Datasets:

meddyrat
/

dis-bench

# Contributing to PHP

Anybody who programs in PHP can be a contributing member of the community that
develops and deploys it; the task of deploying PHP, documentation and associated
websites is a never-ending one. With every release or release candidate comes a
wave of work, which takes a lot of organization and co-ordination.

You don't need any special access to download, build, debug and begin submitting
PHP or PECL code, tests or documentation. Once you've followed this guide and
had several contributions accepted, commit privileges are often quickly granted.

## Index

* [Pull requests](#pull-requests)
* [Filing bugs](#filing-bugs)
* [Feature requests](#feature-requests)
* [Technical resources](#technical-resources)
* [Writing tests](#writing-tests)
* [Writing documentation](#writing-documentation)
* [Getting help](#getting-help)
* [PHP source code directory structure](#php-source-code-directory-structure)
* [PHP internals](#php-internals)
* [PECL extensions](#pecl-extensions)
* [Checklist for submitting contribution](#checklist-for-submitting-contribution)
* [What happens after submitting contribution?](#what-happens-after-submitting-contribution)
* [What happens when your contribution is applied?](#what-happens-when-your-contribution-is-applied)
* [Git commit rules](#git-commit-rules)
* [Copyright and license headers](#copyright-and-license-headers)

## Pull requests

PHP welcomes pull requests to [add tests](#writing-tests), fix bugs and to
implement RFCs. Please be sure to include tests as appropriate!

By submitting a pull request, you certify that you have the necessary rights
to submit the work, that the work does not violate any third-party rights
(including those of your employer, if applicable), and that you license your
contribution under the PHP License or under another license if explicitly
accepted by the PHP project maintainers.

If you are fixing a bug, then please submit your PR against the lowest actively
supported branch of PHP that the bug affects (only green branches on
[the supported version page](https://www.php.net/supported-versions.php) are
supported). For example, at the time of writing, the lowest supported version is
PHP 8.0, which corresponds to the `PHP-8.0` branch in Git. Please also make sure
you add a link to the PR in the bug on [the bug tracker](https://github.com/php/php-src/issues)
or [the old bug tracker](https://bugs.php.net/).

Pull requests implementing RFCs should be submitted against `master`.

Pull requests should *never* be submitted against `PHP-x.y.z` branches, as these
are only used for release management.

If your pull request exhibits conflicts with the base branch, please resolve
them by using `git rebase` instead of `git merge`.

Fork the official PHP repository and send a pull request. A notification will be
sent to the pull request mailing list. Sending a note to PHP Internals list
(internals@lists.php.net) may help getting more feedback and quicker turnaround.
You can also add pull requests to [bug reports](https://github.com/php/php-src/issues)
and [old bug reports](https://bugs.php.net/).

Read [Git access page](https://www.php.net/git.php) for help on using Git to get
and build PHP source code. We recommend to look at our
[workflow](https://wiki.php.net/vcs/gitworkflow) and our
[FAQ](https://wiki.php.net/vcs/gitfaq).

## Filing bugs

Bugs can be filed on [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/php/php-src/issues/new/choose).
If this is the first time you've filed a bug, we suggest reading the
[guide to reporting a bug](https://bugs.php.net/how-to-report.php).

Where possible, please include a self-contained reproduction case!

## Feature requests

Feature requests are generally submitted in the form of
[Requests for Comments (RFC)](https://wiki.php.net/rfc/howto), ideally
accompanied by [pull requests](#pull-requests). You can find the extremely large
list of RFCs that have been previously considered on the
[PHP Wiki](https://wiki.php.net/rfc).

To create an RFC, discuss it with the extension maintainer, and discuss it on
the development mailing list internals@lists.php.net. RFC Wiki accounts can be
requested on https://wiki.php.net/start?do=register. PHP extension maintainers
can be found in the [EXTENSIONS](/EXTENSIONS) file in the PHP source code
repository. Mailing list subscription is explained on the
[mailing lists page](https://www.php.net/mailing-lists.php).

You may also want to read
[The Mysterious PHP RFC Process](https://blogs.oracle.com/opal/post/the-mysterious-php-rfc-process-and-how-you-can-change-the-web)
for additional notes on the best way to approach submitting an RFC.

## Technical resources

There are a number of technical resources on php-src. Unfortunately, they are
scattered across different websites, and often outdated. Nonetheless, they can
provide a good starting point for learning about the fundamentals of the code
base.

