Problem stringlengths 82 668 | Answer stringlengths 4 173 | Hint stringlengths 8 151 | Date stringdate 2025-01-01 00:00:00 2025-11-01 00:00:00 ⌀ | Reference stringlengths 5 125 ⌀ |
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What is the name of the person who was sentenced to prison for making a hoax bomb threat phone call to the Sinai Synagogue in Leeds? | Markel Ible | Aftermath of the Manchester synagogue attack, hoax bomb threat | 2025-10 | BBC News |
With the chemical formula Al₄Cu₉, what is the name of the new IMA-approved mineral first discovered in a micrometeorite collected from the roof of an industrial facility near Oslo, Norway? | Jonlarsenite | Newly approved mineral, derived from a micrometeorite | 2025-10 | European Journal of Mineralogy |
What is the scientific name of the new “flapjack octopus” species, discovered in the Carnarvon Canyon Marine Park in Western Australia and announced by Australia’s CSIRO? | Opisthoteuthis carnarvonensis (Carnarvon flapjack octopus) | Deep sea off Western Australia, new octopus species | 2025-05 | CSIRO |
Based on specimens collected in northern Vietnam and formally described in ZooKeys, what is the name of the new semi-slug species named after the founder of Pensoft? | Ostracolethe penevi | Semi-slug, species name derived from Penev | 2025-08 | ZooKeys |
Observed with ESA’s XMM-Newton satellite and reported by an international astronomy team, what is the official designation of the “very faint X-ray object” in the galactic center? | 4XMM J174610.7–290020 | Long numeric string X-ray object ID | 2025-10 | arXiv |
Among the exoplanets newly added to the NASA Exoplanet Archive, write one example of a planet candidate based on a TESS object. | TOI-2449 b (or e.g. TOI-6109 b) | TESS Object of Interest, planet name ending in “b” | 2025-10 | NASA Science |
What is the codename of the large-scale AI supercomputer, announced by the U.S. Department of Energy and Argonne National Laboratory, that is expected to be equipped with about 100,000 NVIDIA Blackwell GPUs? | Solstice | DOE–NVIDIA–Oracle partnership, AI supercomputer | 2025-10 | NVIDIA Newsroom |
Among the systems Argonne National Laboratory announced alongside Solstice, what is the name of the system aimed at accelerating AI inference and developing the next-generation workforce? | Minerva | Argonne, system for AI workforce and inference acceleration | 2025-10 | Argonne National Laboratory |
Among the new systems announced by Argonne National Laboratory, what is the name of the system that aims to provide an integrated AI and HPC environment? | Tara | AI–HPC integrated environment, Argonne system | 2025-10 | Argonne National Laboratory |
What is the name of the Blackwell-architecture-based edge AI platform for industrial, robotics, and medical use announced by NVIDIA? | NVIDIA IGX Thor | Edge AI platform for surgical robots and industry | 2025-10 | NVIDIA Blog |
In IBM’s updated quantum roadmap, what is the codename of the new quantum processor with a 1,386-qubit multi-chip configuration? | Kookaburra | IBM quantum roadmap, new multi-chip processor | 2025-06 | Forbes |
What is the name of the startup that won the “Startup Battlefield” at TechCrunch Disrupt in San Francisco? | Glīd | TechCrunch Disrupt, Startup Battlefield winner | 2025-10 | TechCrunch |
What is the name of the spec that proposes a minisig- and git-based multisig solution for authentication of GitHub release file distribution? | asfaload/spec | Multisig-based release verification spec | 2025-10 | Hacker News |
Among the orders enacted by the Jamaican government in response to Hurricane Melissa, what is the official title of the executive order that regulates evacuations due to “Hurricane Melissa”? | The Disaster Risk Management (Hurricane Melissa) Evacuation Order, 2025 | Disaster Risk Management Act, Jamaica evacuation order | 2025-10 | Office of the Prime Minister Jamaica |
What is the name of the identified perpetrator of the Manchester synagogue attack? | Jihad Al-Shamie | Manchester, UK, synagogue attack perpetrator | 2025-10 | BBC News |
What are the names of the two victims who were killed in the Manchester synagogue attack? Write both. | Adrian Daulby, Melvin Cravitz | Male victims aged 53 and 66, reported in the UK press | 2025-10 | BBC News |
