliable	Not reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with ChatGPT, I check with my physician	I had a cheeseburger and potato chips with dip	Most of the time
7	Unemployed	Less than $25,000	No	Familiar	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	A little interested	Interested	A little interested	Very interested	Interested	Very interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management	Prevention	Treatment, Management	Yes	Depression, Bipolar Disorder	A few times a month	Questions about my anxiety	ChatGPT	Never	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family, Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	WebMD, Local portal from clinics, Mayo Clinic	Reliable	Reliable	Very reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic)	I had chicken and fries for dinner, but I didn't feel like eating much else because I wasn't feeling well mentally.	Always
8	Employed full-time	$50,000–$74,999	No	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management	Yes	diabetes, depression, ptsd, fibromylgia, degeneritive disc disease, chronic pain	Daily	I ask whatever i don't know about. Cooking, movies, hobbies, health, investments. Anything im curious about.	Copilot (Microsoft)	Sometimes	5%	Neutral	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	webmd, reddit	Somewhat Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Reliable	Not reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I check with ChatGPT, I check with my physician	I had grilled chicken wings with spicy garlic sauce.	Sometimes
9	Unemployed	$25,000–$49,999	No	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Familiar	Not familiar at all	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Apple	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	A little interested	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	depression	Never	null	null	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Use social media (Instagram, Tiktok, etc.,), Chatbots that appear when I use search engines like Google or Bing	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	mayoclinic, webmd, reddit	Reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Not reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I follow what others share on social media, I go with my intuition or what “feels right", I trust sources I’ve used before.	Last night for dinner I had ground beef and eggs.	Rarely
10	Employed full-time	$100,000–$149,999	No	Very familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Interested	Interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	No	Daily	I ask it to edit documents and emails. I also ask it food questions.	ChatGPT	Sometimes	5%	Very confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion, To help someone	Mayoclinic.org, WebMD.com, CDC.Gov	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Reliable	Not reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before.	I had cheese pizza.	Sometimes
11	Employed part-time	Less than $25,000	No	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Apple	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Moderately interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Yes	no	A few times a year	with help researching things	Gemini (Google)	I don’t read medical materials	5%	Neutral	Search online (Websites)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	webmd	Very reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic)	I had some black bean ramen noodles.	Never
12	Employed full-time	$100,000–$149,999	No	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Not interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Yes	none	A few times a week	general information on various topics	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google)	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,), Chatbots that appear when I use search engines like Google or Bing	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To help someone	WebMD	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before.	I had grilled chicken, rice and macaroni salad.	Sometimes
13	Employed full-time	Less than $25,000	No	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Apple	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Yes	none	Less often than once a year	General questions about world events	ChatGPT	I don’t read medical materials	5%	Neutral	Search online (Websites)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis	WebMD, CDC, WHO	Reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I go with my intuition or what “feels right"	I had rice and vegetables.	Never
14	Unemployed	Less than $25,000	No	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Not interested	Moderately interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Yes	ulcerative colitis arthritis fibro depression anxiety	Never	null	null	Never	5%	Very confident	Search online (Websites)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	google, tiktok, facebook	Not reliable	Not reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	Somewhat Reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I go with my intuition or what “feels right"	I had beef stew last night.	Rarely
15	Employed part-time	Less than $25,000	No	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Not familiar at all	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	OCD	Never	null	null	Rarely	5%	Neutral	Ask healthcare professionals	To get reassurance or a second opinion	WebMD	Reliable	Not reliable	Slightly reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites.	I had beans and sausage for dinner.	Always
16	Student	Less than $25,000	No	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Very interested	Very interested	Interested	Very interested	Moderately interested	Very interested	Moderately interested	Interested	A little interested	Interested	Interested	Very interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment, Management	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	Depression, anxiety, OCD	Daily	Health, learning, recipes, general information, plans, guidance	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google)	Sometimes	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family, Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion, To help someone	Mayo Clinic, WebMD, Cleveland Clinic	Very reliable	Very reliable	Very reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with ChatGPT, I check with my physician	I had homemade spaghetti and meatballs with garlic bread sticks!	Sometimes