* https://www.phpinternalsbook.com/
* https://www.npopov.com/
  * [Internal value representation](https://www.npopov.com/2015/05/05/Internal-value-representation-in-PHP-7-part-1.html), [part 2](https://www.npopov.com/2015/06/19/Internal-value-representation-in-PHP-7-part-2.html)
  * [HashTable implementation](https://www.npopov.com/2014/12/22/PHPs-new-hashtable-implementation.html)
  * [Zend Virtual Machine](https://www.npopov.com/2017/04/14/PHP-7-Virtual-machine.html)
  * [How opcache works](https://www.npopov.com/2021/10/13/How-opcache-works.html)
  * [The opcache optimizer](https://www.npopov.com/2022/05/22/The-opcache-optimizer.html)
* https://wiki.php.net/internals
  * [Objects](https://wiki.php.net/internals/engine/objects)
* https://qa.php.net/
  * [Writing tests](https://qa.php.net/write-test.php)
  * [Running tests](https://qa.php.net/running-tests.php)
  * [PHPT structure](https://qa.php.net/phpt_details.php)
* https://phpinternals.net/
  * [Implementing new operator](https://phpinternals.net/articles/implementing_a_range_operator_into_php), [part 2](https://phpinternals.net/articles/a_reimplementation_of_the_range_operator)
  * [Opcode extending](https://phpinternals.net/articles/implementing_new_language_constructs_via_opcode_extending)

## Writing tests

We love getting new tests! PHP is a huge project and improving test coverage is
a huge win for every PHP user.

[Our QA site includes a page detailing how to write test cases.](https://qa.php.net/write-test.php)

Submitting test scripts helps us to understand what functionality has changed.
It is important for the stability and maintainability of PHP that tests are
comprehensive.

Failure conditions of `zend_parse_parameters`, `ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS()` and
similar functions should not be tested. These parameter parsing APIs are already
extensively tested, and additional tests only complicate future modifications.

For newly created tests, a `--CREDITS--` section should no longer be included,
as test authorship is already accurately tracked by Git. If multiple authors
should be credited, the `Co-authored-by` tag in the commit message may be used.

## Writing documentation

Editing the manual is done by checking out the XML sources using Git and editing
and building it [per the instructions on the documentation site](http://doc.php.net/tutorial/).

## Getting help

If you are having trouble contributing to PHP, or just want to talk to a human
about what you're working on, you can contact us via the
[internals mailing list](mailto:internals@lists.php.net), or the
[documentation mailing list](mailto:phpdoc@lists.php.net) for documentation
issues.

Although not a formal channel, you can also find a number of core developers on
the #php.pecl channel on [EFnet](http://www.efnet.org/). Similarly, many
documentation writers can be found on #php.doc. Windows development IRC channel
is available at #winphp-dev on FreeNode.

## PHP source code directory structure

PHP source code also includes several files generated during development and
several parts where maintenance is happening upstream in their respective
locations.

```bash
<php-src>/
 ├─ .git/                           # Git configuration and source directory
 ├─ TSRM/                           # Thread Safe Resource Manager
 └─ Zend/                           # Zend Engine
    ├─ asm/                         # Bundled from src/asm in https://github.com/boostorg/context
    ├─ zend_vm_execute.h            # Generated by `Zend/zend_vm_gen.php`
    ├─ zend_vm_opcodes.c            # Generated by `Zend/zend_vm_gen.php`
    ├─ zend_vm_opcodes.h            # Generated by `Zend/zend_vm_gen.php`
    └─ ...
 └─ build/                          # *nix build system files
    ├─ ax_*.m4                      # https://github.com/autoconf-archive/autoconf-archive
    ├─ config.guess                 # https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/config.git
    ├─ config.sub                   # https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/config.git
    ├─ libtool.m4                   # https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/libtool.git
    ├─ ltmain.sh                    # https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/libtool.git
    ├─ pkg.m4                       # https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/pkg-config/pkg-config
    ├─ shtool                       # https://www.gnu.org/software/shtool/
    └─ ...
 ├─ docs/                           # PHP internals and repository documentation
 └─ ext/                            # PHP core extensions
    └─ bcmath/
       ├─ libbcmath/                # Forked and maintained in php-src
       └─ ...
    └─ curl/
       ├─ sync-constants.php        # The curl symbols checker
       └─ ...
    └─ date/
       └─ lib/                      # Bundled datetime library https://github.com/derickr/timelib
          ├─ parse_date.c           # Generated by re2c 0.15.3
          ├─ parse_iso_intervals.c  # Generated by re2c 0.15.3
          └─ ...
       └─ ...
    └─ ffi/
       ├─ ffi_parser.c              # Generated by https://github.com/dstogov/llk
       └─ ...
    └─ fileinfo/
       ├─ libmagic/                 # Modified libmagic https://github.com/file/file
       ├─ data_file.c               # Generated by `ext/fileinfo/create_data_file.php`
       ├─ libmagic.patch            # Modifications patch from upstream libmagic
       ├─ magicdata.patch           # Modifications patch from upstream libmagic
       └─ ...
    └─ gd/
       ├─ libgd/                    # Bundled and modified GD library https://github.com/libgd/libgd
       └─ ...
    └─ mbstring/
       ├─ libmbfl/                  # Forked and maintained in php-src
       ├─ unicode_data.h            # Generated by `ext/mbstring/ucgendat/ucgendat.php`
       └─ ...
    └─ opcache/
       └─ jit/
          └─ ir/                    # Bundled part of IR framework https://github.com/dstogov/ir
    └─ pcre/
       ├─ pcre2lib/                 # https://www.pcre.org/
       └─ ...
    └─ skeleton/                    # Skeleton for developing new extensions with `ext/ext_skel.php`
       └─ ...
    └─ standard/
       └─ html_tables/
          ├─ mappings/              # https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/
          └─ ...
       ├─ credits_ext.h             # Generated by `scripts/dev/credits`
       ├─ credits_sapi.h            # Generated by `scripts/dev/credits`
       ├─ html_tables.h             # Generated by `ext/standard/html_tables/html_table_gen.php`
       └─ ...
    └─ tokenizer/
       ├─ tokenizer_data.c          # Generated by `ext/tokenizer/tokenizer_data_gen.sh`
       └─ ...
    └─ zend_test                    # For testing internal APIs. Not needed for regular builds.
       └─ ...
    └─ zip/                         # Bundled https://github.com/pierrejoye/php_zip
       └─ ...
    └─ ...
 └─ main/                           # Binding that ties extensions, SAPIs, and engine together
    ├─ streams/                     # Streams layer subsystem
    ├─ php_version.h                # Generated by release managers using `configure`
    └─ ...
 ├─ pear/                           # PEAR installation
 └─ sapi/                           # PHP SAPI modules
    └─ cli/
       ├─ mime_type_map.h           # Generated by `sapi/cli/generate_mime_type_map.php`
       └─ ...
    └─ ...
 ├─ scripts/                        # php-config, phpize and internal development scripts
 ├─ tests/                          # Core features tests
 └─ win32/                          # Windows build system files
    ├─ cp_enc_map.c                 # Generated by `win32/cp_enc_map_gen.exe`
    └─ ...
 └─ ...
```