Among the ambassadorial nominees of the second Trump administration, what is the name of the person nominated as ambassador to Argentina? | Peter Lamelas | U.S. ambassador appointment, South American country | 2025-10 | U.S. Embassy in Argentina |
Among the ambassadorial nominees of the second Trump administration, what is the name of the person appointed as ambassador to Austria? | Arthur Fisher | Second Trump term, ambassador to a European country | 2025-10 | U.S. Embassy Vienna Facebook |
In the Trump administration, who is the former American football player appointed as ambassador to the Bahamas? | Herschel Walker | Former NFL running back, political ambassador appointment | 2025-10 | USA Today |
What is the name of the individual known for the U.S. Border Patrol union who was appointed ambassador to Chile? | Brandon Judd | Border Patrol figure, ambassador to a South American country | 2025-10 | U.S. Embassy in Chile |
According to a Peking University research team in Nature Electronics, their RRAM-based analog matrix-computing chip achieved computation speeds up to how many times faster than conventional digital GPUs such as Nvidia’s H100? | Up to 1,000 times faster than conventional digital GPUs | Analog AI chip, speed comparison figure | 2025-10 | Live Science |
In a TikTok meme, what expression was used in singer Sophia James’s promotional campaign where a particular number group was treated like an “elite group” without any real meaning? | group 7 | Group name containing the number 7, TikTok meme | 2025-10 | TikTok |
Originating from the “Hoppers” teaser in the post-credits of the Pixar film Elio, what phrase is used as a meme to symbolize repetitive and meaningless tasks? | Lizard, lizard, lizard | Green lizard, robotic voice, three repeated words | 2025-06 | YouTube |
Popular among Gen Alpha and chosen as Dictionary.com’s Word of the Year, what number-based slang term refers to a state of being intentionally meaningless or vague? | 6 7 or six-seven | Two-number phrase, originated from basketball and a rap song | 2025-10 | Dictionary.com |
In an Antarctic deep-sea expedition, what is the name of the new spherical sponge species that uses hooks on its surface to grasp and prey on food? | Antarctica, sponge | “Death ball” sponge (scientific name: Chondrocladia sp. nov.) | 2025-10 | https://oceanographicmagazine.com/news/carnivorous-death-ball-sponge-among-new-deep-sea-species/ |
In the Philippines, what is the scientific name of the tube-nosed bat that has been newly identified as a genetically distinct species? | Philippines, bat | Murina baletei | 2025-09 | https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1102948 |
Along the coastal dune zone of California, USA, what is the scientific name of the trapdoor spider confirmed as a new species through genomic analysis? | California, trapdoor spider | Aptostichus ramirezae | 2025-10 | https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate/news/new-species-spider-discovered-just-time-halloween |
In Sichuan, China, what is the scientific name of the new mountain lizard species characterized by its straw-colored (golden) tongue? | China, golden tongue | Diploderma bifluviale | 2025-09 | https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/153705/ |
What is the name of the new bacterial species found off the coast of Hawaii that cannot survive in normal seawater salinity? | Hawaii, bacterium | Caulobacter inopinatus | 2025-10 | https://microbiologysociety.org/news/press-releases/surprising-bacteria-discovery-links-hawaiis-groundwater-to-the-ocean.html |
From analysis of the “dueling dinosaurs” fossils, what is the name of the dinosaur that was confirmed to be an adult of a distinct small theropod species rather than a juvenile T. rex? | Dueling dinosaurs, Tyrannosaurus | Nanotyrannus lancensis | 2025-10 | https://arstechnica.com/science/2025/10/nanotyrannus-species-confirmed-its-not-just-a-baby-t-rex/ |
In Wyoming, USA, to which family does the first “mummified dinosaur” with preserved skin and other soft tissues, including a small “hoof-like structure” on its forelimb, belong? | Wyoming, mummified dinosaur | Family Edmontosauridae (Edmontosaurus family) | 2025-10 | https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw3536 |
