MANIFEST_PAPER2.md

Paper 2 — where every number comes from

One row per number, grouped by paragraph, in paragraph order. A row gives the number as the paper prints it, the artefact file it is read from, the field inside that file, and the script that rebuilds the artefact. Paths are relative to the dataset's root. Each script is in experiments/ of one of the two code repositories — AtlasCalibratedConceptProfiles for the method, its checks and the inventory, AtlasRepresentationalDrift for the drift analysis. Which one does not follow from the file's directory: validation/paper1/ and validation/paper2/ record which paper's script wrote a file, and several files under validation/paper2/ were written by scripts in the first repository.

Every number printed in the paper is listed, and every one of them resolves to a file and a field in this dataset.

How a number is traced

mark	what it means
key	the field's key names the quantity the sentence names, and its value agrees
count	a small integer traced to the field that defines it (n_*, *_count, or a key), not matched by value
value	a distinctive number (≥ 2 decimal places, or an integer ≥ 1,000) matched by value, in an artefact whose field shares a word with the sentence
canon	a recurring quantity — a token count, or a defining count such as 169 or 7,373 — sent to the one field that defines it by a rule, never matched by value
sibling	the value sits in the same stored entry as a field already traced in that paragraph — an interval bound beside its point, a first beside its last
declared	a declared setting or rule parameter, stored as a key or a definition field
derived	arithmetic on stored fields; the arithmetic is given in the row
cited	a number from cited work, not ours

Two classes of numeral are excluded before counting, because they are not quantities: model names (OpenCoder-1.5B, Pythia-1.4B), cross-references (§3.1–3.3, D.1, [TBC: A1.3]), and list enumerators ((3) at least two checkpoints, statements 2 and 3, item 4).

Counts, per number

	distinctive	count	one-place	total
key	79	20	22	121
count		131		131
canon	28	55		83
value	74			74
sibling	27	5		32
declared	9	8	10	27
derived	3	6	6	15
cited		7	2	9
total	220	232	40	492

Every number resolves to a file and a field: there is no number in paper 2 with no home in the record.

No row is left weak. Every number is tied to a field whose key names the quantity the sentence names, to a declared rule parameter, to arithmetic on stored fields that the row gives, or to cited work.

Numbers that do not reproduce from a released artefact

None. Every number printed in this paper resolves to a file and a field in this dataset, with the arithmetic given in the row wherever a figure is computed from stored fields rather than stored itself.

