MM-BRIGHT: A Multi-Task Multimodal Benchmark for Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval
Paper • 2601.09562 • Published
id stringlengths 30 44 | text stringlengths 50 2.55M |
|---|---|
earthscience/2715_4f9539e7c549a3d4_144.txt | Complexity is easily understood as a large computational effort needed to piece together numerous interacting parts exceeding the iterative memory capacity of the human mind. Global patterns of biological diversity are complex. This biocomplexity stems from the interplay among ecological processes that operate and infl... |
earthscience/4374_55d7ff3f9bc0c242_170.txt | A comprehensive understanding of crystallization mechanisms at the pore scale is necessary to accurately predict the kinetics of in-situ carbon mineralization in basalt formations. In this study, we use a finite-volume pore-scale Reactive Transport Model (RTM) augmented by CFD-based CO2/brine phase distribution and exp... |
earthscience/16115_e5e75c0b79a946e2_22.txt | On a station model, the thin-solid line (often referred to as the "flag") extending outward from the sky coverage symbol in the direction that the wind is blowing **from**. In the example on the right, I've highlighted the wind "flag." Can you tell what the wind direction is on this station model? Remembering that wind... |
earthscience/6df653cb_67107.txt | After China had announced new restrictions on access to their rare-earths in 2025, 82 the U.S. has been seeking alternative supply chains . 97 On 20 October 2025, President Trump signed a deal with the Prime Minister of Australia , Anthony Albanese , 98 over rare-earths and other critical minerals 82 ... |
earthscience/16115_01de1ff2d8eb7cd6_2079.txt | It occurred to some one in this talk at last to deny that there was this tiresome monotony in American life. And this put a new face on the discussion. Why should there be, with every race under the heavens represented here, and each one struggling to assert itself, and no homogeneity as yet established even between th... |
earthscience/4452_6df1dc414cd028ee_74.txt | A VA debt waiver is a decision to forgive or cancel a debt owed to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). You can request a waiver if you can demonstrate financial hardship or that repayment would be unfair. To request a waiver: Complete and sign VA Form 5655, the Financial Status Report Write a letter on a separate ... |
earthscience/2415_8b416001e34c7578_476.txt | it was inevitably one of Rich Simone’s creations. Simone’s sets always seem to help bridge the gap between the audience and the actors **jacquemus bolsas**, construite par Lockheed Martin. La sonde a utilis une technologie similaire du Touch and go pour sa rcoltesteady state simulations were conduced for the pre and po... |
earthscience/8508_c47b634569ea982b_6.txt | Giant impacts are thought to have been common in the early Solar System. Computer simulations of giant impacts have produced results that are consistent with the mass of the lunar core and the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system. These simulations show that most of the Moon derived from the impactor, rather than ... |
earthscience/16115_e5e75c0b79a946e2_745.txt | 1. Sea-surface temperatures of at least 26.5 degrees Celsius or 80 degrees Fahrenheit (usually). A deep warm layer of water beneath the ocean surface (of at least 50 meters or so) can be helpful, but is not necessarily required. 2. A location (usually) at least five degrees of latitude (roughly 300 nautical miles) away... |
earthscience/9262_ba9afc596a291fcc_122.txt | Modern views of ice sheets provided by satellites, airborne surveys, in situ data and paleoclimate records while transformative of glaciology have not fundamentally changed concerns about ice sheet stability and collapse that emerged in the 1970's. Motivated by the desire to learn more about ice sheets using new techno... |
earthscience/16115_01de1ff2d8eb7cd6_4486.txt | It is a ravishing sort of day, a slight haze, warm but life-giving air, and we row a little and sail a little down the broadening river, by the palms, and the wheat-fields growing yellow, and the soft chain of Libyan hills,—the very *dolce far niente* of life. Other dahabeëhs accompany us, and we hear the choruses of ... |
earthscience/7deac6f5_2582.txt | Credit L | T | P | C 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 environment, cellular homeostasis, Transmembrane transport, active and passive. Structure of a neuron, membrane potential, excitation and inhibition of nerve cells and signal propagation/conduction across axons, signal transmission between neurons or neurons and target cells. Skeletal... |
earthscience/5044_df35f94b8d2c35c6_6.txt | * Cumulus tuba (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – column hanging from the bottom of cumulus. * Cumulonimbus (WMO genus) – heaped towering rain-bearing clouds that stretch to the upper levels of the troposphere. * Cumulonimbus calvus (WMO genus and species) – cumulonimbus with round tops like cumulus congestus. * C... |
earthscience/5044_e5e75c0b79a946e2_48.txt | But, to start us off in our discussions of gradients, let's return to the example of elevation. Driving to the summit of the beautiful mountains in central Pennsylvania, motorists are greeted by signs that warn of "steep grades" ahead, which refers to large gradients. What does that mean in practical terms? For the mo... |