Based on JWST observations, what do we call the hypothetical gigantic stars that shine not by nuclear fusion but by the annihilation energy of dark matter? | JWST, dark matter | Supermassive dark stars | 2025-10 | https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251014014430.htm |
In the distant galaxy LAP1-B observed by JWST, what do we call the first-generation stars in the universe, formed shortly after the Big Bang, for which evidence was detected? | JWST, first-generation stars | Population III (Pop III) stars | 2025-11 | https://phys.org/news/2025-11-astronomers-stars-big.html |
Discovered by a UC Irvine team, what is the name of the super-Earth exoplanet located about 18 light-years from Earth in the habitable zone? | 18 light-years, super-Earth | GJ 251 c | 2025-10 | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ae0e20 |
With an orbital period of about 128 days, what is the name of the asteroid that has the second-fastest orbit in the Solar System? | 128 days, asteroid | 2025 SC79 | 2025-09 | https://carnegiescience.edu/news/fast-moving-asteroid-found-suns-glare |
What is the name of the near-Earth comet with a roughly 22,000-year orbital period, a long-period comet that some have suggested might even be an interstellar object? | 22,000-year period, comet | C/2025 R2 (SWAN) | 2025-10 | https://www.celestron.com/blogs/news/a-celestial-surprise-meet-c-2025-r2-swan |
Around which young star in the Large Magellanic Cloud did JWST first detect five life-building organic molecules in the surrounding ice? | Large Magellanic Cloud, organic molecules | The young star ST6 | 2025-10 | https://www.livescience.com/space/astronomy/building-blocks-of-life-detected-in-ice-outside-the-milky-way-for-first-time-ever |
Between the two dwarf galaxies NGC 4532 and DDO 137, a 185,000-light-year-long “gas bridge” was discovered. What is the length of the “galactic tail” they share, recorded as the longest such tail ever observed? | NGC 4532, galactic tail | 1.6 million light-years | 2025-09 | https://www.uwa.edu.au/news/article/2025/september/dwarf-galaxies-linked-by-massive-intergalactic-gas-bridge |
What is the name of the new quantum algorithm announced by Google researchers that performs a specific computation 13,000 times faster than a conventional supercomputer? | Google, quantum algorithm | “Quantum Echoes” | 2025-10 | https://blog.google/technology/research/quantum-echoes-willow-verifiable-quantum-advantage |
What is the name of the home humanoid robot for which Norwegian company 1X has started taking preorders, and approximately how much does it cost? | 1X, humanoid | NEO, approximately USD 20,000 | 2025-10 | https://www.1x.tech/discover/neo-home-robot |
In an Antarctic expedition, what is the name of the close relative of the giant squid whose juvenile was filmed in its natural state at a depth of 3,600 m for the first time in the world? | 3,600 m, squid juvenile | Colossal Squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) | 2025-04 | https://oceanographicmagazine.com/news/colossal-squid-captured-alive-on-camera-for-first-time-in-100-years/ |
Which of the following describes the Eraser enzyme that removes H3K4 methylation? (a) KDM1 family (LSD1) enzymes are specialized for removing H3K4me3 (trimethylation). (b) KDM5 family (JARID1) enzymes can remove all H3K4me1, me2, and me3. (c) Depletion of KDM5 family enzymes lowers H3K4me3 levels. (d) The KDM1 famil... | (b) KDM5 family (JARID1) enzymes can remove all H3K4me1, me2, and me3. | The KDM1 series and KDM5 series have different methylation states that can be removed. | 2025-01 | Roles of H3K4 methylation in biology and disease-Cell Biology |
Chromosomal rearrangements of the MLL1 gene are the most common causes of what types of cancer? | Acute leukemias | This cancer is blood related. | 2025-01 | Roles of H3K4 methylation in biology and disease-Cell Biology |
Which of the following is not a 'Reader' protein that recognizes and binds to the H3K4me3 mark? (a) TAF3 (b) BPTF (c) CHD1 (d) KDM1A (LSD1) | (d) KDM1A (LSD1) is an ‘Eraser’ that removes H3K4me1/me2. | ‘Reader’ is a protein that recognizes labels. One of the options is 'Eraser', which removes the cover. | 2025-01 | Roles of H3K4 methylation in biology and disease-Cell Biology |
In mammalian cells, what two enzyme complexes primarily catalyze H3K4me1 (monomethylation) marks on enhancers? | MLL3 and MLL4 | The names of these enzymes start with MLL. | 2025-01 | Roles of H3K4 methylation in biology and disease-Cell Biology |
