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* [[Germinoma]].
* [[Chordoma]]
* Rathke cleft cyst.
* Hypophysitis.
* Xanthogranuloma.
====Spinal cord====
*[[Ependymoma]]
*[[Glioblastoma]]
*[[Meningioma]]
*Carcinoma metastasis
*[[Hemangioblastoma]]
====Filum terminale====
*[[Meningioma]].
*[[Myxopapillary ependymoma]].
*[[Neurofibroma]].
*[[Schwannoma]].
*[[Paraganglioma]].
====Meninges====
* [[Meningioma]].
* [[Solitary fibrous tumour]] / Hemangiopericytoma.
* [[Hemangioblastoma]].
less common:
* [[Melanoma]] / Melanocytoma.
* Lymphoproliferative diseases.
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[Arachnoid cyst]].
* Disseminated oligodendroglial-like leptomeningeal tumour.
* Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma / ganglioglioma.
* Meningioangiomatosis.
* Calcifying pseudoneoplasm.
====Skull====
* [[Fibrous dysplasia]].
* [[Paget disease]].
* [[Histiocytosis]].
* [[Hemangioma]].
* [[Aneurysmal bone cyst]].
* [[Plasma_cell_neoplasms#Multiple_myeloma|Multiple myeloma]].
====Skull base / Cerebellopontine angle====
* [[Schwannoma]].
* [[Meningioma]].
* [[Dermoid cyst]] / epidermoid cyst.
less common:
* [[Ependymoma]].
* [[Choroid plexus papilloma]].
* [[Glomus tumour]].
* [[Chordoma]].
* [[Chondrosarcoma]].
* [[Olfactory neuroblastoma]].
* [[Endolymphatic sac tumour]].
===Primary versus secondary===
*[[AKA]] (primary) brain tumour versus metastatic cancer.
====Primary====
[[Glioma|Glial tumours]]:
*Cytoplasmic processes - '''key feature'''.
**Best seen at highest magnification - usu. ~1 micrometer.
**Processes may branch.
*Ill-defined border/blend with the surrounding brain.
[[Meningioma]]:
*Lesion often dura-based.
*Mesenchymal tumor (often contains collagen).
[[Lymphoma]]:
*Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL) is usu. a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
*Large (lymphoid) cells, ergo usu. not a difficult diagnosis.
**~2x size of resting lymphocyte, nucleoli.
*Lesion predominantly perivascular.
====Secondary====
*Carcinomas:
**Well-demarcated border between brain and lesion - '''key feature'''.
**No cytoplasmic processes.
**Usu. have nuclear atypia of malignancy.
**Nuclei often ~3-4x the size of a [[RBC]].
**+/-Glandular arrangement.
**+/-Nucleoli.
*Melanoma.
*Secondary Lymphoma.
*Sarcomas (rare).
===By growth pattern===
====Infiltrative astrocytomas====
*[[Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant]].
*[[Glioblastoma]], IDH-wildtype.
Notes:
**Glial: "blends into brain"/gradual transition to non-tumour brain.
====Non-infiltrative astrocytomas====
**[[Pilocytic astrocytoma]]
**[[Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma]]
**[[Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma]].
====Cystic tumours====
DDx:<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case320/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case320/dx.html]. Accessed on: 14 January 2012.</ref>
*[[Pilocytic astrocytoma]].
*[[Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma]].
*[[Ganglioglioma]].
*[[Hemangioblastoma]].