earthscience/4881_05174b2343bc3a4b_144.txt | Australia, China, Brazil, Guinea, India and Jamaica were the world’s six major producers of bauxite ore in 2014. The only other important ores produced in this way are of nickel, found as insoluble silicate residue in soils formed by humid tropical weathering of olivine-rich igneous rocks. About a third of the global p... |
earthscience/770_633ccc41948e9753_114.txt | * The **Ark of the Testimony** (*Aron HaEdut*) was “home” to God’s *Sh’kinah*, and contained, for a time, a jar of manna, Aaron’s staff that budded, and the stone tablets of the covenant. All of those are Jewish sacred objects. * For most of their history, the most sacred object associated with any Jewish synagogue has... |
earthscience/24008_d03544f4af35cf0b_5.txt | The ocean CO2 sink resumed a more rapid growth in the past 2Â decades after low or no growth during the 1991â2002 period, overlaid with imprints of climate variability. The estimates based on *f*CO2Â products and models diverge with the growth of the ocean CO2 sink in the past decade being larger by a factor of 2.5 c... |
earthscience/4374_6131ac3072f57c14_460.txt | In terms of this function f , the Moran equation is just f (d) = 1. So to prove the Moran equation has one and only one solution for every set of contraction factors r1 , . . . , rN , we’ll show that the graph y = f (d) crosses the line y = 1 for exactly one value of d. This follows from three observations. 0 1. f (0) ... |
earthscience/1001_decbf377a5853258_426.txt | **Abstract:** A coupled ocean and boundary layer flux numerical modeling system is used to study the upper ocean response to surface heat and momentum fluxes associated with a major hurricane, namely, Hurricane Dennis (July 2005) in the Gulf of Mexico. A suite of experiments is run using this modeling system, construct... |
earthscience/446_1a982d3306e07d62_55.txt | To form an aggregated ice particle (far right in Figure 1.19b), we consider a hexagonal ice crystal element whose *c*-axis is parallel to the *z*-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system O*xyz*, as shown in Figure 1.20a. An ice crystal can be rotated to any orientation by three consecutive coordinate transforms: (1) rotat... |
earthscience/19116_e729db87bb5b4e50_214.txt | Indigenous households are 90 times more likely to be without running water than non-Indigenous households in Canada. Current primary indicators of water quality and security for Indigenous Peoples are based on federal boil water advisories, which do not disaggregate at household levels to identify who is most at risk w... |
earthscience/793_4ce1e84b67389e3f_208.txt | The coastal effects of TCs depend on TC intensity, size, track, and translation speed. Projected increases in sea level, average TC intensity, and TC rainfall rates each generally act to further elevate future storm surge and fresh-water flooding (see Section 9.6.4.2). Changes in TC frequency could contribute toward in... |
earthscience/350_a19d8ee3be734e39_80.txt | In summary, SROCC and this Report conclude that the California Current system has experienced some upwelling-favourable wind intensification since the 1980s (*high confidence*), while *low agreement* among reported wind changes in the Benguela, Canary, and Humboldt systems prevent a similar assessment. As in SROCC, the... |
earthscience/12223_654aaf5f7531b6b6_195.txt | RM: Most doctors I work with are deeply committed to helping people understand what science can with us about our bodies and our health. Most doctors I work with are also pretty limited at understanding how that health is dependent on the health of the systems of which we are a part. For example, I do not know many ph... |
earthscience/22746_40eac683a584b508_101.txt | The agencies carefully considered these and other comments regarding which models to apply when estimating potential impacts of each of the contemplated regulatory alternatives. For purposes of estimating the impacts of CAFE standards, even the coalition of environmental advocates observed that the CAFE model reflects ... |
earthscience/14915_36647f9b11ba24b1_1.txt | Earth’s magnetic field acts like a protective shield around the planet, repelling and trapping charged particles from the Sun. But over South America and the southern Atlantic Ocean, an unusually weak spot in the field – called the South Atlantic Anomaly, or SAA – allows these particles to dip r to the surface than nor... |
earthscience/2252_c7be72f8c8b4c1a0_43.txt | Can America’s headstart in AI make up for its manufacturing deficiencies? Perhaps. I worry however that one of America’s superpowers is to spin up yarns to reduce the urgency for action. The United States can relax either because China will be pulled out to sea by the receding tide of demographic decline, or Silicon Va... |
earthscience/13918_f7f943672cb6de2e_135.txt | An example of the difference in recording properties of three common climate proxies is given in Figure 1. Climate in northwest Europe during the last glacial-to-interglacial transition, reconstructed from pollen analyses (Figure 1a: Van der Hammen et al., 1967), showed two interstadial periods. The younger one contain... |
earthscience/5044_ef2e8e1ac3d6d2c5_337.txt | On November 26, 1942, Victor Goldschmidt stood among the fearful crowd of people assembled on the pier in Oslo, Norway, waiting for the German ship Donau to transport them to Auschwitz. Goldschmidt had a charmed childhood in his home in Switzerland, and when his family immigrated to Norway, Goldschmidt was quickly reco... |
earthscience/6631_03fff327a99ec6ea_45.txt | Observations of solar-type stars and our understanding of how the nuclear fusion rates in the core of the Sun change as it uses up its hydrogen in its core tell us that the Sun will gradually brighten with time. The Sun was about 30% dimmer when it formed 4.6 billion years ago than it is now. Because this process is so... |
earthscience/12223_e5e75c0b79a946e2_788.txt | General Dwight Eisenhower, supreme commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, also wanted a full moon (to make landing targets and obstacles easier to see) and low tide (to expose the underwater defenses of the German forces) for the pre-dawn invasion. The combination of a nearly full moon and low tide was available on ... |
earthscience/4452_038001c05f6b1f28_21.txt | * May 2, 2002 * Afternoon severe thunderstorms produced damaging winds, flash flooding, large hail, and frequent lightning. A woman in Roanoke was struck by lightning and injured while using the phone. Thunderstorm winds downed trees and caused widespread power outages. Hail larger than the size of baseballs caused mas... |
earthscience/16115_bea1365ae27369bc_46.txt | In May, *ecological* and *meteorological* content also shaped overall media coverage throughout the month. Particularly, a spate of tornado activity in May in North America then prompted questions about how this increase may relate to a changing climate. For example, *Associated Press* journalists Rick Callahan and Gra... |
earthscience/fa638275_65124.txt | The Dynamic North: Here, Port Louis, the vibrant capital, and its dynamic resorts, the horticultural treasures of Pamplemousses Garden, and cosmopolitan beaches of Grand Baie, all beckon you. The north thrums with a beat of culture and dynamism. Bite into this side of the island by just glancing at our dynamic North Is... |
earthscience/16115_01de1ff2d8eb7cd6_699.txt | As we pull away, I begin to see the depth of the plain of Sorrento, with its villages, walled roads, its groves of oranges, olives, lemons, its figs, pomegranates, almonds, mulberries, and acacias; and soon the terraces above, where the vineyards are planted, and the olives also. These terraces must be a brave sight in... |
earthscience/1001_12e8ef2704f07579_766.txt | Recent Developments Mexican Pres. Felipe Calderón began his term with a high- militarized offensive against drug-trafficking cartels. By early 2007 he had deployed 30,000 army troops and federal police in such operations in nine different states. Human rights advocates voiced concerns about the extensive use of the arm... |
earthscience/3ac9b820_1422.txt | An "anchor being" is an individual whose existence is vital to the stability of their universe. Once this individual is killed or removed, their reality begins to gradually degrade until it is destroyed. "Avengers, assemble!" is a rallying cry for the Avengers. "I could do this all day" is a catchphrase spoken by Steve... |
earthscience/5044_ef2e8e1ac3d6d2c5_559.txt | During an El Niño event the hot surface ocean water off the coast of Ecuador and Peru, will result in a low-pressure zone, with air moving into the region and rising high into the atmosphere. This rising warm air will contain an abundance of moisture which will rain out over the South and North American continents, res... |
earthscience/5044_e5e75c0b79a946e2_238.txt | In the case above, did you notice that the lowest effective layer that we observed was 19,000 feet? That's not uncommon. Because emissions from water vapor near the earth's surface are absorbed by water vapor higher up, it's often impossible to detect features at very low altitudes. In other words, low clouds (stratus,... |
earthscience/24008_fbb249f58a1ea9af_128.txt | Now let us put some of these concepts into practice. Consider a lava flow which has just been extruded (Figure 7.7a). Upon meeting the chilly air (or water), molten lava solidifies quickly into rock. While the rock is above the Curie Temperature, there is no remanent magnetization; thermal energy dominates the system a... |
earthscience/9262_f392f1ade444ed1b_5.txt | **Both polar oceans have continued to warm in recent years, with the Southern Ocean being disproportionately and increasingly important in global ocean heat increase (*****high confidence).*** Over large sectors of the seasonally ice-free Arctic, summer upper mixed layer temperatures increased at around 0.5°C per decad... |
earthscience/1001_12e8ef2704f07579_96.txt | Joan Allen (20 Aug 1956, Rochelle IL), American film and theater actress. Paul G. Allen (21 Jan 1953, Mercer Island WA), American corporate executive; cofounder of Microsoft Corp. (1975) and owner of several professional sports teams. Woody Allen (Allen Stewart Konigsberg; 1 Dec 1935, Brooklyn NY), American filmmaker, ... |
earthscience/19304_fde37c365aaa55ac_20.txt | Robert Cutler, Given your reply above, I would suggest that you are prematurely come here as you evidently have yet to collect all your solar cycle findings and properly set out your ducks in a row. Here is not the place for such premature discussion as the data being presented extends beyond climatic data which is so ... |