The artefacts, and one line each confirming the field is the quantity

artefact	numbers	rebuild script	the field is the quantity the paper names, because
validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	50	ablation_nats.py	the reliance claim: median_rise_over_random_nats is the carriers' loss rise minus the random sets' mean rise, in nats — the quantity §3.3 calls the cost of removal over a random set; old_set.* is the same for the set measured at 84 B. In nats, not control units, because the control's spread had not converged (ablation_nats.py measured that).
validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	48	ablation_ranks.py	the same removal experiment read as a rank: current.exact_one_sided_p and n_random are the one-sided position of the carriers among the random masks, which is what §3.3's 'cannot be separated from a random set' states.
validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	39	ceilings.py	the per-reference ceiling and carrier-set size at each cut (<cut>.median_size, chance).
validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	36	b11_power.py	`dates.
validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	26	rate_readings.py	primary.<cut>.<window>[].median_excess is the carrier change over a fixed gap, beyond the twin turnover, read against its own ceiling — §4.1's quantity. §4.1 reads primary.carrier5; definition_1_primary holds the declared windows and the R² floor.
validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	21	b16c_steps_vs_lr.py	over_random_walk_* is the measured weight step divided by η·√D, the free-random-walk distance — §4.3's 'fraction of the distance a random walk would cover'. consistency_* is the same step over η·D.
validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	19	p8_bootstrap.py	`forced
validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	18	b17b_return_split.py	arms.fell_{beyond,within}_one_twin_unit.{departures,lift,lift_ci95} split every departure by whether the neuron's entry fell by more than its twin difference, and give the return rate over the matched control — §4.2's return result. share_of_departures_beyond_one_twin_unit is the 92.5%.
validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	15	b16b_weight_norms.py	per_checkpoint.<ref>.tensors.<matrix> are the Frobenius norms of layer 12's three MLP matrices — §4.3's 'the norms grow by 81%, 89% and 83%'.
validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	15	b2_anneal_drop.py	the annealing branch read on the same series as pretraining; forced.n_series and the per-series thresholds are §3.5's counts.
validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	15	step4_flat.py	the spacing dependence that C.3 corrects for: spacing_dependence.n_pairs is the 1,404 point–partner pairs, and the per_band keys are the four declared bands.
validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	13	b12_twin_turnover.py	per_reference.<ref>.twin_overlap_median and twin_turnover_median are the agreement between the two twins at one checkpoint, which is the instrument's own noise — §3.1's 0.84 and 0.16. It stores no minimum; see §Settled while tracing.
validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	13	b18_recurrence.py	c_coordination_vs_circular_shift_median compares observed co-movement with a null that holds each neuron's own persistence — §4.2's 'what independent neurons with the same persistence would show'. The across-neuron shuffle in the same file (12.95) is a different null and is not that number.
validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	11	-	the three senses of 'settles' read on the standardised profile; `third_sense.*
validation/r2/STEP8_GRAPH_pretrain.json	9	-	the unit-level graph: n_units = 147,456 is the product space, p8.n_fell_beyond_noise the departures beyond the noise unit, and partners[].factor the spacing factors.
validation/paper2/B14_BANDS.json	8	b14_bands.py	per_band.<cut>.band_size_first_ref is the size of the carrier set at each of the six cuts, and n_constructs_tested the 169 — §4.1's cut sensitivity.
validation/paper2/B1_ENTROPY.json	7	b1_entropy.py	against_the_model.model_loss_governed_{early,last}_median_nats is the model's loss at governed positions at the first and last reference, and generator_marginal_entropy_governed_median_nats the loss of a reader who knows only the generator's rates — §5's three numbers.
validation/paper1/C3_YARDSTICK_NATS.json	6	c3_yardstick_nats.py	paper 1's yardstick sensitivity, cited in paper 2's §4.8 limitation ('the turnover moves by 0.003–0.005').
validation/paper2/DATES_TABLE.json	6	dates_table.py	the per-construct settling verdicts under the corrected rule; n_constructs_with_all_six_dated = 0 is §4.1's '0 of 169'.
validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_anneal.json	6	step7.py	the spacing dependence of curve 1 on the annealing branch, in the same bands as pretraining (per_band.<n>ref).
validation/paper1/POOLED_SETS_45.json	5	pooled_sets_169.py	paper 1's family clustering, cited in paper 2 where it reports purity and cluster counts.
validation/paper2/B16C_WEIGHT_STEPS.json	5	b16c_weight_steps.py	`summary['
validation/r2/P8_BOOTSTRAP_pretrain.json	5	p8_bootstrap.py	the bootstrap behind the fall intervals: n_draws_fell, share_of_draws_that_fell.
validation/r2/R2_INDEX_CURVES.json	5	r2_curves.py	— not yet confirmed
calibration/checkpoints.json	4	checkpoint_inventory.py	the checkpoint schedule (all[].step), which converts an iteration to a token count at 4,194,304 tokens per step.