17	Employed full-time	Less than $25,000	No	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Management, Prevention	Prevention	Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	No	A few times a week	Research or goal planning	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google), Copilot (Microsoft)	Never	5%	Very confident	Search online (Websites)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	Google, Healthline, NCBI	Very reliable	Very reliable	Very reliable	Very reliable	Very reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I go with my intuition or what “feels right", I trust sources I’ve used before.	I didn't eat dinner last night.	Never
18	Employed full-time	$75,000–$99,999	No	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Management	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment	Prevention	Management	Yes	No	A few times a week	I ask what medicine is good for the symptoms. I ask which vitamins to use and about drug interactions.	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google), Claude, Copilot (Microsoft)	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,), Chatbots that appear when I use search engines like Google or Bing	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion, To help someone	WebMD, Healthline, MayoClinic	Reliable	Very reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before.	I had tuna salad on crackers for dinner last night.	Rarely
19	Employed part-time	$25,000–$49,999	No	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Not familiar at all	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Interested	Interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Not interested	Moderately interested	Not interested	Interested	A little interested	Very interested	Interested	Very interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Management, Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Management, Prevention	Yes	Autoimmune gastritis	A few times a week	I mostly use AI tools for academic purposes, such as generating varied math word problems for my students, drafting lesson plans, and creating grading rubrics.	ChatGPT, Claude	Never	5%	Very confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	Mayo Clinic, CDC, WebMD	Very reliable	Very reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with my physician	I made myself a simple chicken stir-fry with broccoli and rice.	Sometimes
20	Employed full-time	$25,000–$49,999	No	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Apple	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment, Management	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment	Yes	Chronic Kidney disease, Diabetes	A few times a month	Random things like ideas and planning for days and events.	ChatGPT	I don’t read medical materials	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications	webmd	Somewhat Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Not reliable	Not reliable	I compare the information with other reliable websites., I check with my physician	I had a big mac because it was cheap and I did not feel like cooking.	Most of the time
21	Unemployed	Less than $25,000	No	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Apple	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	Interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	A little interested	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment	Treatment	Yes	null	Daily	Recipes, gift ideas, information on tv, any random question I have	Gemini (Google)	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications	Mayo Clinic, Cleveland clinic, medfast.com/urgent care	Reliable	Very reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites.	Last night I had a slice of white pizza with tomatoes and basil on it.	Rarely
22	Unemployed	$50,000–$74,999	Yes	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Apple	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment	Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Management, Prevention	Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	hypothyroidism, dysthymic depression, ptsd, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder	Never	null	null	Rarely	5%	Neutral	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	Cleveland Clinic, Healthline, National Institutes of Health	Very reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with my physician	I had tonkatsu ramen and it really hurt my stomach.	Always
23	Employed full-time	$100,000–$149,999	No	Familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Familiar	Not familiar at all	Very familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Interested	A little interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	Interested	Moderately interested	Very interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	Depression	Daily	I ask for a lot of help related to coding and research	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google), Claude	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family, Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	webmd, reddit, pubmed	Very reliable	Slightly reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before.	Last night I made bbq chicken with potatoes and broccoli.	Most of the time
24	Employed full-time	$100,000–$149,999	No	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Interested	Moderately interested	Very interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Interested	Treatment	Treatment	Management, Prevention	Management	Treatment	Management	Management, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment	Management	Prevention	Management	Yes	no	A few times a week	academics	ChatGPT	Sometimes	5%	Neutral	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	webmd	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic)	I had burgers and fries for dinner last night.	Sometimes
25	Employed full-time	$75,000–$99,999	Yes	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management	Prevention	Prevention	Yes	Anxiety	A few times a week	Writing summaries, proofreading	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google), Claude, Copilot (Microsoft)	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To help someone	MayoClinic, CDC.gov, CleavelandClinic, WHO, JohnHopkins	Very reliable	Very reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites.	I made sliced chicken with broccoli, garlic, cherry tomatos smashed cream sauce and penne pasta.	Sometimes
26	Employed part-time	$100,000–$149,999	No	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Interested	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment, Management	Treatment	Prevention	Management	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	Acid reflux	Daily	Summarization, brainstorming ideas, tech-related questions	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google)	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,), Chatbots that appear when I use search engines like Google or Bing	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	Mayo Clinic, CDC, NIH, NHS	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with ChatGPT, I check with my physician	I had gnocchi with mushrooms and spinach.	Sometimes