earthscience/573_b1af3bc13dac2104_27.txt | | Tornado Number | Date | Time (CST) | Length of Path (miles) | Width of Path (yards) | F-Scale | Killed | Injured | County | Location | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 171 | 05/25/2019 | 2157-2157 | 0.2 | 30 | EF0 | 0 | 0 | Oklahoma | OKC (near NE 63rd and Interstate 35) | | One f... |
earthscience/251_d67e65fea8b38630_38.txt | Hurricanes intensify when moving over areas of increased water temperatures, and weaken over colder water surfaces. Upper atmosphere wind shear (different wind direction and speeds at different elevations) will frequently prevent or slow intensification of tropical storms by 'spreading out' the storm horizontally and p... |
earthscience/064b301d_1068.txt | The density model shown in Fig. 6 is computed from SEMUCB-WM1 (ref. 43) (panel a) with the method described in Steinberger44. To consider compositionally distinct LLSVPs we added a density anomaly of 1.2% wherever in the lowermost 300 km of the mantle the shear-wave anomaly is less than −1%. Otherwise, the model is con... |
earthscience/d0ab76a5_65797.txt | - Hypothermia - Shivering, leading to uncoordinated movements and death. - Frostbite - Freezing of skin, leading to loss of feeling and damaged tissue. - Trench foot - Numbness, leading to damaged tissue and gangrene. - Chilblains - Capillary damage in digits can lead to more severe cold injuries. |
earthscience/9559_9189070a4adc753b_961.txt | Researchers have discovered that the multimodal models actually have artificial neurons tied to underlying concepts. For example, the “Spider-Man neuron” in the multimodal model CLIP is activated when the model is presented with a photo of a person dressed as Spider-Man, a sketch of Spider-Man, photos of spiders or web... |
earthscience/22746_40eac683a584b508_716.txt | The agencies agree with parts of ICCT's and the FCAs comments and disagree with other parts. The agencies do agree with ICCT and the Auto Alliance that the analysis should consider the off-cycle benefits of transmission warm-up technology. For the final rule analysis, the agencies applied off-cycle technologies in the ... |
earthscience/99_fbb249f58a1ea9af_261.txt | An important sidelight to this discussion of level of significance is that too much emphasis is often put on the 5% level of significance as a magic number. Remember that we are often performing significance tests on data sets with a small number of observations. Failure of a significance test at the 5% level of signif... |
earthscience/22974_bde8e6d4fcc08c01_34.txt | Taken together, a well nuanced assessment of nonlinearities, thresholds and tipping points must be carried out across all three IPCC working groups, i.e., from the physical climate science to ecological tipping and social tipping in decarbonization. In order to be comprehensive, such an assessment would include social ... |
earthscience/6631_127a28ce33aaa70a_15.txt | Alice consists of a compact telescope, a spectrograph, and a sensitive electronic detector with 1,024 spectral channels at each of 32 separate spatial locations in its long, rectangular field of view. Alice has two modes of operation: an “airglow” mode that measures ultraviolet emissions from atmospheric constituents, ... |
earthscience/785_4ce1e84b67389e3f_192.txt | Confidence in the projection of intense TCs, such as those of Category 4–5, generally becomes higher as the resolution of the models becomes higher. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5/6) class climate models (around 100–200 km grid spacing) cannot simulate TCs of Category 4–5 intensity. The... |
earthscience/4374_55d7ff3f9bc0c242_60.txt | Multiscale permeability parametrization in geologic cores is key for quantifying multiphase flow and conservative, reactive, and colloidal transport processes in geologic systems. Despite its importance in controlling flow and transport processes, permeability measurement methods often suffer from low spatial resolutio... |
earthscience/4366_c4a35f588527b845_227.txt | The new management system of framework for cloud envrionemnt is needed by the platfrom of convergence according to computing environments of changes. A ISV and small business model is hard to adapt management system of platform which is offered from super business. This article suggest the clustering management system ... |
earthscience/16115_01de1ff2d8eb7cd6_1671.txt | No sooner was our war with England over than our navy began to make a reputation for itself in the Mediterranean. In his letter of August, 1815, Irving dwells with pride on Decatur's triumph over the Algerine pirates. He had just received a letter from “that—worthy little tar, Jack Nicholson,” dated on board the Flambe... |
earthscience/9559_b000adafb940ccf3_278.txt | * **Date:** 2016-09-10 09:26:21 * so I said now The train is really 1994-2004,Fawlty Towers dvd collection. after the teacher explains to allow students to use Japanese retelling down. 1958 but also please the majority of fans a lot of attention all forums newsgroups draft of the latest episodes produced and our latest... |
earthscience/a333cd93_2380.txt | Required, but never shown By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy. Start asking to get answers Find the answer to your question by asking. Explore related questions paleoclimatology See similar questions with these tags. |
