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how the u s dollar became the world s reserve currency | the post war emergence of the u s as the dominant economic power had enormous implications for the global economy at one time u s gross domestic product gdp which is a measure of the total output of a country represented 50 of the world s economic output as a result it made sense that the u s dollar would become the gl... | |
what is a reserve fund | a reserve fund is a savings account or other highly liquid asset set aside by an individual or business to meet any future costs or financial obligations especially those arising unexpectedly if the fund is set up to meet the costs of scheduled upgrades less liquid assets may be used for example a homeowner s associati... | |
how a reserve fund works | a reserve fund sets aside money for covering scheduled routine and unscheduled expenses that would otherwise be drawn from a general fund governments financial institutions and private households may establish reserve funds although the fund size may vary the typical goal is to deposit funds regularly in an account tha... | |
what is a reserve price | common to auctions a reserve price or a reservation price is the minimum amount that a seller will accept as the winning bid alternatively it is less commonly known as the highest price a buyer is willing to pay for a good or service the reserve price prevents a bidder who offers a price lower than what the owner will ... | |
when the reserve price is met the system will display reserve met once a bidder submits a bid that has met the reserve price the bid is binding obligating the buyer to purchase the auction item or service and obligating the seller to sell the item or service | sellers can disclose the reserve price in their descriptions or upon request from potential buyers some auction bidders are opposed to reserve prices because they reduce the possibility of winning the auction at a bargain price and because they create uncertainty as to the minimum price that must be paid to win the auc... | |
what is a buyer s reservation price | in addition to sellers having a reserve price at an auction which is the minimum amount they are willing to sell the item buyers also have a reserve price the reserve price for a buyer is the maximum they are willing to bid on an item for | |
what happens if the reserve price is not met | at an auction if the reserve price is not met then the item will not be sold this can be a waste of time for a buyer since bidding happens yet not at levels acceptable to the seller the bottom linein an auction a seller can implement a reserve price which is the minimum amount they are willing to sell the item for if t... | |
what is the reserve ratio | the reserve ratio is the portion of reservable liabilities that commercial banks must hold onto rather than lend out or invest this is a requirement determined by the country s central bank which in the united states is the federal reserve it is also known as the cash reserve ratio the minimum amount of reserves that a... | |
what does the reserve ratio tell you | the federal reserve uses the reserve ratio as one of its key monetary policy tools the fed may choose to lower the reserve ratio to increase the money supply in the economy a lower reserve ratio requirement gives banks more money to lend at lower interest rates which makes borrowing more attractive to customers convers... | |
what are reserve requirements | reserve requirements are the amount of cash that financial institutions must have in their vaults or at the closest federal reserve bank in line with deposits made by their customers set by the fed s board of governors reserve requirements are one of the three main tools of monetary policy the other two tools are open ... | |
what does a lower reserve requirement mean | a lower reserve requirement means the federal reserve is pursuing an expansionary monetary policy the lower reserve requirement means banks do not need to keep as much cash on hand this gives them more money for consumer and business loans | |
what does a higher reserve requirement mean | a higher reserve requirement means the federal reserve is pursuing a contractionary monetary policy if banks have a higher reserve requirement there will be less money available to lend to consumers and businesses however this money will then provide the banks with a level of protection against possible bank failure sh... | |
what is a resident alien | a resident alien is a foreign born united states resident who isn t an american citizen a resident alien is also known as a permanent resident or a lawful permanent resident they re considered to be an immigrant who has been legally and lawfully recorded as a resident of the country a resident alien must have a green c... | |
how is a resident alien defined in the united states | an individual is classified as a resident alien of the u s for tax purposes if they meet either the green card test or the substantial presence test for the calendar year from jan 1 through dec 31 the green card test states that a person must either have a current green card or have had one in the previous calendar yea... | |
what are the 3 types of u s resident aliens | there are three categories of resident aliens according to the united states citizenship and immigration services uscis | |
how does taxation differ for non resident and resident aliens | a resident alien can use foreign tax credits but a non resident cannot a resident alien is generally subject to the same taxes as a u s citizen but a non resident alien pays tax only on domestic income that s generated within the u s not including capital gains resident aliens are required to report worldwide income fr... | |