validation/paper1/CORE_COUNTS.json	4	core_counts.py	— not yet confirmed
validation/paper1/FIGURES.json	4	atlas.py	paper 1's figure data, cited where paper 2 quotes check 9.
validation/paper2/B5_CHURN_VS_LEARNING.json	4	b5_churn.py	across_layers.churn_vs_filling_change.spearman relates carrier change to how much the layer is still filling — §5's check that change is not a by-product of learning.
validation/paper2/C2_PYTHIA_TWIN.json	4	c2_pythia_twin.py	the second model: carrier_overlap per construct and opencoder_comparison.carrier_overlap_last_checkpoint put Pythia's twin agreement beside OpenCoder's (§6).
validation/paper2/TBC22_SHARES.json	4	tbc22_shares.py	cuts.<cut>.share_of_ceiling — the change normalised by each cut's own ceiling, §4.1's 0.925–0.964.
validation/r2/owed/RAW_NORM_REREAD_pretrain.json	4	-	the re-read of the response's size on the raw profile, which the contract made primary; `third_sense.*
validation/paper1/CHECK4_RELATIVE.json	3	check4_relative.py	paper 1's check 4 recomputed on the suite's own metric; n_within_one_twin_unit = 4 is the figure §4.1 of paper 1 reports and paper 2 cites.
validation/paper1/SCOPE_OVERLAP.json	3	audit_recordings.py	share_of_ceiling per construct at a reference — the convergence panel of Figure 4.
validation/paper2/ABLATION_STABLE.json	3	ablation_stable.py	the same removal read with the mask count varied, so §3.3's effect can be shown not to depend on it (control_stability.<n>).
validation/paper2/B6_PERLAYER_SHARING.json	3	b6_perlayer.py	occupancy_by_layer and per_layer.<n>.trend_spearman_vs_log_step are where in the network the carriers sit and whether that moves (§4.6).
validation/paper2/COOCCURRENCE.json	3	cooccurrence.py	pairs_total = 14,196 — all construct pairs, the denominator of §4.7's sharing figures.
validation/paper2/TEST6.json	3	test6.py	— not yet confirmed
calibration/identifiers.json	2	-	a calibration table of identifier draw rates. It carries no quantity the paper names; every row pointing here is weak — the value index offered it for a token count such as '84 billion' and no field name tied anything to the sentence. Not a source for any number in paper 2.
validation/ablation/PLAN.json	2	ablation_full.py	plan.total_construct_passes — the size of the removal experiment as planned (§A.1).
validation/paper1/LENGTHS.json	2	atlas.py	— not yet confirmed
validation/paper1/TURNOVER_CLASSES_ONLY.json	2	b10.py	— not yet confirmed
validation/paper2/A38_POPULATION.json	2	-	the population the readings are taken over — 35 pretraining references and the declared partner-factor band.
validation/paper2/B15_TEST6_CORECHECK.json	2	b15_corecheck.py	per-pair core consistency: whether the same prompt cores are read at both ends of a checkpoint pair, which licenses comparing the two (§A.1.6).
validation/paper2/CEILINGS_PAIRWISE.json	2	-	the cross-checkpoint ceiling — chance agreement between different constructs with one profile at each end of the pair, which is the quantity the excess is read against.
validation/paper2/TEST6_EXTRAS.json	2	test6_extras.py	per-pair departure counts by token, behind §4.5's statement that departures are not concentrated in a few tokens.
validation/r2/R2_CLOSE.json	2	r2_close.py	the close-spacing re-read, giving the relative standard error on each curve point.
calibration/corpus.json	1	build_natural.py	parsed = 253,398 — the reference corpus's parsed Python files, the declared stimulus distribution's base (Appendix A item 1).
validation/loss/CORE_pretrain_iter_0001000.json	1	-	— not yet confirmed
validation/paper1/B_SUBTYPES.json	1	b_subtypes.py	what each construct's B set is made of; cited in Appendix A item 1.
validation/paper1/CHECK6_COMPANIONS.json	1	check6_companions.py	n_companions per construct — the companion check Appendix A item 10 says is not met for the eight compound statements.
validation/paper1/CHECK6_TURNOVER.json	1	check6_turnover.py	the carrier turnover with and without re-weighting, with the re-weighted ceiling per reference — cited where §4.8 bounds the generator's effect.
validation/paper1/LICENCE_TABLE.json	1	licence_table.py	paper 1's nine checks per construct, cited in paper 2's Appendix A item 10.
validation/paper1/LICENCE_TABLE_CORRECTED.json	1	licence_table.py	paper 1's checks after the four corrections; cited for the null's replicate count.
validation/paper1/RECHECK_PER_PROMPT.json	1	recheck_per_prompt.py	the per-prompt re-check of the nulls; cited for its replicate count.
validation/paper2/B10_SPACING_ADJUSTED.json	1	b10_fit.py	the withdrawn fitted form, kept because D.1 artefact 4 reports what it would have given; per_start.<iter>.n_points are its pair counts.
validation/paper2/B17_RETURN.json	1	b17_return.py	departures = 18,034,712 is the total number of departures §4.2 opens with; the split by size is in B17B.
validation/paper2/B3_ALLPAIRS.json	1	b3_allpairs.py	every checkpoint pair at every gap, the input Figure 2 and the rate readings are taken from; cosine.n_dense is the dense block's count.
validation/paper2/B3_GRADED.json	1	b3_graded.py	the graded (uncut) profile read over the same pairs; `pairs.
validation/paper2/C2_PYTHIA_GATE.json	1	c2_pythia_gate.py	n_constructs_scored = 188 — how many constructs pass the gate on the second model (§6).
validation/r2/STEP5_FREQUENCY_pretrain.json	1	-	`spearman.
validation/r2/STEP7_pretrain.json	1	step7.py	the bend analysis: whether a series bends at a common date across constructs (§4.1, C.3).
validation/r2/owed/TIEBREAK_SENSITIVITY.json	1	r2_owed.py	— not yet confirmed