In addition to the traditional view of the role of H3K4me3 (promoting transcription initiation), what are the new roles associated with RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) revealed in recent studies? | ‘Pause-release’ regulation of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) | This role is not related to the ‘initiation’ of transcription, but rather to the ‘pausing’ and ‘starting’ steps of RNAPII near the promoter. | null | null |
Navitoclax (ABT-263), a BH3 mimetic, is a drug that inhibits BCL-2 and BCL-X_L, but clinical use is limited due to serious off-target side effects due to BCL-X_L inhibition. What are the main side effects? (a) Cardiotoxicity (b) Thrombocytopenia (c) Neutropenia (d) Neurotoxicity | (b) Thrombocytopenia | Because of this side effect, Venetoclax, which selectively inhibits BCL-2 but not $BCL-X_L$, was developed. | 2025-01 | Apoptosis in Cancer Biology and Therapy |
The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is regulated by BCL-2 family proteins. According to recent studies, the BCL-2 family is largely divided into three subfamilies depending on their function. What are these three series? | (1) Antiapoptotic members, (2) Proapoptotic members, (3) BH3-only molecules | 2. A group that ‘blocks’ apoptosis (e.g. BCL-2) 2. A group that ‘executes’ apoptosis (e.g. BAX) 3. A ‘sentinel’ group that regulates them | 2025-01 | Apoptosis in Cancer Biology and Therapy |
Immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICB) or CAR-T cells, kills cancer cells by activating cytotoxic lymphocytes. What are the two main mechanisms by which these lymphocytes induce apoptosis in cancer cells? | (1) secretion of death ligands such as FasL, (2) release of granzymes through the perforin pore. | Secretion of a ligand that directly activates the ‘extrinsic’ pathway, puncturing a cell and injecting a specific enzyme | 2025-01 | Apoptosis in Cancer Biology and Therapy |
Apoptosis has traditionally been considered immunologically silent, but recent studies have shown that it can trigger inflammation under certain conditions. Which proteins can Caspase-3, the effector caspase of apoptosis, cleave to trigger pyroptosis, a form of inflammatory cell death? (a) Gasdermin D (GSDMD) (b) Gasde... | (b) Gasdermin E (GSDME) | The N-terminal fragment of this protein forms a hole in the cell membrane, causing lytic cell death. | 2025-01 | Apoptosis in Cancer Biology and Therapy |
YAP/TEAD-mediated transcriptional reprogramming is mentioned as one of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to targeted therapeutics. When this pathway is activated, the expression of which antiapoptotic proteins increases to avoid apoptosis? | $BCL-X_L$ and MCL-1 | This pathway promotes apoptosis evasion in ALK translocation lung cancer treated with ALK inhibitors. | 2025-01 | Apoptosis in Cancer Biology and Therapy |
When the SARS-CoV-2 virus infects the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract (URT), what specific structures on the cells does it use to overcome the physical barrier (periciliary layer) of the mucosa and gain access to the cells? (This construct expresses ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and can transport the virus to the c... | Motile cilia | These structures are ‘motile’ and are densely distributed on the surface of epithelial cells. | 2025-01 | Apoptosis in Cancer Biology and Therapy |
What is the main reason why the polarization of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) toward the M1 type (inflammatory) causes more severe symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 infection than the M2 type?(a) M1 macrophages are completely unable to phagocytose viral particles (b) M1 macrophages have more aci... | (b) M1 macrophages have more acidic endosomes than M2, because they enhance S protein cleavage and consequently help viral RNA to be more easily released into the cytoplasm. | The endosomal environment of M1 macrophages makes membrane fusion and cytoplasmic entry of viruses easier. | 2025-01 | Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment |
Enterocytes of the gastrointestinal tract secrete antibodies into the mucosa. What is the key receptor used to capture dimeric IgA bound to the J chain at the basolateral surface of the cell and transport and secrete it across the cell to the apical side? | Polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) | This receptor recognizes 'polymeric' immunoglobulins. | 2025-01 | Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment |
After non-neutralizing antibodies (NnAbs) bind to viral particles, they help the virus enter cells through Fc receptors (FcR) on the surface of immune cells such as macrophages, thereby worsening the infection. What is the phenomenon called? (a) Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) (b) Antibody-dependent phagocytosis... | (c) Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) | This phenomenon has been likened to a ‘Trojan horse’ mechanism, and ADE-mediated IL-6 abnormalities have been identified as a cause of severe COVID-19. | 2025-01 | Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment |
What are the key immunological advantages of mucosal vaccines administered nasally or orally compared to injectable vaccines (e.g. BNT162b2)? | Inducing a strong adaptive immune response (especially SIgA antibodies) directly at the point of entry (mucosal) of the virus | The vaccine potently induces specific types of antibodies at the pathogen's main entry point. | 2025-01 | Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment |
To test thousands of TP53 variants, we used a CRISPR-based technology called Saturation Genome Editing (SGE) instead of the traditional cDNA overexpression method. What is the key reason why this SGE approach yields more physiologically accurate results than cDNA screen methods? | This is because physiological expression is guaranteed by directly editing the endogenous gene locus. | Rather than injecting foreign DNA (cDNA), the method creates mutations directly at the location of the TP53 gene that the cell originally possesses. | 2025-01 | Deep CRISPR mutagenesis characterizes the functional diversity of TP53 mutations |
Through the CRISPR screen, we found that variants were present at the genomic (DNA) level, but the amount of those variants was significantly reduced (approximately 30-fold) at the mRNA level. What is the name of this key pathway by which cells monitor and degrade abnormal mRNAs that cause premature stop codons (PTCs),... | Nonsense-Mediated Messenger RNA Decay (NMD) | Also called NMD. | 2025-01 | Deep CRISPR mutagenesis characterizes the functional diversity of TP53 mutations |
Previous cDNA screens have revealed that some mutations that were incorrectly classified as 'WT-like' or 'benign' actually cause complete loss-of-function (LOF). What is the exact mechanism by which the 'L137Q' (g.7675202A>T) mutation causes loss-of-function? (a) Because the protein degrades too quickly and becomes uns... | (c) Because this mutation creates a ‘cryptic splice site’ inside the exon, causing abnormal mRNA splicing. | This mutation caused a problem not in the function of the protein itself, but at the level of the transcript before the protein was created. | 2025-01 | Deep CRISPR mutagenesis characterizes the functional diversity of TP53 mutations |
The concept of treating the splicing defect of the L137Q' mutation has been presented. What type of molecule can be used to block this abnormal splice site and successfully restore p53 function? (a) APR-246 (p53 protein stabilizer) (b) Splice-Switching Oligonucleotide (SSO) (c) Nutlin-3a (Mdm2 inhibitor) (d) CRISPR-Cas... | (b) Splice-Switching Oligonucleotide (SSO) | The treatment binds to the abnormal splice site and causes the machine to skip the site. | 2025-01 | Deep CRISPR mutagenesis characterizes the functional diversity of TP53 mutations |
The CRISPR screen was more sensitive than conventional cDNA screens, identifying approximately 20% more missense mutations as loss of function (LOF). What are the main reasons why these partial loss-of-function (pLOF) mutations appeared normal (i.e., missed) in previous cDNA screens? (a) Because these mutations are rar... | (b) These mutations cause only mild thermodynamic destabilization of the protein, as ‘nonphysiological overexpression’ in the cDNA screen masked this subtle defect. | The cDNA screen produced so many proteins that even slightly 'weak' proteins behaved as normal. | 2025-01 | Deep CRISPR mutagenesis characterizes the functional diversity of TP53 mutations |
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