what is a residential mortgage backed security rmbs | residential mortgage backed securities rmbs are debt based assets backed by the interest paid on residential loans mortgages and home equity loans have a comparatively low rate of default and a high rate of interest since there is a high demand for the ownership of a personal or family residence investor risk is mitiga... | |
how a residential mortgage backed security rmbs works | a residential mortgage backed security is constructed by a government agency such as the federal national mortgage association fannie mae and the federal home loan mortgage corporation freddie mac or a non agency investment banking firm these entities sell or control a large number of residential loans they package the... | |
what is the difference between rmbs and cmbs | residential mortgage backed securities rmbs are backed by residential mortgages generally for single family homes commercial mortgage backed securities cmbs are backed by commercial loans | |
what types of mortgages are included in an rmbs | rmbs are pools of residential mortgage loans that may include different types of fixed or floating rate loans the security can be issued by fannie mae or freddie mac and include conforming loans non agency rmbs issued by private financial institutions consists of mortgages that are considered non conforming | |
are rmbs considered collateral backed investments | rmbs consists of pooled small mortgage home loans backed by the houses as collateral so the default risk associated with them is commonly low | |
what is a residual dividend | a residual dividend is a dividend policy used by companies whereby the amount of dividends paid to shareholders amounts to what profits are left over after the company has paid for its capital expenditures capex and working capital costs companies that use a residual dividend policy fund capex with available earnings b... | |
how a residual dividend works | a residual dividend policy means companies use earnings to pay for capex first dividends are then paid with any remaining earnings generated a company s capital structure typically includes both long term debt and equity capex can be financed with a loan debt or by issuing more stock equity return on assets roa calcula... | |
what is residual income | residual income is the money that continues to flow after an initial investment of time and resources has been completed examples of residual income include artist royalties rental income interest income and dividend payments the term residual income is used in other contexts investopedia michela buttignol | |
how residual income works | residual income broadly speaking is a measurement of tangential profits earned after subtracting all costs of capital related to generating that income other terms for residual income include economic value added economic profit and abnormal earnings although residual income is sometimes known as passive income side hu... | |
how to generate residual income | most sources of residual income require an upfront investment of money sweat equity or both some examples residual income vs passive incomethe differences are subtle residual income may be passive income but passive income isn t necessarily residual in personal finance passive income may be derived from stock dividends... | |
is residual income taxable | yes almost all residual income is taxable maybe the income from some tax exempt municipal bonds is not taxed otherwise whether you got the money from stock dividends or renting your spare bedroom it s taxable income | |
why is residual income important | residual income is often passive income passive income is by definition relatively effortless stock dividends and bond premiums are examples to quote legendary investor warren buffet if you don t find a way to make money while you sleep you will work until you die | |
how do i calculate my residual income | if you are applying for a loan your residual income is the amount of money you have to spend after all of your monthly obligations have been paid this is also called discretionary income if you are planning your long term future residual income takes on a different meaning it is the amount of money you generate or plan... | |
what is residual standard deviation | residual standard deviation is a statistical term used to describe the difference in standard deviations of observed values vs predicted values as shown by points in a regression analysis regression analysis is a method used in statistics to show a relationship between two different variables and to describe how well y... | |
how to calculate residual standard deviation | to calculate the residual standard deviation the difference between the predicted values and actual values formed around a fitted line must be calculated first this difference is known as the residual value or simply residuals or the distance between known data points and those data points predicted by the model to cal... | |
what type of measure is residual standard deviation | residual standard deviation is a goodness of fit measure that can be used to analyze how well a set of data points fit with the actual model goodness of fit is a statistical test that determines how well sample data fits a distribution from a population with a normal distribution | |
how can a residual standard deviation be used in business | after performing a regression analysis on multiple data points of costs over time the residual standard deviation can provide a business owner with information on the difference between actual costs and projected costs it can also give an idea of how much projected costs could vary from the mean of the historical cost ... | |
how do i calculate residual standard deviation | first you have to calculate the difference between the predicted values and actual values formed around a fitted line this difference is known as the residual value or residuals to calculate the residual standard deviation plug the residuals into the residual standard deviation equation to solve the formula the bottom ... | |