27	Employed part-time	Less than $25,000	No	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	Selective mutism	Daily	Code, research, health	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google)	Sometimes	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask friends or family, Use social media (Instagram, Tiktok, etc.,), Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	Selective Mutism Association, Cleveland Clinic	Reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before.	I practice intermittent fasting and had more of a late lunch of some pork and vegetables at a friend's house followed by some snacks like popcorn and pistachios at home.	Sometimes
28	Unemployed	Less than $25,000	Yes	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Apple	Interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	Prevention	Prevention	Management	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment	Management	Management, Prevention	Treatment	Management, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment	Yes	Cerebral Palsy	A few times a week	Information seeking and improving work	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google)	Rarely	5%	Very confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To learn about prevention or healthy habits	webmd.com, mayoclinic.com	Very reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with my physician	I did not eat dinner last night, though there was soup available.	Sometimes
29	Employed part-time	$25,000–$49,999	No	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Very familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Interested	Interested	A little interested	Interested	Very interested	Interested	Interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Interested	A little interested	Interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management	Prevention	Treatment, Management	Yes	Failed Back Syndrome, Neuropathy, Depression, Sinusitis, Anxiety Disorder, Obesity, Fibromyalgia, Chronic Pain, Asthma	A few times a month	General knowledge	Gemini (Google), Copilot (Microsoft)	Sometimes	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	https://www.webmd.com, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/, https://www.mayoclinic.org/	Very reliable	Very reliable	Very reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I check with my physician	Last night, I ate a tortilla wrap with lettuce, turkey breast, peppers and cheese.	Sometimes
30	Unemployed	$25,000–$49,999	No	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Not familiar at all	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Very interested	A little interested	Interested	A little interested	Very interested	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	Depression, PTSD, prediabetes, tendonitis/impingement	Daily	financial, health, cooking, baking, child development	Gemini (Google)	Rarely	5%	Very confident	Search online (Websites), Ask friends or family, Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	Very Well Health, WebMD, Cleveland Clinic	Reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I check with my physician	Last night I had the best cheeseburger with BBQ onions and homemade fries I've had in years.	Sometimes
31	Employed full-time	$75,000–$99,999	No	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Apple	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	Very interested	Moderately interested	Very interested	Moderately interested	Interested	Moderately interested	Not interested	A little interested	Very interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	Degenerative disc disease	A few times a week	I ask academic questions, seeking summaries of inforamtion.	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google)	Rarely	5%	Very confident	Search online (Websites), Chatbots that appear when I use search engines like Google or Bing	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To help someone	Webmd, mayo clinic, john's hopkins	Very reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites.	Last night I ate chicken with salad.	Rarely
32	Employed full-time	$50,000–$74,999	No	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment, Management	Treatment, Management	Treatment, Management	Treatment	Treatment, Management	Yes	no	A few times a week	emails or information	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google), Copilot (Microsoft)	Sometimes	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications	webmd,roswellpark,mayoclinic	Reliable	Reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Slightly reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I check with my physician	I had pasta and meatballs for dinner last night.	Most of the time
33	Unemployed	$25,000–$49,999	Yes	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	A little interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Interested	A little interested	Interested	A little interested	Interested	Moderately interested	Interested	Interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Management	Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Management, Prevention	Yes	Not yet diagnosed	Never	null	null	Sometimes	5%	Somewhat unconfident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	Web MD, Cleaveland Clinic	Very reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with my physician	I had chicken and dill pickle salad!	Rarely
34	Employed full-time	$100,000–$149,999	No	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	Interested	Moderately interested	Interested	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	Depression, POTS, hypothyroid	A few times a year	I use it to summarize open-ended survey responses	ChatGPT	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family, Reddit (might be considered social media?)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion	Cleveland clinic, mayo clinic, johns hopkins	Very reliable	Reliable	Very reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I check with my physician	Last night I had home-made lasagna, asparagus, bread, and salad.	Most of the time
35	Student	Less than $25,000	No	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Not familiar at all	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Apple	Interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	Treatment, Management	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Management	Prevention	Management	Yes	No	Daily	Academic, general	Gemini (Google)	Sometimes	5%	Neutral	Search online (Websites), Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To help someone	www.cdc.gov, www.nih.gov, www.who.int	Very reliable	Very reliable	Reliable	Not reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I go with my intuition or what “feels right", I trust sources I’ve used before.	I had my usual dinner of rice with some beef and eggs.	Sometimes
