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**Introduced in 1938 as a post-mortem diagnosis.<ref>SAMUEL NEVIN - GLIOMATOSIS CEREBRI, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/61.2.170 170-191 First published online: 1 June 1938</ref> |
**Since 2016 it is no longer considered a distinct entity.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Johnson | first1 = DR. | last2 = Guerin | first2 = JB. | last3 = Giannini | first3 = C. | last4 = Morris | first4 = JM. | last5 = Eckel | first5 = LJ. | last6 = Kaufmann | first6 = TJ. | title = 2016 Updates to the WHO Brain Tumor ... |
* More than 3 lobes have to be involved, us. bilateral (radiology required). |
* biologic behaviour corresponds to WHO III (ICD-O: 9381/3) |
* Based on presence / absence of a solid component authors propose two types:<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Seiz | first1 = M. | last2 = Tuettenberg | first2 = J. | last3 = Meyer | first3 = J. | last4 = Essig | first4 = M. | last5 = Schmieder | first5 = K. | last6 = Mawrin | first6 = C. | last7 = von Deimling | first7 ... |
** GC type 1: classic diffuse growth, without IDH1/2 mutation. |
** GC type 2: with a solid portion, mostly IDH1 mutant. |
* Genetic studies indicate strong overlap with diffuse astrocytic gliomas, oligodendrogliomas and glioblastoma. |
==Gliosarcoma== |
===General=== |
*Considered to be a variant of [[glioblastoma]] by WHO.<ref name=pmid19618114>{{cite journal |author=Han SJ, Yang I, Tihan T, Prados MD, Parsa AT |title=Primary gliosarcoma: key clinical and pathologic distinctions from glioblastoma with implications as a unique oncologic entity |journal=J. Neurooncol. |volume=96 |issu... |
*Rare ~ 200 cases reported in the literature.<ref name=pmid19618114/> |
*Definition: gliosarcoma = glioblastoma + sarcomatous component.<ref name=pmid20415184>{{cite journal |author=Ayadi L, Charfi S, Khabir A, ''et al.'' |title=[Cerebral gliosarcoma: clinico-pathologic study of 8 cases] |language=French |journal=Tunis Med |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=142–6 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=2041... |
*Usual location (like glioblastoma): temporal lobe. |
*Prognosis is similiar to [[glioblastoma]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Frandsen | first1 = J. | last2 = Orton | first2 = A. | last3 = Jensen | first3 = R. | last4 = Colman | first4 = H. | last5 = Cohen | first5 = AL. | last6 = Tward | first6 = J. | last7 = Shrieve | first7 = DC. | last8 = Suneja | first8 = G. | titl... |
** Age below 65 years is prognostic. |
===Microscopic=== |
Features: |
*[[Glioblastoma]]. |
*Sarcomatous component (one of the following):<ref name=pmid19618114/><ref name=pmid20415184/> |
**Fibroblastic. |
**Cartilaginous. |
**Osseous. |
**Smooth muscle. |
**Striated muscle. |
**Adipocyte. |
====Images==== |
<gallery> |
Image:Gliosarcoma_Histopathology_200x_EVG.jpg | Gliosarcoma - elastica van Giesson. (WC) |
</gallery> |
www: |
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case169/micro.html Gliosarcoma - several images (upmc.edu)]. |
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case361.html Gliosarcoma - case 2 - several images (upmc.edu)]. |
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case367.html Gliosarcoma - case 3 - several images (upmc.edu)]. |
===IHC=== |
*GFAP +ve -- astrocytic component.<ref name=pmid9736406>{{Cite journal | last1 = Horiguchi | first1 = H. | last2 = Hirose | first2 = T. | last3 = Kannuki | first3 = S. | last4 = Nagahiro | first4 = S. | last5 = Sano | first5 = T. | title = Gliosarcoma: an immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and fluorescence in situ h... |
**Spindle cell component -ve.<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case361.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case361.html]. Accessed on: 15 January 2012.</ref> |
Gliosarcoma with smooth muscle component (gliomyosarcoma):<ref name=pmid21393877>{{Cite journal | last1 = Khanna | first1 = M. | last2 = Siraj | first2 = F. | last3 = Chopra | first3 = P. | last4 = Bhalla | first4 = S. | last5 = Roy | first5 = S. | title = Gliosarcoma with prominent smooth muscle component (gliomyosar... |