what is the residual sum of squares rss | the residual sum of squares rss is a statistical technique used to measure the amount of variance in a data set that is not explained by a regression model itself instead it estimates the variance in the residuals or error term linear regression is a measurement that helps determine the strength of the relationship bet... | |
how to calculate the residual sum of squares | residual sum of squares rss vs residual standard error rse the residual standard error rse is another statistical term used to describe the difference in standard deviations of observed values versus predicted values as shown by points in a regression analysis it is a goodness of fit measure that can be used to analyze... | |
is the residual sum of squares the same as r squared | the residual sum of squares rss is the absolute amount of explained variation whereas r squared is the absolute amount of variation as a proportion of total variation | |
is rss the same as the sum of squared estimate of errors sse | the residual sum of squares rss is also known as the sum of squared estimate of errors sse | |
what is the difference between the residual sum of squares and total sum of squares | the total sum of squares tss measures how much variation there is in the observed data while the residual sum of squares measures the variation in the error between the observed data and modeled values in statistics the values for the residual sum of squares and the total sum of squares tss are oftentimes compared to e... | |
what is residual value | the residual value also known as salvage value is the estimated value of a fixed asset at the end of its lease term or useful life in lease situations the lessor uses the residual value as one of its primary methods for determining how much the lessee pays in periodic lease payments as a general rule the longer the use... | |
how to calculate residual value | there are two components to calculating residual value estimated salvage value and the cost of asset disposal the net proceeds received by the disposition less the cost of disposal is the residual value residual value salvage value cost of asset disposalbe mindful that for assets with a low salvage value and high cost ... | |
what is residual value in statistics | in regression analysis the difference between the observed value of the dependent variable and the predicted value is called the residual each data point has one residual | |
how is residual value calculated | to determine the residual value of an asset you must consider the estimated amount that the asset s owner would earn by selling the asset minus any costs that might be incurred during the disposal residual value is often used when referring to a leased car the residual value of a car is the estimated value of the car a... | |
is residual value the same as buyout | residual value and a lease buyout are two different things a lease buyout is an option that is contained in some lease agreements that give you the option to buy your leased vehicle at the end of your lease the price you will pay for a lease buyout will be based on the residual value of the car | |
what is considered a good residual value | residual value is often used in the context of leases for cars the residual value is the value of the car at the end of the lease term a good residual value is 55 65 of the manufacturer s suggested retail price msrp 1for other assets companies aim to have a residual value as high as possible this means that not only do... | |
what is resistance | resistance is one of the foundational elements of technical analysis along with its corollary support resistance is a price or price zone above the current market that contains the upside movement of an asset resistance is where selling interest appears over time blocking further upside progress resistance can be a sin... | |
how do supply and demand affect resistance | demand for an asset is what propels it higher over time absorbing market supply along the way liquidity refers to the amount of total supply and demand at any given time high liquidity is likely to limit the overall share price movement while low liquidity may see prices move excessively potentially making a gap the so... | |
what is resistance | resistance is a price point or price zone that acts to limit gains in a security due to greater supply than demand | |
how do i identify resistance levels | resistance levels can be identified through technical analysis of charts and the various tools that come with them among the favorite tools used to identify resistance levels are key highs trendlines moving averages simple and exponential bollinger bands and ichimoku cloud charts | |
how do i trade with resistance levels | it depends on your position and view of the market as resistance will eventually be broken at some point an aggressive trader might go short from just below the resistance level looking for a pullback or reversal lower essentially speculating that the resistance will hold that same trader would also likely place a buy ... | |
what is the polarity principle | the polarity principle refers to the price phenomenon whereby once resistance is broken it becomes support and vice versa a break of a resistance zone will usually see a quick test of the breakout level to see if the break holds or if it fails and reverses lower the bottom linea resistance point or zone develops when p... | |
what was the resolution trust corporation rtc | the resolution trust corporation rtc is a now defunct temporary federal agency from 1989 to 1995 it largely resolved the savings and loan s l crisis of the 1980s which resulted in about a third of such u s institutions failing within a 10 year span the rtc became a massive property management company cleaning up what w... | |