earthscience/e11156c5_69690.txt | Dave_Geologist says: February 13, 2020 at 5:19 pm mike, I didn t mean that those tipping points did t happen. There were indeed events with large releases of non-volcanic fossil carbon. Those are what we have to be concerned about. A 10 C rise would destroy civilisation. 30-40 C would wipe out most advanced life. I mea... |
earthscience/2790_4ce1e84b67389e3f_97.txt | Overall, there is a lack of systematic analysis of long-term trends in sub-daily extreme precipitation at the global scale. Often, sub-daily precipitation data have only sporadic spatial coverage and are of limited length. Additionally, the available data records are far shorter than needed for a robust quantification ... |
earthscience/7400_8ce101878baafbd1_295.txt | A new cycle of eruptive activity began at Fuego on 16 July that consisted of an increase in Strombolian explosions and the occurrence of high-frequency volcanic tremor for 24 hours. On 28 July a thick gray ash cloud extended 10-15 km in length and drifted to the W. Ash was deposited in the areas of Rochela, Panimaché, ... |
earthscience/22746_40eac683a584b508_1013.txt | HDS commented that the analysis fleet “accounts for the distribution of tires below 0.09 as 19% of vehicles in MY 2016 are modeled as having used ROLL10 and 25% of vehicles as having used ROLL20 in the base year, but there is no accounting for the ~25% of vehicles having RRC values 10 to 20% above the 0.09 RRC average.... |
earthscience/4728_f7f943672cb6de2e_4.txt | At typical sedimentation rates in the deep ocean basins (about 3 cm per 1000 years), sediment mixing serves as a low-pass filter, limiting the resolution of these proxy indicators to time scales of thousands of years. Regions in which the sediments accumulate faster offer the potential for resolving variations over sig... |
earthscience/cfcb48a6_64996.txt | About 2.1 of all of Earth's water is frozen in glaciers. 97.2 is in the oceans and inland seas 2.1 is in glaciers 0.6 is in groundwater and soil moisture less than 1 is in the atmosphere less than 1 is in lakes and rivers less than 1 is in all living plants and animals. About three-quarters of Earth's freshwater... |
earthscience/2790_83468325d4b74204_32.txt | Winds and water from storms can damage or destroy homes, buildings, and other manmade structures.[174][175] Tropical cyclones destroy agriculture, kill livestock, and prevent access to marketplaces for both buyers and sellers; both of these result in financial losses.[176][177][178] Powerful cyclones that make landfall... |
earthscience/5042_7818d821b7833ccd_69.txt | What is there in the observation of an eclipse to attract the attention and interest of the general public? Why was it that scores of thousands went miles up or down Great Britain to see the total eclipse of 1927? The answers are to be found in the unique and thrilling character of the phenomenon, coupled with its part... |
earthscience/4391_f392f1ade444ed1b_63.txt | The Antarctic continent is surrounded by coastal polynyas, which form from the combined effects of winds and landfast ice in the lee of coastal features that protrude into the westward coastal current (Nihashi and Ohshima, 2015445; Tamura et al., 2016446). Intense ice growth within these polynyas contributes to the pro... |
earthscience/19116_e729db87bb5b4e50_473.txt | In Canada, Indigenous youth have remained resilient despite being confronted with a wide range of structural and systemic risks, such as long-lasting boil water advisories, over-representation in the child welfare system, and injustices related to land treaties. As people of the land, all disruptions to ecological heal... |
earthscience/9559_b000adafb940ccf3_511.txt | * **Date:** 2015-10-18 12:30:02 * A drama aired for 11 years still booming is not easy,buy Longmire Seasons 1-3,when beginning to listen Originally,Castle box set 1-8, Yes,Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 1 new dvd releases, 9 On Tuesday. TV-Y All Children The second stage TV-Y7 Directed to Older Children Suitable for chi... |
earthscience/3071_886df8fb557159d8_133.txt | The fountaining episodes typically lasted 20 minutes; the longest lasted 50 minutes. They were separated by repose periods lasting 30 minutes to 1 hour. Some episodes were followed by 10-20 minutes of intermittent 2-Hz tremor, the amplitude of which varied greatly suggesting that each tremor episode consisted of a seri... |
earthscience/4374_6131ac3072f57c14_22.txt | In the examples we have seen so far, each little bit of the fractal looks pretty much like the whole fractal, or at least a large piece of it. Once perceived, scaling symmetry usually is very straightforward. But suppose the symmetry is distorted by a subtle but patterned logic? The fractal shown above is produced by m... |
earthscience/12223_654aaf5f7531b6b6_202.txt | Last year, while watching the Olympics, itself a cheerfully antiquated relic of former idealism, I was jolted out of my perceptual haze by a Toyota commercial, of all things. Toyota ran a series of ads featuring slightly imaginary products that we might one day enjoy. I remember being utterly shocked that they were tem... |
earthscience/16115_7818d821b7833ccd_293.txt | Time was also very important for weather observations, both for exchanging weather observations across many time zones and for tracking fast moving weather like storms. Before the telegraph, storms moved faster than any human communications could. If a storm developed on the Great Lakes and passed up the St Lawrence to... |