Every number, by paragraph

¶1. In neuroscience, representational drift is a change in which neurons carry a representation while behaviour stays the same; we measure its analogue in…

number	mark	file	field	script
1,000	value	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0001000.iter	b16b_weight_norms.py
0.40	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.old_set.median_vs_random_nats.hi	ablation_nats.py
0.06	value	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	per_construct.Delete.a_nearest_set.under_b10_model.share_wide_pairs_above_model_by_one_twin_unit	b18_recurrence.py
0.25	sibling	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	per_construct.Delete.a_nearest_set.under_b10_model.residual_sd_pooled — the same entry as share_wide_pairs_above_model_by_one_twin_unit, traced above	b18_recurrence.py
500	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0119000.tokens_b = 499.12 — 500 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 119000	ceilings.py
1.5	key	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	c_coordination_vs_circular_shift_median = 1.4553 — the circular-shift null is the one that holds each neuron's persistence, which is what 'independent neurons with the same persistence' names. The across-neuron shuffle in the same file is 12.95 and is NOT this number.	b18_recurrence.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
16	count	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_anneal.json	product.constructs.next.per_band.8ref.n	step7.py
99	derived	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.step	*.detection_rate = 0.9911-0.9941` — '99% of injected cases', the lowest of the five step-shape rates, rounded
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py
4	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	legs.forced.from_84b_to_last.counts.rising — the leg 84 B -> end	p8_bootstrap.py
2	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.old_set.n_without	ablation_nats.py

¶2. A construct is one named piece of a programming language's grammar — the keyword for, the builtin len, a list comprehension. A neuron is one h…

number	mark	file	field	script
5	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.For.current.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶3. On the record read here the answer is no. The model's loss at the construct's forced positions reaches its floor within the first 4% of training; the …

number	mark	file	field	script
4	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.While.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶4. Whether the phenomenon exists in a language model during pretraining has been seen before at coarse checkpoint spacing and without a noise unit. For s…

number	mark	file	field	script
7	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.With.old_set.n_random_below	ablation_ranks.py
1	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.n_exceeding_every_mask	ablation_ranks.py