36	Employed part-time	Less than $25,000	No	Familiar	Very familiar	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Not familiar at all	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Very interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Moderately interested	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Management	Management	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment	Yes	Diabetes, chronic shoulder pain, trigger finger, high blood pressure, PCOS, Raynaud's	A few times a week	health, recipes, suggestions for activities or destinations	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google)	Never	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To help someone	https://medlineplus.gov, https://www.mayoclinic.org, https://www.nih.gov/	Very reliable	Not reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	Somewhat Reliable	I compare the information with other reliable websites., I check with my physician	I made a baked pasta dish with homemade vegan ricotta and garlic bread	Sometimes
37	Employed part-time	$25,000–$49,999	No	Very familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Very familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Very familiar	Apple	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	A little interested	Very interested	A little interested	A little interested	Not interested	Not interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Yes	diabetes	Daily	health, everyday questions	ChatGPT	Rarely	5%	Very confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Use social media (Instagram, Tiktok, etc.,), Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion, To help someone	facebook groups, webmd, mayo clinic	Not reliable	Not reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Very reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I follow what others share on social media, I go with my intuition or what “feels right", I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with ChatGPT, I check with my physician	Last night for dinner I had eggs, sausage, and waffles with butter and syrup.	Sometimes
38	Employed part-time	$25,000–$49,999	No	Familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Familiar	Apple	A little interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Moderately interested	Interested	Not interested	Not interested	Moderately interested	A little interested	A little interested	Interested	Treatment	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment	Prevention	Treatment	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment, Prevention	Treatment	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	No	Daily	Curiosity or odd research, help with daily tasks	Gemini (Google)	Rarely	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family, Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,), Chatbots that appear when I use search engines like Google or Bing	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To help someone	mayoclinic, cdc.gov	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I go with my intuition or what “feels right", I trust sources I’ve used before.	I had home made olive garden.	Sometimes
39	Unemployed	Less than $25,000	No	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Not familiar at all	Slightly familiar	Moderately familiar	Familiar	Apple	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	A little interested	Treatment	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment	Treatment, Management	Yes	No	A few times a month	Usually to review my emails before sending them out.	ChatGPT	Sometimes	5%	Neutral	Search online (Websites), Chatbots that appear when I use search engines like Google or Bing	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications	Mayo Clinic, WebMD, CDC	Very reliable	Very reliable	Reliable	Slightly reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I go with my intuition or what “feels right", I trust sources I’ve used before.	I ate baked pork chops with rice and broccoli.	Rarely
40	Employed full-time	$25,000–$49,999	No	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Not familiar at all	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Moderately familiar	Apple	Very interested	Very interested	Moderately interested	Very interested	Very interested	Very interested	Very interested	Very interested	Very interested	Very interested	Very interested	Very interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	Epilepsy, GERD, Endometriosis	A few times a week	I usually play text-adventure games with the AI tools and have them generate and play games with me, with the AI acting as a game master	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google), Claude	Sometimes	5%	Somewhat confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family, Use Artifical Intelligence (like chatbots i.e. Gemini, ChatGPT, etc.,)	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications	Mayo Clinic, New York Times, AP	Very reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Not reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with my physician	I made a frozen Costco thin crust pepperoni pizza and split it with my aunt who lives with me	Sometimes
41	Unemployed	Less than $25,000	No	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Slightly familiar	Familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Slightly familiar	Very familiar	Familiar	Very familiar	Apple	Very interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Not interested	Very interested	Very interested	Very interested	Not interested	Very interested	Very interested	Very interested	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Treatment, Management, Prevention	Yes	diabetes, obesity,depression, cancer (in remission)	Less often than once a year	math problems	ChatGPT, Gemini (Google)	Rarely	5%	Very confident	Search online (Websites), Ask healthcare professionals, Ask friends or family	To understand symptoms or a diagnosis, To find treatment options or medications, To learn about prevention or healthy habits, To get reassurance or a second opinion, To help someone	duke university, webmd, american cancer society	Very reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Very reliable	Somewhat Reliable	Somewhat Reliable	It comes from a trusted organization (e.g., CDC, Mayo Clinic), I compare the information with other reliable websites., I go with my intuition or what “feels right", I trust sources I’ve used before., I check with my physician	I ordered Little Caesars pizza.	Most of the time