earthscience/0108e130_70428.txt | An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, which is considered to be the cold oceanic and positive atmospheric phase of the broader El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) weather phenomenon, as well as the opposite of El Niño weather pattern, 20 where sea surface temperature across the eastern equatorial ... |
earthscience/734db926_72694.txt | Volcanism also occurs in continental areas that are undergoing episodes of rifting. A classic example is the East African Rift Valley, where the African plate is being split. The extensional deformation occurs because the underlying mantle is rising from below and stretching the overlying continental crust. Upwelling m... |
earthscience/19116_e729db87bb5b4e50_1214.txt | Climate change and food security are complex global issues that require multidisciplinary approaches to resolve. A nexus exists between both issues, especially in developing countries, but little prior research has successfully bridged the divide. Existing resolutions to climate change and food security are expensive a... |
earthscience/b092d4dc_3153.txt | Interactions between protons and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) are definitely significant at very high proton energy, and you are correct that special relativity plays a role in this. If you transform to the reference frame of the proton (i.e. you remain at rest with the proton), photons in the microwave range ... |
earthscience/16115_01de1ff2d8eb7cd6_2941.txt | The beauty of this condescension to literature of which we speak is that it has that quality of spontaneity that does not presuppose either a capacity or a call. There is no mystery about the craft. One resolves to write a book, as he might to take a journey or to practice on the piano, and the thing is done. Everybody... |
earthscience/8aea2c26_70707.txt | According to the annual report from NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 2024 was the warmest year since global records began in 1850. The global average surface temperature was 2.32 Fahrenheit (1.29 degrees Celsius) above the 20th-century average (57.0 degrees Fahrenheit, or 13.9 degrees Celsius) and 2... |
earthscience/13918_4b421851b398eff6_144.txt | Geomorphology · 63 extend the applications of their research into the real world through active consulting roles. However, it is not only in the realm of applied geomorphology where geomorphologists, academic and non-academic, can influence the real world. Several senior-level academic geomorphologists have moved beyond... |
earthscience/7627_0806c97a62dabda6_203.txt | **Mercury** is a naturally occurring metal, a useful chemical in some products, and a potential health risk. Mercury exists in several forms; the types people are usually exposed to are methylmercury and elemental mercury. Elemental mercury at room temperature is a shiny, silver-white liquid that can produce a harmful ... |
earthscience/6631_676fc49e7a68af23_25.txt | In a CFBP, individual lava flows can be 20−50 m thick and extend tens, or even hundreds, of kilometres. Many such flows merge to form a single ‘flow field’ that can cover thousands of square kilometres (Figure 3.18). Each lava field represents a major volcanic episode and, if accompanied by ash and gas release, could h... |
earthscience/5044_7818d821b7833ccd_186.txt | According to the article, there were many important attendees that day: Sir William Dawson (image 6), who addressed all three faculties, sharing perhaps an uncommon view today that all students should take courses in the arts for their personal and professional careers: “in our view, every graduate should first take hi... |
earthscience/2994_8082dca4507a208a_20.txt | Our buddy Poidevin has a bit of an ego (whether it’s justified or not doesn’t matter, the fact remains that it’s there) and people who have a bit of an ego tend to have easily-wounded pride along with it. Not only has the direction of the research turned away from his field, nobody is calling it the ‘Poidevin Process’,... |
earthscience/19116_e729db87bb5b4e50_1446.txt | Abstract. This paper describes ESM-SnowMIP, an international coordinated modelling effort to evaluate current snow schemes, including snow schemes that are included in Earth system models, in a wide variety of settings against local and global observations. The project aims to identify crucial processes and characteris... |
earthscience/5044_ef2e8e1ac3d6d2c5_4.txt | One of the key figures of this time was Nicolaus Copernicus, who published his mathematical theory that the Earth orbited around the Sun in 1543. The printed book entitled *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium* (*On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres)*, written in the scholarly father tongue of Latin ushered in wh... |
earthscience/3abe8ffd_71170.txt | - While Earth's climate has changed throughout its history , the current warming is happening at a rate not seen in the past 10,000 years. - According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ), Since systematic scientific assessments began in the 1970s, the influence of human activity on the warming of... |