## PHP internals

For information on PHP internal C functions see
[References about Maintaining and Extending PHP](https://wiki.php.net/internals/references).
Various external resources can be found on the web. A standard printed reference
is the book "Extending and Embedding PHP" by Sara Golemon.

## PECL extensions

If you are fixing broken functionality in a [PECL](https://pecl.php.net)
extension then create a bug or identify an existing bug at
[bugs.php.net](https://bugs.php.net). A bug can be used to track the change
progress and prevent your changes getting lost in the PHP mail archives. Some
PECL extensions have their own bug tracker locations and different contributing
procedures.

If your change is large then create a
[Request for Comments (RFC)](https://wiki.php.net/rfc), discuss it with the
extension maintainer, and discuss it on the development mailing list
pecl-dev@lists.php.net depending on the extension. PECL mailing list
subscription is explained on the
[PECL support page](https://pecl.php.net/support.php).

Update any open bugs and add a link to the source of your change. Send the patch
or pointer to the bug to pecl-dev@lists.php.net. Also CC the extension
maintainer. Explain what has been changed by your patch. Test scripts should be
included.

## Checklist for submitting contribution

- Read [Coding standards](/CODING_STANDARDS.md) before you start working.
- Update git source just before running your final `diff` and before testing.
- Add inline comments and/or have external documentation ready. Use only
  `/* */` style comments, not `//`.
- Create test scripts for use with `make test`.
- Run `make test` to check your change doesn't break other features.
- Rebuild PHP with `--enable-debug` which will show some kinds of memory errors
  and check the PHP and web server error logs after running your PHP tests.
- Rebuild PHP with `--enable-zts` to check your change compiles and operates
  correctly in a thread-safe PHP.
- Review the change once more just before submitting it.

## What happens after submitting contribution?

If your change is easy to review and obviously has no side-effects, it might be
committed relatively quickly.

Because PHP is a volunteer-driven effort, more complex changes will require
patience on your side. If you do not receive feedback in a few days, consider
bumping. Before doing this think about these questions:

- Did I send the patch to the right mailing list?
- Did I review the mailing list archives to see if these kind of changes had
  been discussed before?
- Did I explain my change clearly?
- Is my change too hard to review? If so, why?

## What happens when your contribution is applied?

Your name will likely be included in the Git commit log. If your change affects
end users, a brief description and your name might be added to the [NEWS](/NEWS)
file.

## Git commit rules

This section refers to contributors that have Git push access and make commit
changes themselves. We'll assume you're basically familiar with Git, but feel
free to post your questions on the mailing list. Please have a look at the more
detailed [information on Git](https://git-scm.com/).