what is the resource curse | the term resource curse refers to a paradoxical situation in which a country underperforms economically despite being home to valuable natural resources a resource curse is generally caused by too much of the country s capital and labor force concentrated in just a few resource dependent industries by failing to make a... | |
how the resource curse works | the resource curse is a paradoxical situation in which countries with an abundance of non renewable natural resources experience stagnant economic growth or even economic contraction although there may be multiple reasons to explain why a resource curse happens the phenomenon mainly occurs when a country begins to focu... | |
what is a restatement | a restatement is an act of revising one or more of a company s previous financial statements to correct an error restatements are necessary when it is determined that a previous statement contained a material inaccuracy this can result from accounting mistakes noncompliance with generally accepted accounting principles... | |
when a publicly traded company determines it needs to amend its financial statements it must file sec form 8 k within four days to notify investors of non reliance on previously issued financial statements it also needs to file amended 10 q forms for the affected quarters and possibly amended 10 ks depending on how man... | companies should also provide a breakdown of how past errors occurred how they were corrected and whether there will likely be any future ramifications in their latest financial statements these comments usually appear in the footnotes special considerations | |
when companies issue restatements investors are advised to ascertain to the best of their abilities the seriousness of the error reported how much of an impact is it likely to have and more importantly was it an innocent mistake or something that appears to be more sinister look for indications from management on how i... | it is also worth remembering that changes in certain financial estimates are not required as these are based on anticipated events and not ones that have already occurred these changes must only be reported on the next financial statement after the change is made and are not applied retroactively restatement faqsa rest... | |
what is restricted cash | restricted cash in contrast to unrestricted cash is not freely available for a company to spend or invest restricted cash refers to money that is held for a specific purpose and thus not available to the company for immediate or general business use restricted cash appears as a separate item from the cash and cash equi... | |
what is restricted stock | restricted stocks are unregistered shares of ownership in a corporation that are issued to company executives directors and other employees as part of their compensation restricted stocks are nontransferable and must be traded according to the relevant securities and exchange commission sec regulations the restrictions... | |
how restricted stock works | restricted shares provide employees with a stake in their companies however they have no value until they vest that is until a waiting period is over or a company milestone is met vesting gives employees an incentive to perform well and remain with a company the vesting schedule a company sets up determines when employ... | |
how restricted stocks are taxed | the taxing of restricted stock is governed by section 1244 of the irc generally restricted stocks are taxable once the vesting schedule is over in addition restricted stocks are taxed as ordinary income in the year they vest this differs from stock options which are taxed when employees exercise their options not when ... | |
why do companies give out restricted stock | the use of restricted stocks is pivotal for the compensation and retention strategies of many firms companies use restricted stock for a few reasons first a long vesting schedule encourages employees to stick around for a longer period also the value of restricted stock relies on the company s stock price which can enc... | |
what are stock options | stock options give the right but not the obligation to purchase shares at a set price options can be offered to employees or bought and sold by investors on the open market options especially those bought and sold by investors tend to have an expiration date can a private company issue restricted stock yes private comp... | |
when a restricted stock vests you can sell the shares you ve received it s important to consider your risk tolerance asset allocation and investing goals to decide on the best time to sell your restricted stock just as you would with any other security in your portfolio since that is what it s now become | the bottom lineemployers use restricted stocks to provide an incentive to employees to remain in their jobs and to work to better the company s stock price by giving them shares in the business the vesting of restricted stock can be based on basic timelines or performance based goals making them highly flexible the rec... | |
what is a restricted stock unit rsu | a restricted stock unit rsu is an award of stock shares usually given as a form of employee compensation the recipient must meet certain conditions before the restricted stock units are transferred to the owner restricted stock units are issued to employees through a vesting plan and distribution schedule after they ac... | |
don t come with voting rights | examples of rsussuppose madeline receives a job offer because the company thinks madeline s skill set is valuable and hopes she remains a long term employee it offers her 1 000 rsus in addition to a salary and other benefits the company s stock is worth 10 per share making the rsus potentially worth an additional 10 00... | |
how do restricted stock units work | restricted stock units are a type of compensation in which an employee receives shares of stock that are paid out over a period of years restricted stock units fluctuate in value over time from a company s perspective restricted stock units can help employee retention by incentivizing employees to stay with the company... | |