earthscience/24008_8bd824e2d7063c5f_30.txt | In most places around the world, current annual mean rates of RSL changes are typically on the order of a few mm yr–1 (see Figure 4.6). Risk associated with changing sea level also is related to individual events that have a limited duration, superimposed on the background of these gradual changes. As a result, the gra... |
earthscience/5044_ef2e8e1ac3d6d2c5_389.txt | After funding from the International Geophysical Year had expired, funds were provided by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography program, but in 1964 congressional budget cuts nearly d the research down. Dave Keeling worked relentlessly to secure funding to maintain the collection of data receiving grants and funding ... |
earthscience/9745_37af91a6fd6611e7_146.txt | In this study, we present a case study on 16 October 2011 to show the first observational evidence of the influence of short period gravity waves in aerosol transport during daytime over the central Himalayan region. The Doppler lidar data has been utilized to address the daytime boundary layer evolution and related ae... |
earthscience/12223_06d2d4acdbf7dc18_42.txt | * CS1 maint: location * CS1 maint: location missing publisher * Webarchive template wayback links * Source attribution * Articles with short * Short is different from Wikidata * Wikipedia pending changes protected pages * Use dmy dates from August 2024 * Use American English from June 2023 * All Wikipedia articles wri... |
earthscience/9484_8bd824e2d7063c5f_211.txt | ***Accommodation*** includes diverse biophysical and institutional responses that mitigate coastal risk and impacts by reducing the vulnerability of coastal residents, human activities, ecosystems and the built environment, thus enabling the habitability of coastal zones despite increasing levels of hazard occurrence. ... |
earthscience/16115_01de1ff2d8eb7cd6_2027.txt | On the edge of the rapids, above the hotel, the old bath-house was in process of demolition, its shaking piazza almost overhanging the flood. Not much could be seen from it, but it was in the midst of an elemental uproar. Some electric lamps shining through the trees made high lights on the crests of the rapids, while ... |
earthscience/42d62969_68047.txt | Adding to this mix is the jet stream - a high-altitude ribbon of fast-moving air - that flows across the region. The jet stream enhances storm rotation and supplies additional energy to weather systems, making them more likely to produce tornadoes. |
earthscience/9b1afb0d_67352.txt | Average vertical velocity (in pascals per second) at the 500 hPa pressure height in July from 1979-2001. Ascent (negative values) is concentrated close to the solar equator while descent (positive values) is more diffuse; their distribution is an imprint of the ascending and descending branches of the Hadley circulatio... |
earthscience/5044_ef2e8e1ac3d6d2c5_456.txt | In the hills above the city of Paradise, California, wildfires spread around the hilled woodlands of a once idyllic community. A caravan of cars led by a firetruck tried to pave a path through the burning landscape. Never before had such wildfires enveloped so many homes and buildings in northern California. In 2018 wi... |
earthscience/4728_716b3899b7a72b61_5.txt | | | | --- | | **FIGURE 1.** Schematic of two different states of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). (a) A vigorous or “on” state, with a relatively deep and strong upper cell, similar to the circulation in the modern Atlantic. (b) A collapsed or “off” state, with a relatively shallow upper cell an... |
earthscience/16115_01de1ff2d8eb7cd6_4793.txt | At noon, November 20th, we reached Great Falls, where the Sun River, coming in from the west, joins the Missouri. The railway crosses the Sun River, and runs on up the left bank of the Missouri. Great Falls, which lies in a bend of the Missouri on the cast side, was not then, but soon will be, connected with the line b... |
earthscience/2994_e1e4224f975fdb1a_367.txt | On graduation he was offered a teaching post at the University, converted later that year to a full-time permanent lectureship. At the end of 1949 he received a special South African government scholarship to study systems of architectural education, and spent 1950 at the Bartlett School, the Architectural Association,... |
earthscience/16115_01de1ff2d8eb7cd6_3866.txt | Rounding the point of Faro, the *locale* of Charybdis and Scylla, we come into the harbor of Messina and take shelter behind the long, curved horn of its mole. Whoever shunned the beautiful Scylla was liable to be sucked into the strong tide Charybdis; but the rock has lost its terror for moderns, and the current is no... |
MM-BRIGHT text-and-image queries retrieving reasoning-intensive technical passages in the Earth Science domain.
| Task category | Any2AnyRetrieval (image+text-to-text) |
| Domains | Academic, Web, Medical, Legal, Religious |
| Reference | {MM-BRIGHT |
Source datasets:
You can evaluate an embedding model on this dataset using the following code:
import mteb
task = mteb.get_task("MMBrightEarthScienceIT2TRetrieval")
model = mteb.get_model(YOUR_MODEL)
mteb.evaluate(model, task)
To learn more about how to run models on mteb task check out the GitHub repository.
If you use this dataset, please cite the dataset as well as mteb, as this dataset likely includes additional processing as a part of the MMTEB Contribution.