*SMA +ve. |
*Factor VIII +ve. |
==Gliofibroma== |
* Very rare indolent tumor in children <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Deb | first1 = P. | last2 = Sarkar | first2 = C. | last3 = Garg | first3 = A. | last4 = Singh | first4 = VP. | last5 = Kale | first5 = SS. | last6 = Sharma | first6 = MC. | title = Intracranial gliofibroma mimicking a meningioma: a case report and re... |
* Usually not dura-based (DD: Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma) |
* Glial tumor with non-neoplastic fibromatous component. |
=See also= |
*[[CNS tumours]]. |
=References= |
{{Reflist|2}} |
[[Category:Neuropathology]] |
9da53245f48f82ca2515eda8f0d8b0c0699260c677a9951e86e75dbe9de15ea7 librepath-astrocytoma.txt |
{{ Infobox diagnosis |
| Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
| Image = Metastatic_adenocarcinoma_-_cerebellum_-_high_mag.jpg |
| Width = |
| Caption = Metastatic adenocarcinoma, compatible with colorectal primary. [[HPS stain]]. |
| Synonyms = |
| Micro = usu. well-demarcated border between brain and lesion, no cytoplasmic processes (seen in glial tumours), usu. have [[nuclear atypia]] of malignancy, +/-glandular architecture, +/-nucleoli seen |
| Subtypes = |
| LMDDx = primary brain tumour - see ''[[Neuropathology_tumours#Primary_versus_secondary|primary brain tumour versus secondary brain tumour]]'' |
| Stains = |
| IHC = GFAP -ve, dependent on primary - typical +ve for keratins (as carcinoma) |
| EM = |
| Molecular = |
| IF = |
| Gross = |
| Grossing = |
| Site = [[brain]] |
| Assdx = |
| Syndromes = |
| Clinicalhx = |
| Signs = |
| Symptoms = |
| Prevalence = most common brain tumour (adults) |
| Bloodwork = |
| Rads = intra-axial, typically grey-white junction, cerebellum (esp. in adults) |
| Endoscopy = |
| Prognosis = poor |
| Other = |
| ClinDDx = primary brain tumour, cerebral abscess or infection |
| Tx = surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy |
}} |
'''Brain metastasis''', also '''metastatic brain tumour''',<ref>URL: [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000769.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000769.htm]. Accessed on: November 8, 2014.</ref> is a [[brain tumour]] that arose elsewhere and spread to the brain. |
==General== |
*Most common brain tumour in adults.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pekmezci | first1 = M. | last2 = Perry | first2 = A. | title = Neuropathology of brain metastases. | journal = Surg Neurol Int | volume = 4 | issue = Suppl 4 | pages = S245-55 | month = | year = 2013 | doi = 10.4103/2152-7806.111302 | PMID = 23717796 }... |
** Brain metastases are found in up to 25% cancer patients at autopsy. <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gavrilovic | first1 = IT. | last2 = Posner | first2 = JB. | title = Brain metastases: epidemiology and pathophysiology. | journal = J Neurooncol | volume = 75 | issue = 1 | pages = 5-14 | month = Oct | year = 2005 | do... |
**Incidence of brain metastases increases with age. |
** 80% of brain metastases are located supratentorial, usu. at the border between white and grey matter. |
*In more than 50% there are multiple metastases in the brain. |
*Common primary sites (in order of prevalence): [[lung cancer|lung]], [[invasive breast cancer|breast]], [[renal cell carcinoma|kidney]], [[Gastrointestinal pathology|gastrointestinal]], [[melanoma]].<ref>{{Ref TN2007|NS9}}</ref> |
*Percentage of previously diagnosed cancers with brain metastases - by primary site: lung cancer 19.9%, melanoma 6.9%, breast cancer 5.1%, renal cancer 6.5%, colorectal cancer 1.8%.<ref name=pmid15254054>{{Cite journal | last1 = Barnholtz-Sloan | first1 = JS. | last2 = Sloan | first2 = AE. | last3 = Davis | first3 = F... |
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