PHP is developed through the efforts of a large number of people. Collaboration
is a Good Thing(tm), and Git lets us do this. Thus, following some basic rules
with regard to Git usage will:

* Make everybody happier, especially those responsible for maintaining PHP
  itself.
* Keep the changes consistently well documented and easily trackable.
* Prevent some of those 'Oops' moments.
* Increase the general level of good will on planet Earth.

Having said that, here are the organizational rules:

1. Respect other people working on the project.

2. Discuss any significant changes on the list before committing and get
   confirmation from the release manager for the given branch.

3. Look at [EXTENSIONS](/EXTENSIONS) file to see who is the primary maintainer
   of the code you want to contribute to.

4. If you "strongly disagree" about something another person did, don't start
   fighting publicly - take it up in private email.

5. If you don't know how to do something, ask first!

6. Test your changes before committing them. We mean it. Really. To do so use
   `make test`.

7. For development use the `--enable-debug` switch to avoid memory leaks and the
   `--enable-zts` switch to ensure your code handles TSRM correctly and doesn't
   break for those who need that.

Currently, we have the following branches in use:

| Branch    |           |
| --------- | --------- |
| master    | Active development branch for PHP 8.5, which is open for backwards incompatible changes and major internal API changes. |
| PHP-8.4   | Is used to release the PHP 8.4.x series. This is a current stable version and is open for bugfixes only. |
| PHP-8.3   | Is used to release the PHP 8.3.x series. This is a current stable version and is open for bugfixes only. |
| PHP-8.2   | Is used to release the PHP 8.2.x series. This is an old stable version and is open for security fixes only. |
| PHP-8.1   | Is used to release the PHP 8.1.x series. This is an old stable version and is open for security fixes only. |
| PHP-8.0   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-7.4   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-7.3   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-7.2   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-7.1   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-7.0   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-5.6   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-5.5   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-5.4   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-5.3   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-5.2   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-5.1   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-4.4   | This branch is closed. |
| PHP-X.Y.Z | These branches are used for the release managers for tagging the releases, hence they are closed to the general public. |

The next few rules are more of a technical nature:

1. All non-security bugfix changes should first go to the lowest bugfix branch
   (i.e. 8.0) and then get merged up to all other branches. All security fixes
   should go to the lowest security fixes branch (i.e 7.4). If a change is not
   needed for later branches (i.e. fixes for features which were dropped from
   later branches) an empty merge should be done.

2. All news updates intended for public viewing, such as new features, bug
   fixes, improvements, etc., should go into the NEWS file of *any stable
   release* version with the given change. In other words, news about a bug fix
   which went into PHP-5.4, PHP-5.5 and master should be noted in both
   PHP-5.4/NEWS and PHP-5.5/NEWS but not master, which is not a public released
   version yet.

3. Do not commit multiple files and dump all messages in one commit. If you
   modified several unrelated files, commit each group separately and provide a
   nice commit message for each one. See example below.

4. Do write your commit message in such a way that it makes sense even without
   the corresponding diff. One should be able to look at it, and immediately
   know what was modified. Definitely include the function name in the message
   as shown below.

5. In your commit messages, keep each line shorter than 80 characters. And try
   to align your lines vertically, if they wrap. It looks bad otherwise.

6. If you modified a function that is callable from PHP, prepend PHP to the
   function name as shown below.

The format of the commit messages is pretty simple.

    <max 79 characters short description>\n
    \n
    <long description, 79 chars per line>
    \n
An Example from the git project (commit 2b34e486bc):

    pack-objects: Fix compilation with NO_PTHREDS
    It looks like commit 99fb6e04 (pack-objects: convert to use parse_options(),
    2012-02-01) moved the #ifdef NO_PTHREDS around but hasn't noticed that the
    'arg' variable no longer is available.
If you fix some bugs, you should note the bug ID numbers in your commit message.
Bug ID should be prefixed by `#`.

Example:

    Fixed bug #14016 (pgsql notice handler double free crash bug.)
When you change the NEWS file for a bug fix, then please keep the bugs sorted in
decreasing order under the fixed version.

## Copyright and license headers

New source code files should include the following header block:

```c
/*
  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | Copyright (c) The PHP Group                                          |
  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | This source file is subject to version 3.01 of the PHP license,      |
  | that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE, and is        |
  | available through the world-wide-web at the following url:           |
  | https://www.php.net/license/3_01.txt                                 |
  | If you did not receive a copy of the PHP license and are unable to   |
  | obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send a note to          |
  | license@php.net so we can mail you a copy immediately.               |
  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | Author:                                                              |
  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
*/
```

Thank you for contributing to PHP!

	# Contributing to PHP

	Anybody who programs in PHP can be a contributing member of the community that
	develops and deploys it; the task of deploying PHP, documentation and associated
	websites is a never-ending one. With every release or release candidate comes a
	wave of work, which takes a lot of organization and co-ordination.