@article{abdallah2026mmbright,
archiveprefix = {arXiv},
author = {Abdelrahman Abdallah and Mohamed Darwish Mounis and Mahmoud Abdalla and Mahmoud SalahEldin Kasem and Mostafa Farouk Senussi and Mohamed Mahmoud and Mohammed Ali and Adam Jatowt and Hyun-Soo Kang},
eprint = {2601.09562},
primaryclass = {cs.IR},
title = {{MM-BRIGHT}: A Multi-Task Multimodal Benchmark for Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.09562},
year = {2026},
}
@article{enevoldsen2025mmtebmassivemultilingualtext,
title={MMTEB: Massive Multilingual Text Embedding Benchmark},
author={Kenneth Enevoldsen and Isaac Chung and Imene Kerboua and Márton Kardos and Ashwin Mathur and David Stap and Jay Gala and Wissam Siblini and Dominik Krzemiński and Genta Indra Winata and Saba Sturua and Saiteja Utpala and Mathieu Ciancone and Marion Schaeffer and Gabriel Sequeira and Diganta Misra and Shreeya Dhakal and Jonathan Rystrøm and Roman Solomatin and Ömer Çağatan and Akash Kundu and Martin Bernstorff and Shitao Xiao and Akshita Sukhlecha and Bhavish Pahwa and Rafał Poświata and Kranthi Kiran GV and Shawon Ashraf and Daniel Auras and Björn Plüster and Jan Philipp Harries and Loïc Magne and Isabelle Mohr and Mariya Hendriksen and Dawei Zhu and Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef and Tom Aarsen and Jan Kostkan and Konrad Wojtasik and Taemin Lee and Marek Šuppa and Crystina Zhang and Roberta Rocca and Mohammed Hamdy and Andrianos Michail and John Yang and Manuel Faysse and Aleksei Vatolin and Nandan Thakur and Manan Dey and Dipam Vasani and Pranjal Chitale and Simone Tedeschi and Nguyen Tai and Artem Snegirev and Michael Günther and Mengzhou Xia and Weijia Shi and Xing Han Lù and Jordan Clive and Gayatri Krishnakumar and Anna Maksimova and Silvan Wehrli and Maria Tikhonova and Henil Panchal and Aleksandr Abramov and Malte Ostendorff and Zheng Liu and Simon Clematide and Lester James Miranda and Alena Fenogenova and Guangyu Song and Ruqiya Bin Safi and Wen-Ding Li and Alessia Borghini and Federico Cassano and Hongjin Su and Jimmy Lin and Howard Yen and Lasse Hansen and Sara Hooker and Chenghao Xiao and Vaibhav Adlakha and Orion Weller and Siva Reddy and Niklas Muennighoff},
publisher = {arXiv},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.13595},
year={2025},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13595},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2502.13595},
}
@article{muennighoff2022mteb,
author = {Muennighoff, Niklas and Tazi, Nouamane and Magne, Loïc and Reimers, Nils},
title = {MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark},
publisher = {arXiv},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.07316},
year = {2022}
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07316},
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2210.07316},
}
The following code contains the descriptive statistics from the task. These can also be obtained using:
import mteb
task = mteb.get_task("MMBrightEarthScienceIT2TRetrieval")
desc_stats = task.metadata.descriptive_stats
{
"test": {
"num_samples": 73523,
"num_queries": 72,
"num_documents": 73451,
"number_of_characters": 146552347,
"documents_text_statistics": {
"total_text_length": 146460790,
"min_text_length": 50,
"average_text_length": 1993.9931382826646,
"max_text_length": 2554995,
"unique_texts": 62899
},
"documents_image_statistics": null,
"documents_audio_statistics": null,
"documents_video_statistics": null,
"queries_text_statistics": {
"total_text_length": 91557,
"min_text_length": 308,
"average_text_length": 1271.625,
"max_text_length": 7305,
"unique_texts": 72
},
"queries_image_statistics": {
"min_image_width": 188,
"average_image_width": 1165.388888888889,
"max_image_width": 3400,
"min_image_height": 166,
"average_image_height": 1596.9444444444443,
"max_image_height": 5846,
"unique_images": 71
},
"queries_audio_statistics": null,
"queries_video_statistics": null,
"relevant_docs_statistics": {
"num_relevant_docs": 209,
"min_relevant_docs_per_query": 1,
"average_relevant_docs_per_query": 2.9027777777777777,
"max_relevant_docs_per_query": 5,
"unique_relevant_docs": 209,
"num_missing_query_ids": 0,
"num_missing_corpus_ids": 0
},
"top_ranked_statistics": {
"num_top_ranked": 5285120,
"min_top_ranked_per_query": 73332,
"average_top_ranked_per_query": 73404.44444444444,
"max_top_ranked_per_query": 73451
}
}
}
This dataset card was automatically generated using MTEB