¶5. One record is read: OpenCoder-1.5B at 35 pretraining checkpoints spanning 4.19 billion to 2.03 trillion tokens at a constant learning rate, and 24 che…

number	mark	file	field	script
1.67	derived	calibration/checkpoints.json	all[].step (the last annealing checkpoint) — the annealing branch's end in tokens, at 4,194,304 tokens a step; CEILINGS.json carries tokens_b for the 35 pretraining references only, not for the annealing ones.	checkpoint_inventory.py
2.03	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.tokens_b = 2,033.67 — 2.03 trillion tokens is this reference, iteration 484865	ceilings.py
1.57	value	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0001000.tensors.model.layers.12.mlp.down_proj.weight.row_norm_q3	b16b_weight_norms.py
4.19	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.tokens_b = 4.19 — 4.19 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 1000	ceilings.py
35	count	validation/paper2/A38_POPULATION.json	n_pretraining_references	-
24	count	validation/paper2/B5_CHURN_VS_LEARNING.json	across_layers.churn_vs_filling_change.n	b5_churn.py

¶6. 1. A construct is one piece of Python grammar or one builtin name; the battery holds 188, and 169 pass the gate that says the model's reading positi…

number	mark	file	field	script
188	canon	validation/paper1/CORE_COUNTS.json	n_constructs_built — the constructs the battery holds	core_counts.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py

¶7. 2. A neuron is one of the 147,456 hidden units of the MLP layers (24 layers × 6,144).…

number	mark	file	field	script
147,456	canon	validation/r2/STEP8_GRAPH_pretrain.json	n_units — the product space, 24 layers x 6,144 neurons	-
6,144	key	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0001000.tensors.model.layers.12.mlp.gate_proj.weight.shape[0]	b16b_weight_norms.py
24	count	validation/paper2/B5_CHURN_VS_LEARNING.json	across_layers.churn_vs_filling_change.n	b5_churn.py

¶8. 3. The profile of a construct at a checkpoint is one number per neuron: the mean standardised activation on prompts with the construct in its role, …

number	mark	file	field	script
7,373	canon	validation/paper2/B14_BANDS.json	per_band.q5pct.band_size_first_ref — the 5% cut's carrier-set size, 5% of 24 x 6,144	b14_bands.py
5	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.For.current.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶9. 4. The twins are the battery drawn twice from one design. Their disagreement is the unit every change is measured in: within a trained checkpoint th…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.16	key	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.twin_turnover_median	b12_twin_turnover.py
0.84	key	validation/paper2/C2_PYTHIA_TWIN.json	opencoder_comparison.carrier_overlap_last_checkpoint	c2_pythia_twin.py

¶10. 5. The six metrics are taken for each construct at each checkpoint; one metric followed across checkpoints is a curve. They are the turnover (item…

number	mark	file	field	script
5	count	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_anneal.json	layer.constructs.AsyncWith.per_band.8ref.n_below_before	step7.py

¶11. 6. The turnover at a checkpoint is the share of its carrier set that is no longer in the set at a later checkpoint, its partner: a turnover of 0.3…

number	mark	file	field	script
7,373	canon	validation/paper2/B14_BANDS.json	per_band.q5pct.band_size_first_ref — the 5% cut's carrier-set size, 5% of 24 x 6,144	b14_bands.py
0.3	declared	—	illustrative: 'a turnover of 0.3 means 30% of the 7,373 carriers have left by the partner'. Part of the definition of turnover, not a reading.	—
30	count	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	secondary.carrier5.5000.n_gaps	rate_readings.py

¶12. 7. A marked position is a position in a prompt where the construct's grammar decides the next token: forced (after for x in y the colon is oblig…

number	mark	file	field	script
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
16	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.n_constructs	ablation_nats.py

¶14. Spacing. The record divides pretraining into three periods. Period 0, from the start to 4.19 billion tokens, lies before the first checkpoint. *Pe…

number	mark	file	field	script
100,000	key	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary.windows_steps[3][1]	rate_readings.py
10,000	key	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_beyond_one_twin_unit.absence_length_steps.median	b17b_return_split.py
20,000	key	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary.windows_steps[2][0]	rate_readings.py
30,000	key	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary.windows_steps[2][1]	rate_readings.py
50,000	key	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary.windows_steps[3][0]	rate_readings.py
91,000	key	validation/r2/STEP7_pretrain.json	p4.r12_bends.1524B.spacing_steps_before[1]	step7.py
5,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.1000	gate_proj.start_iters[4]`
1,000	value	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0001000.iter	b16b_weight_norms.py
2.03	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.tokens_b = 2,033.67 — 2.03 trillion tokens is this reference, iteration 484865	ceilings.py
1.25	value	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0011000.tensors.model.layers.12.mlp.up_proj.weight.row_norm_q3	b16b_weight_norms.py
4.19	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.tokens_b = 4.19 — 4.19 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 1000	ceilings.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py

¶15. Resolution. The step between a construct's profiles at neighbouring checkpoints is 8.56 twin units at the start of the record and 3.56 at the end of…

number	mark	file	field	script
1,000	value	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0001000.iter	b16b_weight_norms.py
8.56	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	construct_token.series.round.level_last	p8_bootstrap.py
3.56	key	validation/paper1/CHECK4_RELATIVE.json	per_construct[176].check4_twin_units	check4_relative.py

¶16. Three things are measured for the same constructs across the same checkpoints: the loss at the marked positions (behaviour; 16 constructs, 24 series…

number	mark	file	field	script
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
24	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	forced.n_series	b2_anneal_drop.py
16	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.n_constructs	ablation_nats.py

¶17. *Figure 1. The three timescales. (a) Behaviour: the median loss at the forced and expected positions of the 16 constructs with marked positions, in na…

number	mark	file	field	script
10,000	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.ratio_of_medians_rise_to_random.n_bootstrap_draws_usable	ablation_nats.py
20,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.20k-30k	gate_proj.start_iters[19]`
30,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	rows[6].gap	b16c_steps_vs_lr.py
1,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.1000	gate_proj.start_iters[0]`
2,034	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.tokens_b = 2,033.67 — 2,034 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 484865	ceilings.py
4.19	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.tokens_b = 4.19 — 4.19 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 1000	ceilings.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
16	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.n_constructs	ablation_nats.py
10	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.sign_test_vs_random.n_above_zero	ablation_nats.py
95	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.IfExp.current.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py
14	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.sign_test_rise_over_random.n_above_zero	ablation_nats.py
5	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.With.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶18. Everything that we expected to see forming had already formed. At 4.19 billion tokens, 167 of the 169 constructs already carry half of their profile's…

number	mark	file	field	script
4.19	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.tokens_b = 4.19 — 4.19 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 1000	ceilings.py
0.84	key	validation/paper2/C2_PYTHIA_TWIN.json	per_construct.ChildProcessError.carrier_overlap	c2_pythia_twin.py
0.5	derived	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.twin_overlap_median (= 0.8436; no min is stored) — 'more than 0.5 for all 169' RECOMPUTED CPU-only from validation/carriers/*.npz at this reference: min 0.697, 0 of 169 at or below 0.5. The claim holds. Recommend b12_twin_turnover.py also store twin_overlap_min.	b12_twin_turnover.py
167	count	validation/r2/owed/RAW_NORM_REREAD_pretrain.json	second_sense.standardised.curve2_norm x curve1_turnover.n	-
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
5	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.With.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶19. This is where the model finishes learning at the positions we can read. Of the 24 loss series at the forced and expected positions of the 16 construct…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.31	key	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	between_checkpoints.quoted_in_the_paper.kept_fraction_first_pair = 0.3092 — NEW FIELD: the kept fraction is now stored at every one of the 34 neighbouring pairs (between_checkpoints.per_pair), with both ends' token counts, not only the last pair. Written 5 Nov by experiments/backfill_summaries.py, which checks each value against the figure the paper prints and refuses rather than write one that misses it; the writer script now produces it natively too. b12_twin_turnover.py.	b12_twin_turnover.py
0.66	key	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	between_checkpoints.quoted_in_the_paper.kept_fraction_by_71b = 0.6623 — NEW FIELD, as para 19.	b12_twin_turnover.py
4.19	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.tokens_b = 4.19 — 4.19 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 1000	ceilings.py
2.5	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	`dependent.governed.series['For	governed
5.6	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	`dependent.governed.series['For	governed
15	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	legs.forced.to_84b.counts.falling — the leg 4.19 -> 84 B at the default threshold 10pct	1.0u
16	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.n_constructs	ablation_nats.py
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py
24	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	forced.n_series	b2_anneal_drop.py
71	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0017000.tokens_b = 71.30 — 71 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 17000	ceilings.py
3	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	legs.forced.to_84b.counts.rising — the leg 4.19 -> 84 B at the default threshold 10pct	1.0u
6	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	legs.forced.to_84b.counts.flat — the leg 4.19 -> 84 B at the default threshold 10pct	1.0u