	You don't need any special access to download, build, debug and begin submitting
	PHP or PECL code, tests or documentation. Once you've followed this guide and
	had several contributions accepted, commit privileges are often quickly granted.

	## Index

	* [Pull requests](#pull-requests)
	* [Filing bugs](#filing-bugs)
	* [Feature requests](#feature-requests)
	* [Technical resources](#technical-resources)
	* [Writing tests](#writing-tests)
	* [Writing documentation](#writing-documentation)
	* [Getting help](#getting-help)
	* [PHP source code directory structure](#php-source-code-directory-structure)
	* [PHP internals](#php-internals)
	* [PECL extensions](#pecl-extensions)
	* [Checklist for submitting contribution](#checklist-for-submitting-contribution)
	* [What happens after submitting contribution?](#what-happens-after-submitting-contribution)
	* [What happens when your contribution is applied?](#what-happens-when-your-contribution-is-applied)
	* [Git commit rules](#git-commit-rules)
	* [Copyright and license headers](#copyright-and-license-headers)

	## Pull requests

	PHP welcomes pull requests to [add tests](#writing-tests), fix bugs and to
	implement RFCs. Please be sure to include tests as appropriate!

	By submitting a pull request, you certify that you have the necessary rights
	to submit the work, that the work does not violate any third-party rights
	(including those of your employer, if applicable), and that you license your
	contribution under the PHP License or under another license if explicitly
	accepted by the PHP project maintainers.

	If you are fixing a bug, then please submit your PR against the lowest actively
	supported branch of PHP that the bug affects (only green branches on
	[the supported version page](https://www.php.net/supported-versions.php) are
	supported). For example, at the time of writing, the lowest supported version is
	PHP 8.0, which corresponds to the `PHP-8.0` branch in Git. Please also make sure
	you add a link to the PR in the bug on [the bug tracker](https://github.com/php/php-src/issues)
	or [the old bug tracker](https://bugs.php.net/).

	Pull requests implementing RFCs should be submitted against `master`.

	Pull requests should never be submitted against `PHP-x.y.z` branches, as these
	are only used for release management.

	If your pull request exhibits conflicts with the base branch, please resolve
	them by using `git rebase` instead of `git merge`.

	Fork the official PHP repository and send a pull request. A notification will be
	sent to the pull request mailing list. Sending a note to PHP Internals list
	(internals@lists.php.net) may help getting more feedback and quicker turnaround.
	You can also add pull requests to [bug reports](https://github.com/php/php-src/issues)
	and [old bug reports](https://bugs.php.net/).

	Read [Git access page](https://www.php.net/git.php) for help on using Git to get
	and build PHP source code. We recommend to look at our
	[workflow](https://wiki.php.net/vcs/gitworkflow) and our
	[FAQ](https://wiki.php.net/vcs/gitfaq).

	## Filing bugs

	Bugs can be filed on [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/php/php-src/issues/new/choose).
	If this is the first time you've filed a bug, we suggest reading the
	[guide to reporting a bug](https://bugs.php.net/how-to-report.php).

	Where possible, please include a self-contained reproduction case!

	## Feature requests

	Feature requests are generally submitted in the form of
	[Requests for Comments (RFC)](https://wiki.php.net/rfc/howto), ideally
	accompanied by [pull requests](#pull-requests). You can find the extremely large
	list of RFCs that have been previously considered on the
	[PHP Wiki](https://wiki.php.net/rfc).

	To create an RFC, discuss it with the extension maintainer, and discuss it on
	the development mailing list internals@lists.php.net. RFC Wiki accounts can be
	requested on https://wiki.php.net/start?do=register. PHP extension maintainers
	can be found in the [EXTENSIONS](/EXTENSIONS) file in the PHP source code
	repository. Mailing list subscription is explained on the
	[mailing lists page](https://www.php.net/mailing-lists.php).

	You may also want to read
	[The Mysterious PHP RFC Process](https://blogs.oracle.com/opal/post/the-mysterious-php-rfc-process-and-how-you-can-change-the-web)
	for additional notes on the best way to approach submitting an RFC.

	## Technical resources

	There are a number of technical resources on php-src. Unfortunately, they are
	scattered across different websites, and often outdated. Nonetheless, they can
	provide a good starting point for learning about the fundamentals of the code
	base.

	* https://www.phpinternalsbook.com/
	* https://www.npopov.com/
	* [Internal value representation](https://www.npopov.com/2015/05/05/Internal-value-representation-in-PHP-7-part-1.html), [part 2](https://www.npopov.com/2015/06/19/Internal-value-representation-in-PHP-7-part-2.html)
	* [HashTable implementation](https://www.npopov.com/2014/12/22/PHPs-new-hashtable-implementation.html)
	* [Zend Virtual Machine](https://www.npopov.com/2017/04/14/PHP-7-Virtual-machine.html)
	* [How opcache works](https://www.npopov.com/2021/10/13/How-opcache-works.html)
	* [The opcache optimizer](https://www.npopov.com/2022/05/22/The-opcache-optimizer.html)
	* https://wiki.php.net/internals
	* [Objects](https://wiki.php.net/internals/engine/objects)
	* https://qa.php.net/
	* [Writing tests](https://qa.php.net/write-test.php)
	* [Running tests](https://qa.php.net/running-tests.php)
	* [PHPT structure](https://qa.php.net/phpt_details.php)
	* https://phpinternals.net/
	* [Implementing new operator](https://phpinternals.net/articles/implementing_a_range_operator_into_php), [part 2](https://phpinternals.net/articles/a_reimplementation_of_the_range_operator)
	* [Opcode extending](https://phpinternals.net/articles/implementing_new_language_constructs_via_opcode_extending)

	## Writing tests

	We love getting new tests! PHP is a huge project and improving test coverage is
	a huge win for every PHP user.

	[Our QA site includes a page detailing how to write test cases.](https://qa.php.net/write-test.php)

	Submitting test scripts helps us to understand what functionality has changed.
	It is important for the stability and maintainability of PHP that tests are
	comprehensive.

	Failure conditions of `zend_parse_parameters`, `ZEND_PARSE_PARAMETERS()` and
	similar functions should not be tested. These parameter parsing APIs are already
	extensively tested, and additional tests only complicate future modifications.

	For newly created tests, a `--CREDITS--` section should no longer be included,
	as test authorship is already accurately tracked by Git. If multiple authors
	should be credited, the `Co-authored-by` tag in the commit message may be used.

	## Writing documentation

	Editing the manual is done by checking out the XML sources using Git and editing
	and building it [per the instructions on the documentation site](http://doc.php.net/tutorial/).

	## Getting help

	If you are having trouble contributing to PHP, or just want to talk to a human
	about what you're working on, you can contact us via the
	[internals mailing list](mailto:internals@lists.php.net), or the
	[documentation mailing list](mailto:phpdoc@lists.php.net) for documentation
	issues.

	Although not a formal channel, you can also find a number of core developers on
	the #php.pecl channel on [EFnet](http://www.efnet.org/). Similarly, many
	documentation writers can be found on #php.doc. Windows development IRC channel
	is available at #winphp-dev on FreeNode.

	## PHP source code directory structure

	PHP source code also includes several files generated during development and
	several parts where maintenance is happening upstream in their respective
	locations.

	```bash
	<php-src>/
	├─ .git/ # Git configuration and source directory
	├─ TSRM/ # Thread Safe Resource Manager
	└─ Zend/ # Zend Engine
	├─ asm/ # Bundled from src/asm in https://github.com/boostorg/context
	├─ zend_vm_execute.h # Generated by `Zend/zend_vm_gen.php`
	├─ zend_vm_opcodes.c # Generated by `Zend/zend_vm_gen.php`
	├─ zend_vm_opcodes.h # Generated by `Zend/zend_vm_gen.php`
	└─ ...
	└─ build/ # *nix build system files
	├─ ax_*.m4 # https://github.com/autoconf-archive/autoconf-archive
	├─ config.guess # https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/config.git
	├─ config.sub # https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/config.git
	├─ libtool.m4 # https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/libtool.git
	├─ ltmain.sh # https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/libtool.git
	├─ pkg.m4 # https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/pkg-config/pkg-config
	├─ shtool # https://www.gnu.org/software/shtool/
	└─ ...
	├─ docs/ # PHP internals and repository documentation
	└─ ext/ # PHP core extensions
	└─ bcmath/
	├─ libbcmath/ # Forked and maintained in php-src
	└─ ...
	└─ curl/
	├─ sync-constants.php # The curl symbols checker
	└─ ...
	└─ date/
	└─ lib/ # Bundled datetime library https://github.com/derickr/timelib
	├─ parse_date.c # Generated by re2c 0.15.3
	├─ parse_iso_intervals.c # Generated by re2c 0.15.3
	└─ ...
	└─ ...
	└─ ffi/
	├─ ffi_parser.c # Generated by https://github.com/dstogov/llk
	└─ ...
	└─ fileinfo/
	├─ libmagic/ # Modified libmagic https://github.com/file/file
	├─ data_file.c # Generated by `ext/fileinfo/create_data_file.php`
	├─ libmagic.patch # Modifications patch from upstream libmagic
	├─ magicdata.patch # Modifications patch from upstream libmagic
	└─ ...
	└─ gd/
	├─ libgd/ # Bundled and modified GD library https://github.com/libgd/libgd
	└─ ...
	└─ mbstring/
	├─ libmbfl/ # Forked and maintained in php-src
	├─ unicode_data.h # Generated by `ext/mbstring/ucgendat/ucgendat.php`
	└─ ...
	└─ opcache/
	└─ jit/
	└─ ir/ # Bundled part of IR framework https://github.com/dstogov/ir
	└─ pcre/
	├─ pcre2lib/ # https://www.pcre.org/
	└─ ...
	└─ skeleton/ # Skeleton for developing new extensions with `ext/ext_skel.php`
	└─ ...
	└─ standard/
	└─ html_tables/
	├─ mappings/ # https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/
	└─ ...
	├─ credits_ext.h # Generated by `scripts/dev/credits`
	├─ credits_sapi.h # Generated by `scripts/dev/credits`
	├─ html_tables.h # Generated by `ext/standard/html_tables/html_table_gen.php`
	└─ ...
	└─ tokenizer/
	├─ tokenizer_data.c # Generated by `ext/tokenizer/tokenizer_data_gen.sh`
	└─ ...
	└─ zend_test # For testing internal APIs. Not needed for regular builds.
	└─ ...
	└─ zip/ # Bundled https://github.com/pierrejoye/php_zip
	└─ ...
	└─ ...
	└─ main/ # Binding that ties extensions, SAPIs, and engine together
	├─ streams/ # Streams layer subsystem
	├─ php_version.h # Generated by release managers using `configure`
	└─ ...
	├─ pear/ # PEAR installation
	└─ sapi/ # PHP SAPI modules
	└─ cli/
	├─ mime_type_map.h # Generated by `sapi/cli/generate_mime_type_map.php`
	└─ ...
	└─ ...
	├─ scripts/ # php-config, phpize and internal development scripts
	├─ tests/ # Core features tests
	└─ win32/ # Windows build system files
	├─ cp_enc_map.c # Generated by `win32/cp_enc_map_gen.exe`
	└─ ...
	└─ ...
	```

	## PHP internals

	For information on PHP internal C functions see
	[References about Maintaining and Extending PHP](https://wiki.php.net/internals/references).
	Various external resources can be found on the web. A standard printed reference
	is the book "Extending and Embedding PHP" by Sara Golemon.

	## PECL extensions

	If you are fixing broken functionality in a [PECL](https://pecl.php.net)
	extension then create a bug or identify an existing bug at
	[bugs.php.net](https://bugs.php.net). A bug can be used to track the change
	progress and prevent your changes getting lost in the PHP mail archives. Some
	PECL extensions have their own bug tracker locations and different contributing
	procedures.

	If your change is large then create a
	[Request for Comments (RFC)](https://wiki.php.net/rfc), discuss it with the
	extension maintainer, and discuss it on the development mailing list
	pecl-dev@lists.php.net depending on the extension. PECL mailing list
	subscription is explained on the
	[PECL support page](https://pecl.php.net/support.php).

	Update any open bugs and add a link to the source of your change. Send the patch
	or pointer to the bug to pecl-dev@lists.php.net. Also CC the extension
	maintainer. Explain what has been changed by your patch. Test scripts should be
	included.

	## Checklist for submitting contribution

	- Read [Coding standards](/CODING_STANDARDS.md) before you start working.
	- Update git source just before running your final `diff` and before testing.
	- Add inline comments and/or have external documentation ready. Use only
	`/* */` style comments, not `//`.
	- Create test scripts for use with `make test`.
	- Run `make test` to check your change doesn't break other features.
	- Rebuild PHP with `--enable-debug` which will show some kinds of memory errors
	and check the PHP and web server error logs after running your PHP tests.
	- Rebuild PHP with `--enable-zts` to check your change compiles and operates
	correctly in a thread-safe PHP.
	- Review the change once more just before submitting it.

	## What happens after submitting contribution?

	If your change is easy to review and obviously has no side-effects, it might be
	committed relatively quickly.

	Because PHP is a volunteer-driven effort, more complex changes will require
	patience on your side. If you do not receive feedback in a few days, consider
	bumping. Before doing this think about these questions:

	- Did I send the patch to the right mailing list?
	- Did I review the mailing list archives to see if these kind of changes had
	been discussed before?
	- Did I explain my change clearly?
	- Is my change too hard to review? If so, why?

	## What happens when your contribution is applied?

	Your name will likely be included in the Git commit log. If your change affects
	end users, a brief description and your name might be added to the [NEWS](/NEWS)
	file.

	## Git commit rules

	This section refers to contributors that have Git push access and make commit
	changes themselves. We'll assume you're basically familiar with Git, but feel
	free to post your questions on the mailing list. Please have a look at the more
	detailed [information on Git](https://git-scm.com/).