what is the difference between restricted stock units and stock options | stock options provide employees with the right but not the obligation to acquire shares of the company at a specified price if the share price rises the employee can acquire the shares and sell them at the higher market price restricted stock units are awarded outright on a set series of dates over several years the em... | |
do restricted stock units carry voting rights | restricted stock units do not carry voting rights until they become vested once they are vested the units are converted into common stock shares and carry all the usual rights of stock ownership the same goes for dividends restricted stock units do not pay dividends until they vest | |
what is a restrictive covenant | a restrictive covenant is a condition that restricts limits prohibits or prevents the actions of someone named in an enforceable agreement in bond obligations restrictive covenants limit the amount issuers can pay in dividends to investors restrictive covenants are common in real estate deeds and leases where they rest... | |
what is restructuring | restructuring is an action taken by a company to significantly modify the financial and operational aspects of the company usually when the business is facing financial pressures restructuring is a type of corporate action taken that involves significantly modifying the debt operations or structure of a company as a wa... | |
when a company is having difficulties with making the payments on its debt it will often consolidate and adjust the terms of the debt in a debt restructuring creating a way to pay off bondholders a company can also restructure its operations or structure by cutting costs such as payroll or reducing its size through the... | understanding restructuringthere are numerous reasons why companies might restructure including deteriorating financial fundamentals poor earnings performance lackluster revenue from sales excessive debt and the company is no longer competitive or too much competition exists in the industry a company may restructure as... | |
when a company restructures internally the operations processes departments or ownership may change enabling the business to become more integrated and profitable financial and legal advisors are often hired for negotiating restructuring plans parts of the company may be sold to investors and a new chief executive offi... | the results may include alterations in procedures computer systems networks locations and legal issues because positions may overlap jobs may be eliminated and employees laid off a company undertakes a restructuring to modify the financial or operational aspect of its business usually when faced with a financial crisis... | |
what are the different types of restructuring | a business can restructure in many different ways the different types of restructuring include legal restructuring turnaround restructuring cost restructuring divestment spin off repositioning restructuring and mergers and acquisitions | |
does restructuring mean layoffs | generally when a company restructures it lays off some of its employees this is typically so because a restructuring involves downsizing which can include closing some groups merging others and generally looking to become more efficient and cut costs | |
how many times can a company restructure | there is no legal limit to how many times a company can restructure a company can decide to change its operations as many times as it deems necessary in order to become more efficient and cut costs that being said restructuring is a complicated process that involves a lot of time and strategy and so is not a process to... | |
what is a restructuring charge | a restructuring charge is a one time expense that a company pays when reorganizing its operations examples of one time expenses include furloughing or laying off employees closing manufacturing plants and shifting production to a new location companies undertake these moves in an effort to boost profitability but first... | |
what types of expenses are restructuring charges | you might see restructuring charges that relate to obtaining a bigger production facility closing an office building or paying bonuses to high value employees to keep them from moving to competitors or they might be expenses related to training new hires and purchasing much needed manufacturing equipment | |
are restructuring charges always made when a company s in trouble | not always they re made when a company feels that a reorganization is necessary for its financial well being which can be for a variety of reasons for instance they can occur when high demand for a company s products requires it to add more production space and employees but they also can occur when a slow economy has ... | |
how big can a restructuring charge be | as big or small as the associated expenses dictate it needs to be for instance in early 2023 the company meta which owns facebook announced a 4 2 billion restructuring charge relating to its plan to terminate office leases make severance payments to laid off workers and more 1the bottom linea restructuring charge is a ... | |
what is a resume | a resume is a formal document that a job applicant creates to itemize their qualifications for a position a resume is usually accompanied by a customized cover letter in which the applicant expresses an interest in a specific job or company and draws attention to the most relevant specifics on the resume american job c... | |
what you should not put on a resume | there is so much talk about what should be in your resume but there are also some things that ought to be kept off the page first and most importantly are your age marital status and the number of children you may have while a potential employer might be able to deduce this information via a web search it isn t relevan... | |
