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====Sections====
<gallery>
Image:Rosenthal_HE_40x.jpg | Rosenthal fibres. (WC)
Image:Pilocytic astrocytoma cell pleomorphism.jpg | Occasional pleomorphism. (WC)
Image:Pilocytic astrocytoma endothelial proliferations.jpg | Microvascular proliferation. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/neurotest/Q19-Ans.htm Rosenthal fibre (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case162.html Pilocytic astrocytoma (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case90.html Pilocytic astrocytoma - another case (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case195/images/figure3b.jpg Pilocytic astrocytoma - pennies on a plate (upmc.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case195.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case195.html]. Accessed on: 8 January 2012.</ref>
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case397.html Pilocytic astrocytoma (upmc.edu)].
==Stains==
*PAS-D: eosinophilic granular bodies +ve.
==IHC==
Features:<ref name=Ref_PSNP84>{{Ref PSNP|84}}</ref>
*GFAP +ve (fibres).
*CD68: may have a significant macrophage component.
*KI-67: may be "high" (~20% ???).
*Olig 2: Usually strongly present.<ref name=pmid21193945>{{Cite journal | last1 = Otero | first1 = JJ. | last2 = Rowitch | first2 = D. | last3 = Vandenberg | first3 = S. | title = OLIG2 is differentially expressed in pediatric astrocytic and in ependymal neoplasms. | journal = J Neurooncol | volume = 104 | issue = 2 |...
*[[IDH1]] (R132H) -ve.
*[[H3F3A]] (K27M) -ve.
==Molecular==
* Almost all alteration associated with the MAPK pathway.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Collins | first1 = VP. | last2 = Jones | first2 = DT. | last3 = Giannini | first3 = C. | title = Pilocytic astrocytoma: pathology, molecular mechanisms and markers. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 129 | issue = 6 | pages = 7...
* KIAA1549-BRAF fusion transcripts most common in sporadic PA (up to 2/3 of all cases).
**DDx: Fusion reported in rare Diffuse Leptomeingeal Glioneuronal Tumors and Oligodendroglioma.
* Rarely BRAF, KRAS or FGFR1 mutations, NTRK2, SRGAP3-RAF1 or FAM131B-BRAF fusions.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = DT. | last2 = Hutter | first2 = B. | last3 = Jäger | first3 = N. | last4 = Korshunov | first4 = A. | last5 = Kool | first5 = M. | last6 = Warnatz | first6 = HJ. | last7 = Zichner | first7 =...
*Up to 15% of all [[NF1]] patients develop a PA ("optic glioma" as predilection).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Friedrich | first1 = RE. | last2 = Nuding | first2 = MA. | title = Optic Pathway Glioma and Cerebral Focal Abnormal Signal Intensity in Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Characteristics, Treatment Choic...
*Rare reports of PA in Noonan-Syndrome (PTPN11 mutation).<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = DT. | last2 = Hutter | first2 = B. | last3 = Jäger | first3 = N. | last4 = Korshunov | first4 = A. | last5 = Kool | first5 = M. | last6 = Warnatz | first6 = HJ. | last7 = Zichner | first7 = T. | last8 = Lambert | fi...
==Prognosis==
*Excellent (10-year OS: 90%)
*In thalamic/chiasmatic region not so good (incomplete resection, often [[Pilomyxoid astrocytoma]]).
*Primary treatment: surgery. Incomplete resection: RT has to be considered.
**Chx is given in rare cases that are still progredient<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Metts | first1 = RD. | last2 = Bartynski | first2 = W. | last3 = Welsh | first3 = CT. | last4 = Kinsman | first4 = S. | last5 = Bredlau | first5 = AL. | title = Bevacizumab Therapy for Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma. | journal = J Pediatr Hem...
==See also==
*[[Neuropathology tumours]].
*[[Astrocytoma]].
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Neuropathology tumours]]
14c25017df408a67f9e5c9f80f5f93d7a900a10653bf0dd2c8b970d11b741d12 librepath-pilocytic.txt
The '''pituitary gland''' is known as the ''master gland''.
Divisions:<ref>[http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/histo.html http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/histo.html]</ref>
*Anterior pituitary ([[AKA]] adenohypophysis, pars distalis).
*Posterior pituitary (AKA neurohypophysis, neural pituitary, pars nervosa).
=Function=
===Anterior===
Hormones:<ref name=rcn_com>[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pituitary.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pituitary.html]</ref>
*Growth hormone (GH).
*Luteinizing hormone (LH)
*Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
*Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
*Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
*Prolactin (PRL)
Mnemonic: "Go Look For The Adenoma Please" = GH, LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, PRL.
===Intermedia===
* Originates from the posterior wall of the Rathke’s pouch.
* Hormones: MSH, ACTH precursor.
* Contains colloid cysts.
===Posterior===
Hormones:<ref name=rcn_com/>
*Oxytocin.
*Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
=Anatomy and histology=
===Anatomy===
Basic anatomy (simplified):<ref name=bowen>URL: [http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/histo_pit.html http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/histo_pit.html]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
*Anterior:
**Pars distalis.
**Pars intermedia.
*Posterior:
**Pars nervosa.
Embryological origin:<ref name=bowen/>
*Anterior - Rathke's pouch (roof of mouth).
*Posterior - diencephalon (ventral aspect).
Images:
*[http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/38_01.jpg Pituitary gland (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/Images/HypDevAni.gif Development of the pituitary - animation (anhb.uwa.edu)].
===Histology===
====Anterior====
*Acidophils (40% of cells) = red or orange.
**GH, PRL.
*Basophils (10% of cells) = basophilic (light blue).
**TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH.