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what is another word for remuneration | compensation is a fair synonym for remuneration it implies total payments salary or wages may be only one part of remuneration the bottom lineremuneration is the total compensation earned such as salary bonuses commission payments overtime pay or other monetary benefits federal law requires that most workers receive a ... | |
what is a renewable energy certificate rec | in the fight against climate change renewable energy certificates recs are part of market based initiatives that gained traction in the early 2000s as a tool for supporting clean energy production recs certify that one megawatt hour mwh of electricity was generated from a renewable source and fed into the grid enabling... | |
when companies buy recs they provide financial support for the renewable energy projects that produce them making those systems more economically sustainable and producing even more green energy this in turn is meant to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions 4 | however critics argue that recs haven t led to as many new renewable energy projects as promised they simply provide a way for businesses to claim they support efforts to transition to green energy without making meaningful changes in their operations for example a 2024 study reviewing almost 40 years of data argues th... | |
how recs work | recs are a way to track solar wind and other green energies as they flow into the power grid since electricity generated from renewable energy sources is indistinguishable from what s produced by different sources some form of tracking is required 7 companies use them to offset their carbon emissions 2batteries for sto... | |
how much electricity does one rec represent | one rec is 1 mwh of electricity generated and delivered to the grid 17 this is about a month s worth of electricity for the typical american home 2 | |
why do some states differentiate between recs and srecs | states differentiate between recs and srecs for different reasons some states may require that a specific amount of an electric company s power come from solar rather than other forms of renewable energy they hope to encourage the adoption of solar energy especially among homeowners and businesses 18can i keep the elec... | |
what is a renewable resource | a renewable resource is a resource that can be replenished naturally over time as a result it is sustainable despite its consumption by humankind renewable resources for the production of energy are considered especially important for their potential to replace non renewable or finite resources additionally renewable r... | |
what does renewable resource mean | the term renewable resource refers to a resource that replenishes itself naturally over a span of time it can be used without worry that it will be depleted permanently renewable resources are of particular interest as sources of renewable energy | |
what is an example of a renewable resource | the wind is one example so are the sun and water biomass is a source of renewable energy from plants and animals it includes wood agricultural crops food waste and animal manure | |
what is being done to encourage the use of renewable resources | energy taxes place a surcharge on fossil fuels the hope is that the prices of energy options produced by renewable resources will become more attractive and encourage consumer interest green mutual funds support eco friendly and sustainable companies by investing in them and helping to promote environmental awareness | |
what is the kyoto protocol | the kyoto protocol is an international agreement to reduce carbon dioxide co2 emissions and greenhouse gases ghg in the atmosphere the essential tenet of the kyoto protocol is that industrialized nations need to lessen the amount of their co2 emissions the protocol was adopted in kyoto japan in 1997 when greenhouse gas... | |
what is a renko chart | a renko chart is a type of chart developed by the japanese that is built using price movement rather than both price and standardized time intervals like most charts are it is thought to be named after the japanese word for bricks renga since the chart looks like a series of bricks a new brick is created when the price... | |
what does a renko chart tell you | renko charts are designed to filter out minor price movements to make it easier for traders to focus on important trends while this makes trends much easier to spot the downside is that some price information is lost due to simple brick construction of renko charts the first step in building a renko chart is selecting ... | |
how do you set up a renko chart on thinkorswim | thinkorswim is a popular brokerage and trading app from charles schwab although candlestick charts are the default you can easily set your account to display renko charts as well simply navigate to the time axis settings settings select range from aggregation type and choose renko bars then set the price range equal to... | |
how do you set up a renko chart on tradingview | in order to access renko charts on tradingview you need to have a paid subscription navigate to the chart menu in the top menu bar and scroll down to renko after that go to the settings menu to select your desired box size 4 | |
how do you set the box size of a renko chart | the best box size for a renko chart is determined in part by the trader s time horizon risk tolerance and trading goals larger box sizes are more appropriate for longer term trading but they also incur higher risks because they do not reflect smaller price movements that can accumulate over time | |
what is a renko chart | a renko chart is a type of chart developed by the japanese that is built using price movement rather than both price and standardized time intervals like most charts are it is thought to be named after the japanese word for bricks renga since the chart looks like a series of bricks a new brick is created when the price... | |
what does a renko chart tell you | renko charts are designed to filter out minor price movements to make it easier for traders to focus on important trends while this makes trends much easier to spot the downside is that some price information is lost due to simple brick construction of renko charts the first step in building a renko chart is selecting ... | |
how do you set up a renko chart on thinkorswim | thinkorswim is a popular brokerage and trading app from charles schwab although candlestick charts are the default you can easily set your account to display renko charts as well simply navigate to the time axis settings settings select range from aggregation type and choose renko bars then set the price range equal to... | |
how do you set up a renko chart on tradingview | in order to access renko charts on tradingview you need to have a paid subscription navigate to the chart menu in the top menu bar and scroll down to renko after that go to the settings menu to select your desired box size 4 | |
how do you set the box size of a renko chart | the best box size for a renko chart is determined in part by the trader s time horizon risk tolerance and trading goals larger box sizes are more appropriate for longer term trading but they also incur higher risks because they do not reflect smaller price movements that can accumulate over time | |
what is rent seeking | rent seeking or rent seeking is an economic concept that occurs when an entity seeks to gain added wealth without any reciprocal contribution of productivity typically it revolves around government funded social services and social service programs | |
how does rent seeking work | the concept of rent seeking was established in 1967 by gordon tullock and popularized by anne krueger in 1974 it evolved from the studies of adam smith who is often regarded as the father of economics the concept is based on an economic definition of rent defined as economic wealth obtained through shrewd or potentiall... | |
is rent seeking illegal | in general competition for rents is legal regardless of any harm it may do to an economy however various rent seeking behaviors are illegal such as the forming of cartels or the bribing of politicians | |
why is rent seeking bad for the economy | rent seeking can make markets less efficient by creating price disadvantages for consumers or companies rent seeking behavior can also create artificial bars to entry for new companies stifling innovation | |
are landlords rent seekers | not generally the use of the word rent can create some confusion here the term rent in rent seeking is based on the economic definition of rent which is defined as economic wealth obtained through shrewd or potentially manipulative use of resources that said it s possible for landlords to engage in rent seeking behavio... | |
what is renters insurance | renters insurance refers to property insurance that protects tenants who live in a rented dwelling coverage is provided by insurance companies in exchange for premiums paid by people living in apartments single family homes and condominiums policies provide coverage for an insured party s personal property as well as l... | |
how renters insurance works | insurance policies cover different types of losses life insurance provides a death benefit for a certain amount to an insured party s beneficiaries health insurance mitigates the costs associated with routine and unexpected medical expenses there are also insurance policies that cover properties for instance homeowners... | |
is renters insurance mandatory by law | renters insurance is not usually mandatory by law but some landlords may require it as a condition of the lease agreement even if it s not required having renters insurance is highly recommended to protect your belongings and liability can i transfer my renters insurance to a new apartment yes most renters insurance po... | |
what is a reorganization | a reorganization is a significant and disruptive overhaul of a troubled business intended to restore it to profitability it may include shutting down or selling divisions replacing management cutting budgets and laying off workers a supervised reorganization is the focus of the chapter 11 bankruptcy process during whic... | |
when supervised by a court during bankruptcy proceedings a reorganization focuses on restructuring a company s finances the company is temporarily protected from claims by creditors for full repayment of outstanding debts | once the bankruptcy court approves the reorganization plan the company will restructure its finances operations management and whatever else is deemed necessary to revive it it also will begin paying its creditors according to a revised schedule u s bankruptcy law gives public companies the option of reorganizing rathe... | |
what is repackaging in private equity | repackaging in the private equity industry is when a private equity firm buys all the stock in a troubled public company thus taking the company private with the intention of revamping its operations and re selling it at a profit for some years the primary goal of repackaging was to prepare a company for a return to th... | |
how repackaging in private equity works | a private equity firm looks for a company that is unprofitable or underperforming and buys it outright in the belief that the business can be turned around once the company is no longer public the private equity firm can take whatever measures it thinks will be effective such as selling off divisions replacing manageme... | |
what does repatriable mean | repatriable refers to the ability to move liquid financial assets from a foreign country to an investor s country of origin understanding repatriablerepatriable financial assets are financial assets capable of being withdrawn from an account in a foreign country and being deposited to an account in an investor s countr... | |
what is repatriation | repatriation refers to the return of people money or objects of cultural heritage to their country or culture of origin in finance the term repatriation refers to the conversion or exchange of foreign currency into someone s home currency in most cases it involves moving money back after someone returns home after livi... | |
when a repatriation is done willingly it is referred to as voluntary repatriation which typically involves a commitment from the country of origin to help reintegrate the repatriated people 3 countries may offer assistance for this the u s repatriation program for instance exists to offer assistance to those who don t ... | under international law cultural property defined as movable or immovable property constituting the cultural heritage of all mankind is protected from pillaging or looting especially during conflict 7ultimately the protections exist to preserve cultural heritage and to keep it from being dismantled or defaced by war or... | |
how much money has been repatriated since 2000 | billions of dollars have been repatriated back to the united states since 2000 as much as 777 billion in cash stored overseas was repatriated by corporations back to the united states in 2018 according to the federal reserve this was largely due to the passing of the tax cuts and jobs act which lowered the transition t... | |
which corporations repatriate the most money | some of the largest american corporations repatriate the most money for instance apple was considered to have the largest amount of cash held overseas following the passing of the tax cuts and jobs act the company said it would repatriate as much as 250 billion held in foreign countries back to the united states 1516 | |
what is the meaning of the word repatriation | in a general context repatriation commonly refers to the act of anyone or anything returning home from another country in the financial world repatriation occurs when a taxpaying entity transfers money earned overseas back to the country where it is based this can refer to a corporation that earns money from a foreign ... | |
repayment is the act of paying back a lender the money you ve borrowed typically it consists of periodic payments toward the principal the original amount borrowed and interest a fee for the privilege of being lent the money some loans even allow you to repay the full amount at any time though there might be early repa... | loan repayment is a common financial obligation affecting everyone from those with low incomes to the wealthiest most people are dealing with one or more of the following auto loans mortgages education loans and credit card charges businesses too often manage a portfolio of debts that include mortgages lines of credit ... | |
when consumers take out loans their lenders expect they will likely repay the debt interest is charged based on an agreed upon rate and payment schedule from when a loan is disbursed to when it s settled when making loans financial institutions forgo other investment opportunities that could offer returns the interest ... | repayment schedules depend on the type of loan and the lender involved whether applying for or paying off a loan it s crucial to study the sections of the loan agreement outlining your options should you be unable to make scheduled payments borrowers who can t cover their loans may turn to bankruptcy protection however... | |
when taking out a loan you obtain money from a lender typically a company financial institution or government entity your agreement with the lender will specify the expectations for repaying your debt while the terms may vary here s a look at the primary forms of repayment for the most common types of loans | federal student loansfederal student loans typically permit reduced or deferred payments and loan forgiveness in some instances plans for widespread forgiveness of federal student loans remain the subject of intense political debate and legal challenges 3whatever the long term outcome of student debt forgiveness these ... | |
what is a grace period when repaying loans | a grace period is a set time after the due date when a payment can be received without penalty not all loans offer grace periods and terms can vary among lending institutions and the loan type if a loan has a grace period making a payment within this window can help you avoid late fees although interest may still accru... | |
what is a replacement cost | replacement cost is a term referring to the amount of money a business must currently spend to replace an asset like a fixture a machine a vehicle or an equipment at current market prices sometimes referred to as a replacement value a replacement cost may fluctuate depending on factors such as the market value of compo... | |
when calculating the replacement cost of an asset a company must account for depreciation costs a business capitalizes an asset purchase by posting the cost of a new asset to an asset account and the asset account is depreciated over the asset s useful life the cost of the asset includes all costs to prepare the asset ... | some assets are depreciated on a straight line basis meaning the cost of the asset is divided by the useful life to determine the annual depreciation amount other assets are depreciated on an accelerated basis so more depreciation is recognized in the early years and less in later years the total depreciation expense r... | |
how do insurance companies calculate replacement cost | replacement cost is calculated as the cost of the materials and labor to replace or restore damaged property to the quality and condition before it was damaged this does not include value lost to depreciation or changes in the market value of that property due to fluctuations in supply and demand 1 | |
what is the difference between replacement cost and cash value | replacement cost and actual cash value are two methods that insurers use to estimate the value of damaged property replacement cost is defined as the cost of restoring the property to the pre damage condition regardless of the actual value of that property actual cash value refers to the monetary value of the property ... | |
what is replacement cost coverage | in insurance replacement cost coverage is a policy that covers the full cost of your property in the event of a covered casualty rather than just the cash value for example if a storm causes damage to your home that is covered by a replacement cost policy the insurer will reimburse the full cost of repairing your prope... | |
what is a replacement rate | a replacement rate is the percentage of a worker s pre retirement income that is paid out by a pension program after the worker retires in pension systems that pay workers substantially different payouts based on their differing incomes the replacement rate is a common measurement that can be used to determine the effe... | |
what is a representative sample | a representative sample is a subset of a population that seeks to accurately reflect the characteristics of the larger group for example a classroom of 30 students with 15 males and 15 females could generate a representative sample that might include six students three males and three females samples are useful in stat... | |
when a sample is not representative it can be known as a random sample while random sampling is a simplified sampling approach it comes with a higher risk of sampling error which can potentially lead to incorrect results or strategies that can be costly random sampling can choose its components completely at random suc... | systematic sampling is another type of sampling method that seeks to systemize its components this type of sampling may include choosing every fifth person from a population list to gather a sample while this method takes a systematic approach it is still likely to result in a random sample stratified random samplingst... | |
what is the best way to avoid sampling bias | the simplest way to avoid sampling bias is to use a simple random sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample while this type of sample is statistically the most reliable it is still possible to get a biased sample due to chance or sampling error | |
how do you ensure a representative sample | in order to ensure that their are sampling an accurate cross section of the population researchers will sometimes use systematic or stratified sampling methods to ensure that the sample resembles the known features of the population for example if the subject population is 55 male and 45 female they will deliberately c... | |
what are the downsides of representative sampling | like other statistical tools representative sampling can sometimes produce biased or inaccurate results moreover the time and cost of creating a representative sample may be prohibitive especially if the population is spread out over a wide geographical area there may also be self selection bias if some members of the ... | |
what is repudiation | repudiation involves disputing the validity of a contract and refusing to honor its terms in investing repudiation is most relevant in fixed income securities particularly sovereign debt fixed income instruments are fundamentally contracts where the borrower lends a certain amount of principal in return for payments of... | |
what is non repudiation | nonrepudiation is often used in communications and technology fields and means that no one party can deny it sent or received messages nor deny the authorship or authenticity of a document or signature | |
what is repudiation of a credit default swap | the repudiation of a credit default swap is when one party disputes the validity of a contract between a creditor and borrower | |
how do you accept repudiation | if you believe your party on a contract has repudiated the contract you can terminate the contract as an acceptance of the repudiation or you may simply continue with the contract | |
how do you prove repudiation | an unconditional reusable is the reputation of a contract if one party refuses to perform what a contract promises it is a breach of contract so if you are in a contract and the second party does not follow the outline of the contract you could take them to court for a breach of contract the courts recognize three form... | |
a repurchase agreement repo is a form of short term borrowing for dealers in government securities for a repo a dealer sells government securities to an investor usually overnight and buys them back the following day at a slightly higher price the small price difference is an implicit overnight interest rate repos are ... | the party selling the security and agreeing to repurchase it later is involved in a repo meanwhile the party buying the security and agreeing to sell it back is engaged in a reverse repurchase agreement or reverse repo 1the language around repos gets abstract even dry very fast but the daily work of finance is done thr... | |
when the fed banks repurchases securities from private banks it does so at a discounted rate known as the repo rate like prime rates repo rates are set by central banks 20 the repo rate system allows the fed to control the money supply by increasing or decreasing available funds | an increase in repo rates means banks pay more for the money they borrow from the central bank this squeezes lenders profits and increases interest rates on loans made to the public this generally discourages people and businesses from taking out loans which can cut consumer spending business investment and the amount ... | |
which types of securities are used in a repo agreement | high quality debt instruments with little risk of default are most commonly used such as government bonds corporate bonds or mortgage backed securities the collateral needs to have a predictable value reflect the value of the loan and be easy to sell in the event the loan isn t repaid on time the collateral doesn t nee... | |
what is reputational risk | reputational risk is a threat or danger to the good name or standing of a business or entity reputational risk can occur in the following ways in addition to having good governance practices and transparency companies need to be socially responsible and environmentally conscious to avoid or minimize reputational risk u... | |
what is a request for quote rfq | a request for quote rfq also known as an invitation for bid ifb is a process in which a company solicits select suppliers and contractors to submit price quotes and bids for the chance to fulfill certain tasks or projects the rfq process is especially important to businesses that need a consistent supply of a specific ... | |
how requests for a quote work | an rfq is usually the first step in submitting a request for proposal rfp these two documents are similar as they provide details of the project or services required but rfqs generally ask for a more comprehensive price quote also businesses usually design rfqs for generic products in which the quantity needed is known... | |
what is a request for quote rfq | a request for quote rfq also known as an invitation for bid ifb is a process in which a company solicits select suppliers and contractors to submit price quotes and bids for the chance to fulfill certain tasks or projects the rfq process is especially important to businesses that need a consistent supply of a specific ... | |
how requests for a quote work | an rfq is usually the first step in submitting a request for proposal rfp these two documents are similar as they provide details of the project or services required but rfqs generally ask for a more comprehensive price quote also businesses usually design rfqs for generic products in which the quantity needed is known... | |
what is a required minimum distribution rmd | a required minimum distribution rmd is the amount of money that must be withdrawn annually from certain employer sponsored retirement plans like 401 k s and certain individual retirement accounts iras such as the traditional ira rmds must be taken by april 1 after you turn 73 years old you must calculate and withdraw t... | |
when do rmds start | at present individuals must start taking required minimum distributions from qualified retirement accounts at age 73 prior to 2023 the rmd age was 72 before 2020 it was 70 | |
are rmd distributions taxed | yes you are responsible for a deferred tax liability because rmds are withdrawn from retirement accounts that had contributions made with pre tax dollars you must pay income tax on rmds when they are taken at your current tax bracket | |
what if i don t take rmds | if you are over age 73 and choose not to take your rmd you will be penalized by the irs the amount not withdrawn will be subject to a 25 tax before the secure 2 0 act was passed in 2022 this was a 50 penalty 8 according to the irs the penalty drops to 10 if the rmd is timely corrected within two years 9 | |
when do you have to start taking ira distributions | a traditional ira follows the rmd rule so you need to start taking distributions at age 73 roth iras and roth 401 k s do not have rmds 101 | |
why does the irs impose rmds | an rmd acts as a safeguard against people using a retirement account to avoid paying taxes because traditional iras and non roth 401 k plans use pre tax dollars the irs imposes rmds to prevent individuals from avoiding paying the deferred tax liability owed on those contributions the bottom linethe rmd rule is in place... | |
what is required rate of return rrr | the required rate of return rrr is the minimum return an investor will accept for owning a company s stock as compensation for a given level of risk associated with holding the stock the rrr is also used in corporate finance to analyze the profitability of potential investment projects the rrr is also known as the hurd... | |
what does the required rate of return tell you | the required rate of return rrr is a key concept in equity valuation and corporate finance it s a difficult metric to pinpoint due to the different investment goals and risk tolerances of individual investors and companies risk return preferences inflation expectations and a company s capital structure all play a role ... | |
what is the difference between the internal rate of return and the required rate of return | the internal rate of return looks at the investment s annual growth rate stating that an investment should be pursued if this rate is greater than the minimum required rate of return | |
should the required rate of return be high or low | the inherent risks of an investment or project are determined through its required rate of return and thus a high rrr indicates higher risks while a low rrr implies minimal risks | |
what is considered a good return on an investment | a good return on investment is generally considered to be approximately 7 per year or higher which is also the average annual return of the s p 500 adjusting for inflation | |
what is a requisition | a requisition is a demand or request for a service or item typically using a purchase requisition form or another standardized document the requisition process is a standardized way of keeping track of and accounting for all requisitions made within a business | |
how a requisition works | a requisition initiates the request for a specific action and also records that action for subsequent reporting needs for example employees within a company would use a purchase requisition if they needed additional supplies at one time requisitions were done via paper forms but most companies now use digital requisiti... | |
what is requisitioned property | requisitioned property is property taken by the government such as with eminent domain in the u s the fifth amendment requires the government to compensate the owner of seized property for the property s full market value 2 | |
what is a job requisition | a job requisition is a formal request to hire someone for a job the requisition contains the job details including desired candidate qualifications role requirements and job details some companies also post the target salary or salary range in the requisition | |
what is requisition reconciliation in accounting | requisition reconciliation in accounting is the process by which two sets of records are compared for accuracy completeness and consistency the comparison will help identify and explain discrepancies under generally accepted accounting principles gaap the required double entry accounting method helps to pinpoint when a... | |
what is a research analyst | a research analyst is a professional who prepares investigative reports on securities or assets for in house or client use other titles for this function include securities analyst investment analyst equity analyst rating analyst or simply analyst the work conducted by a research analyst is in an effort to inquire into... | |
what do you need to become a research analyst | research analysts gather analyze and work with data to prepare reports for internal use by a financial institution or an external financial client for this work strong mathematics and statistics skills are required typically a research analyst will have a bachelor s degree in a business related field and a master s deg... | |
what is a research analyst s salary | in 2024 the average base salary for a research analyst is 90 838 anad ranges anywhere between 68 000 and 125 000 according to glassdoor 3 | |
is a research analyst a stressful job | it can be being a research analyst requires constant learning problem solving and good communication skills there also may be tight deadlines complex challenges and high expectations which can make this type of work pressured and stressful the bottom lineresearch analysts are finance professionals who analyze securitie... | |
what is research and development r d | research and development r d is the series of activities that companies undertake to innovate r d is often the first stage in the development process that results in market research product development and product testing understanding research and development r d the concept of research and development is widely linke... | |
what is research and development | research and development refers to the systematic process of investigating experimenting and innovating to create new products processes or technologies it encompasses activities such as scientific research technological development and experimentation conducted to achieve specific objectives to bring new items to mark... | |
what types of activities can be found in research and development | research and development activities focus on the innovation of new products or services in a company among the primary purposes of r d activities is for a company to remain competitive as it produces products that advance and elevate its current product line since r d typically operates on a longer term horizon its act... | |
why is research and development important | given the rapid rate of technological advancement r d is important for companies to stay competitive specifically r d allows companies to create products that are difficult for their competitors to replicate meanwhile r d efforts can lead to improved productivity that helps increase margins further creating an edge in ... | |
what are research and development r d expenses | research and development r d expenses are associated directly with the research and development of a company s goods or services and any intellectual property generated in the process a company generally incurs r d expenses in the process of finding and creating new products or services as a common type of operating ex... | |
what is a research associate | a research associate typically works within a research department of an investment bank or asset management firm to provide helpful data to the decision makers who buy and sell securities for the firm a research associate can plan organize and conduct research about industries sectors individual companies markets vario... | |
what does a research associate do | a research associate s responsibilities can vary depending on the size and needs of the organization the end purpose of the job however is to provide helpful information to the decision makers a research associate could gather data from primary and secondary sources organize and analyze this material and draft outlines... | |
what is a research report | a research report is a document prepared by an analyst or strategist who is a part of the investment research team in a stock brokerage or investment bank a research report may focus on a specific stock or industry sector a currency commodity or fixed income instrument or on a geographic region or country research repo... | |
what is the reserve bank of india rbi | the reserve bank of india rbi is the central bank of india which began operations on apr 1 1935 under the reserve bank of india act the reserve bank of india uses monetary policy to create financial stability in india and it is charged with regulating the country s currency and credit systems understanding the reserve ... | |
how does the rbi regulate banks and financial institutions in india | the rbi regulates banks and financial institutions in india through various measures such as licensing and supervision setting capital adequacy norms and conducting inspections and audits the rbi is also the governing body responsible for issuing regulatory guidelines and directives | |
what are the primary objectives of the rbi as outlined in the reserve bank of india act of 1934 | the primary objectives of the rbi as outlined in the reserve bank of india act 1934 include regulating the issuance of banknotes maintaining monetary stability operating the currency and credit system to the country s advantage and fostering economic growth | |
what are the key initiatives and strategies outlined in the rbi s medium term vision statement | the rbi s medium term vision statement outlines key initiatives and strategies aimed at achieving excellence in statutory functions strengthening public trust and enhancing relevance nationally and globally it also is currently aiming to ensure transparent governance modernize infrastructure and foster a skilled workfo... | |
what is a reserve currency | a reserve currency is a large quantity of currency maintained by central banks and other major financial institutions to prepare for investments transactions and international debt obligations or to influence their domestic exchange rate a large percentage of commodities such as gold and oil are priced in the reserve c... |
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