what are common resume mistakes | common resume mistakes include typos vague details without a lack of specifics either being too long in detail or too short grammatical errors poor verb usage impertinent information and not including enough information on skills | |
should i create more than one resume | this depends on whether you are applying for different types of jobs for example if you are applying for an office manager job you should tailor your resume to outline your leadership and organizational skills but you might also be interested in applying for a retail position so creating a second resume that instead hi... | |
what if i do not have any work experience | you can still create a strong resume even if you do not have any professional work experience your resume can include any volunteer work you have done and the responsibilities you had during this time if you are still in school you can also list any academic organizations you are a part of and any offices and responsib... | |
what is retail banking | retail banking also known as consumer banking or personal banking is banking that provides financial services to individual consumers rather than businesses retail banking is a way for individual consumers to manage their money have access to credit and deposit their funds in a secure manner services offered by retail ... | |
how does retail banking work | many financial services companies aim to be the one stop shop retail banking destination to their individual consumers consumers expect a range of basic services from retail banks such as checking accounts savings accounts personal loans lines of credit mortgages debit cards credit cards and cds 1most consumers use loc... | |
how a retail bank generates income | a retail bank stores the cash deposits of its retail clients it then uses these deposits to make loans to other clients the federal reserve formerly required that all banks keep 10 of their demand and checking deposits in house overnight this was changed to 0 in march 2020 2this is known as the reserve requirement and ... | |
what are some features of retail banking | retail banking is intended to help consumers manage their money by giving them access to basic banking services a source of credit and financial advice the general public can access a variety of services through a retail bank including checking and savings accounts mortgages credit cards foreign currency and remittance... | |
what is an example of a retail bank | u s bank and bank of america are two examples of retail banks because they provide consumer banking products like checking and savings accounts mortgages personal loans credit cards and certificates of deposit cds | |
what is the difference between commercial banking and retail banking | retail banking offers deposit access and lending services to individuals commercial banking is another name for corporate banking which offers banking services to businesses governments and other institutions while retail banking offers its services to people for personal use commercial banking serves institutions the ... | |
what is a retail investor | a retail investor also known as an individual investor is a non professional investor who buys and sells securities or funds that contain a basket of securities such as mutual funds and exchange traded funds etfs retail investors execute their trades through traditional or online brokerage firms or other types of inves... | |
what is the retail price index rpi | the retail price index rpi is one of two measures of consumer inflation produced by the united kingdom s office for national statistics ons it measures certain types of cost escalation but is not considered the official inflation statistic in the u k the rpi was introduced in 1947 and implemented in 1956 retail price i... | |
why is the rpi considered a legacy measurement | over time the rpi calculation has not been updated or corrected to create a correct measure of inflation the u k statistics authority considers rpi to be a legacy measure for this reason and publishes it only because it is required to do so 4 | |
what is included in the cpi | the cpi includes all spending by private and institutional households and foreign nationals when visiting the united kingdom | |
what is an example of the rpi vs cpi | due to the varying inputs to both indexes the inflation rate calculations differ significantly in may 2023 the cpi was 8 7 and the rpi was 11 4 the ons in the u k lists the rpi as not a national statistic 1the bottom linethe retail price index rpi is calculated and published by the office of national statistics in the ... | |
what are retail sales | retail sales are an economic metric that tracks consumer demand for finished goods this figure is a very important data set as it is a key monthly market moving event retail sales are reported each month by the u s census bureau and indicate the direction of the economy it acts as a key economic barometer and whether i... | |
how is retail sales data calculated | the retail sales figures are compiled monthly by the census bureau which is part of the u s department of commerce they are released in the middle of the month and cover the previous month s sales | |
how does inflation impact retail sales | higher inflation causes the price of most goods and services to spike as a result consumers tend to scale back overall spending or prioritize necessities and select inflation proof purchases | |
why are retail sales important | retail sales are seen as a stand in for consumer spending and by extension can be seen as a key measure of the health of the economy the bottom lineretail sales is an important indicator that signals either the contraction or expansion of an economy an increase in retail sales signals a healthy economy that is expandin... |
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