¶20. Behaviour stays flat. Over this leg the loss at the forced and expected positions is flat for 20 of 24 series, rising for 4 and falling for 0, at …

number	mark	file	field	script
20	count	validation/paper1/LICENCE_TABLE_CORRECTED.json	constructs.Assert.checks_corrected.check8_nulls__suite_7.split_half.n_rep	licence_table.py
24	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	forced.n_series	b2_anneal_drop.py
14	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	`legs.forced.from_84b_to_last.across_thresholds['5pct	0.5u'].rising = 14` — the tightest of the nine settings, where the majority turns to rising. The same paragraph's second '14 of 24', over the whole of training, is legs.forced.to_last.counts.falling = 14.
5	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	`forced.series.For	obliged
0	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	legs.forced.from_84b_to_last.counts — 'falling for 0': the key is absent from the counts, which is how a zero is stored	p8_bootstrap.py
4	count	validation/paper1/CHECK4_RELATIVE.json	n_within_one_twin_unit	check4_relative.py

¶21. Reliance grows. For the 16 constructs, removing the carriers raises the loss at the marked positions by more than removing a random set of the sam…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.002	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.AsyncFor.control_mean_nats — the same entry as n_random_below, traced above	ablation_ranks.py
0.038	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.sign_test_rise_over_random.p	ablation_nats.py
0.088	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.median_vs_random_nats.hi	ablation_nats.py
0.40	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.old_set.median_vs_random_nats.hi — the same entry as n_without, traced above	ablation_nats.py
0.02	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.median_vs_random_nats.point — the same entry as hi, traced above	ablation_nats.py
0.73	key	validation/paper1/C3_YARDSTICK_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_yardstick.one.median	c3_yardstick_nats.py
0.66	key	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	between_checkpoints.quoted_in_the_paper.kept_fraction_by_71b = 0.6623 — NEW FIELD, as para 19.	b12_twin_turnover.py
4.19	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.tokens_b = 4.19 — 4.19 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 1000	ceilings.py
0.03	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.While.control_mean_nats — the same entry as carrier_rise_nats, traced above	ablation_nats.py
0.14	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.IfExp.carrier_rise_nats — the same entry as n_random_at_or_above, traced above	ablation_ranks.py
5.95	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.Try.rise_over_random_nats	ablation_nats.py
0.70	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.Lambda.carrier_rise_nats	ablation_nats.py
0.06	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.median_rise_over_random_nats.point	ablation_nats.py
0.10	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.median_vs_random_nats.hi — the same entry as hi, traced above	ablation_nats.py
0.25	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.Import.current.exact_one_sided_p — the same entry as n_random_at_or_above, traced above	ablation_ranks.py
320	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.Try.old_set.n_random_below	ablation_ranks.py
20	count	validation/paper1/C3_YARDSTICK_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.n_random_masks	c3_yardstick_nats.py
14	sibling	validation/paper1/C3_YARDSTICK_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_yardstick.one.sign_test.n_above_zero — the same entry as median, traced above	c3_yardstick_nats.py
95	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.IfExp.current.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py
12	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.sign_test_rise_over_random.n_above_zero	ablation_nats.py
16	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.median_vs_random_nats.n	ablation_nats.py
8	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.n_holm_significant	ablation_ranks.py
2	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.old_set.n_without	ablation_nats.py