	PHP is developed through the efforts of a large number of people. Collaboration
	is a Good Thing(tm), and Git lets us do this. Thus, following some basic rules
	with regard to Git usage will:

	* Make everybody happier, especially those responsible for maintaining PHP
	itself.
	* Keep the changes consistently well documented and easily trackable.
	* Prevent some of those 'Oops' moments.
	* Increase the general level of good will on planet Earth.

	Having said that, here are the organizational rules:

	1. Respect other people working on the project.

	2. Discuss any significant changes on the list before committing and get
	confirmation from the release manager for the given branch.

	3. Look at [EXTENSIONS](/EXTENSIONS) file to see who is the primary maintainer
	of the code you want to contribute to.

	4. If you "strongly disagree" about something another person did, don't start
	fighting publicly - take it up in private email.

	5. If you don't know how to do something, ask first!

	6. Test your changes before committing them. We mean it. Really. To do so use
	`make test`.

	7. For development use the `--enable-debug` switch to avoid memory leaks and the
	`--enable-zts` switch to ensure your code handles TSRM correctly and doesn't
	break for those who need that.

	Currently, we have the following branches in use:

	\| Branch \| \|
	\| --------- \| --------- \|
	\| master \| Active development branch for PHP 8.5, which is open for backwards incompatible changes and major internal API changes. \|
	\| PHP-8.4 \| Is used to release the PHP 8.4.x series. This is a current stable version and is open for bugfixes only. \|
	\| PHP-8.3 \| Is used to release the PHP 8.3.x series. This is a current stable version and is open for bugfixes only. \|
	\| PHP-8.2 \| Is used to release the PHP 8.2.x series. This is an old stable version and is open for security fixes only. \|
	\| PHP-8.1 \| Is used to release the PHP 8.1.x series. This is an old stable version and is open for security fixes only. \|
	\| PHP-8.0 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-7.4 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-7.3 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-7.2 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-7.1 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-7.0 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-5.6 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-5.5 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-5.4 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-5.3 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-5.2 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-5.1 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-4.4 \| This branch is closed. \|
	\| PHP-X.Y.Z \| These branches are used for the release managers for tagging the releases, hence they are closed to the general public. \|

	The next few rules are more of a technical nature:

	1. All non-security bugfix changes should first go to the lowest bugfix branch
	(i.e. 8.0) and then get merged up to all other branches. All security fixes
	should go to the lowest security fixes branch (i.e 7.4). If a change is not
	needed for later branches (i.e. fixes for features which were dropped from
	later branches) an empty merge should be done.

	2. All news updates intended for public viewing, such as new features, bug
	fixes, improvements, etc., should go into the NEWS file of *any stable
	release* version with the given change. In other words, news about a bug fix
	which went into PHP-5.4, PHP-5.5 and master should be noted in both
	PHP-5.4/NEWS and PHP-5.5/NEWS but not master, which is not a public released
	version yet.

	3. Do not commit multiple files and dump all messages in one commit. If you
	modified several unrelated files, commit each group separately and provide a
	nice commit message for each one. See example below.

	4. Do write your commit message in such a way that it makes sense even without
	the corresponding diff. One should be able to look at it, and immediately
	know what was modified. Definitely include the function name in the message
	as shown below.

	5. In your commit messages, keep each line shorter than 80 characters. And try
	to align your lines vertically, if they wrap. It looks bad otherwise.

	6. If you modified a function that is callable from PHP, prepend PHP to the
	function name as shown below.

	The format of the commit messages is pretty simple.

	<max 79 characters short description>\n
	\n
	<long description, 79 chars per line>
	\n

	An Example from the git project (commit 2b34e486bc):

	pack-objects: Fix compilation with NO_PTHREDS

	It looks like commit 99fb6e04 (pack-objects: convert to use parse_options(),
	2012-02-01) moved the #ifdef NO_PTHREDS around but hasn't noticed that the
	'arg' variable no longer is available.

	If you fix some bugs, you should note the bug ID numbers in your commit message.
	Bug ID should be prefixed by `#`.

	Example:

	Fixed bug #14016 (pgsql notice handler double free crash bug.)

	When you change the NEWS file for a bug fix, then please keep the bugs sorted in
	decreasing order under the fixed version.

	## Copyright and license headers

	New source code files should include the following header block:

	```c
	/*
	+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
	\| Copyright (c) The PHP Group \|
	+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
	\| This source file is subject to version 3.01 of the PHP license, \|
	\| that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE, and is \|
	\| available through the world-wide-web at the following url: \|
	\| https://www.php.net/license/3_01.txt \|
	\| If you did not receive a copy of the PHP license and are unable to \|
	\| obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send a note to \|
	\| license@php.net so we can mail you a copy immediately. \|
	+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
	\| Author: \|
	+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
	*/
	```

	Thank you for contributing to PHP!