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ReLay: Personalized LLM-Generated Plain-Language Summaries

Experiment data for the paper: ReLay: Personalized LLM-Generated Plain-Language Summaries for Better Understanding of Health Information, but at What Cost?

Configurations

Config	Records	Description
`personalized`	11,580	Personalized PLS from 5 models x 6 methods, with style alignment and bias judgments
`nonpersonalized`	1,530	Non-personalized baseline PLS from 5 models, with knowledge alignment and hallucination evaluations
`participant_surveys`	50	Survey responses for the 50 study participants (IDs 1-50)
`all_surveys`	128	Full survey pool including all respondents (IDs 1-128)

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

# Load a specific config
personalized = load_dataset("jchan58/ReLay", "personalized")
nonpersonalized = load_dataset("jchan58/ReLay", "nonpersonalized")
participant_surveys = load_dataset("jchan58/ReLay", "participant_surveys")
all_surveys = load_dataset("jchan58/ReLay", "all_surveys")

Or download files directly:

from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download

hf_hub_download(repo_id="jchan58/ReLay", filename="personalized/pls_results.json", repo_type="dataset", local_dir=".")

Key Fields

Personalized (11,580 records)

prolific_id — anonymized participant ID (integer 1-50)
batch — study phase (static1, static2, interactive3)
abstract_id — Cochrane abstract identifier
model — generation model (gpt-4o, gpt-5.2, Mistral-7B, MedGemma-27B, Qwen3-4B)
method — personalization method (backstory, metadata, within-user RAG, cross-user RAG, etc.)
generated_pls — the generated plain-language summary
abstract / human_pls — source abstract and human-written PLS
style_alignment — style alignment score (0-1)
bias_judgment — LLM judge output for bias-reinforcing framing

Nonpersonalized (1,530 records)

Same core fields plus:

knowledge_result — LLM judge output for knowledge alignment
hallucination_eval — claim-level faithfulness and factuality scores

Participant Surveys (50 study participants)

participant_id — anonymized ID (1-50, maps to prolific_id in PLS results)
Health topic familiarity and interest ratings
AI tool usage patterns
Health literacy indicators
Information-seeking behavior

All Surveys (128 respondents)

Same schema as participant surveys. IDs 1-50 are the study participants; IDs 51-128 are additional survey respondents who did not complete the full study.

Code

See the full codebase: github.com/jchan58/ReLay

Citation

@article{chan2026relay,
  title={ReLay: Personalized LLM-Generated Plain-Language Summaries for Better Understanding of Health Information, but at What Cost?},
  author={Chan, Joey and Han, Yikun and Chen, Jingyuan and Fang, Samuel and Gryboski, Lauren D and Lee, Alexandra and Tanna, Sheel and Zhu, Qingqing and Lu, Zhiyong and Wang, Lucy Lu and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.00468},
  year={2026}
}

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Paper for jchan58/ReLay

ReLay: Personalized LLM-Generated Plain-Language Summaries for Better Understanding, but at What Cost?

Paper • 2605.00468 • Published May 1