¶22. Membership never settles. For 169 of 169 constructs the turnover curve is still moving at the last checkpoint, and no construct has a settling dat…

number	mark	file	field	script
30,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	rows[6].gap	b16c_steps_vs_lr.py
20,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.20k-30k	gate_proj.start_iters[19]`
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py

¶23. The old carriers' function is not retained; the readout is. The set measured at 84 billion tokens, with 14% of its members still in the current se…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.998	key	validation/paper1/LICENCE_TABLE.json	constructs.AsyncFor.check1_twin_unit.median_disattenuated	licence_table.py
0.999	value	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0005000.tensors.model.layers.12.mlp.up_proj.weight.row_norm_q1	b16b_weight_norms.py
0.77	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.old_set.median_vs_current_nats.lo = -0.7729 — the interval's lower end for the old set against the current one	ablation_nats.py
0.42	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.NamedExpr.rise_over_random_nats	ablation_nats.py
0.09	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.median_vs_random_nats.hi	ablation_nats.py
0.01	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.DictComp.old_set_rise_nats	ablation_nats.py
0.11	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.ListComp.carrier_rise_nats — the same entry as carrier_rise_nats, traced above	ablation_nats.py
0.28	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.Import.carrier_rise_nats	ablation_nats.py
0.14	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.GeneratorExp.old_set_over_random_nats	ablation_nats.py
10	count	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_anneal.json	product.constructs.Raise.per_band.8ref.n_following	step7.py
16	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.median_vs_random_nats.n	ablation_nats.py
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py
11	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.old_set.n_old_below_current	ablation_nats.py
14	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.old_set.median_vs_current_nats.n	ablation_nats.py
8	count	validation/paper2/B1_ENTROPY.json	against_the_model.n_governed_series	b1_entropy.py
4	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.sign_test_vs_current.n_above_zero	ablation_nats.py

¶24. "No construct settles" is informative only where settling would have been found. Settlings were injected into the measured turnover series at five dat…

number	mark	file	field	script
99.1	key	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.step	500B.detection_rate = 0.99112`
99.4	key	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.step	{84B,200B,1000B,1500B}.detection_rate = 0.99408`
100	key	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.exponential	500B.detection_rate = 1.0`
338	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.step	84B.draws` — the injected draws in each power cell
500	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0119000.tokens_b = 499.12 — 500 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 119000	ceilings.py
1.5	key	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	c_coordination_vs_circular_shift_median = 1.4553 — the circular-shift null is the one that holds each neuron's persistence, which is what 'independent neurons with the same persistence' names. The across-neuron shuffle in the same file is 12.95 and is NOT this number.	b18_recurrence.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py
0	count	validation/paper2/DATES_TABLE.json	n_constructs_with_all_six_dated	dates_table.py
1	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	`forced.series.AsyncFor	obliged

¶25. *Figure 2. Change in membership beyond the twin turnover at fixed gaps: medians over 169 constructs by start point, in four windows of the gap, with c…

number	mark	file	field	script
20,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.20k-30k	gate_proj.start_iters[19]`
30,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	rows[6].gap	b16c_steps_vs_lr.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
95	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.IfExp.current.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py
5	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.With.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
1	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.n_exceeding_every_mask — the same entry as n_random_at_or_above, traced above	ablation_ranks.py

¶26. *Figure 3. The power of the null. Settling curves were injected into measured turnover series at five dates, in two shapes, 338 draws a cell. (a) The …

number	mark	file	field	script
338	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.step	84B.draws` — the injected draws in each power cell
0	count	validation/paper1/B_SUBTYPES.json	per_construct.False.n_other_role_prompts	b_subtypes.py

¶27. Here the learning rate decays, as the cooldown of a warmup–stable–decay schedule \citep{dremov2025}. Measured over equal steps of training, carrier ch…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.026	key	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_anneal.json	resolution.branch_span_decades	step7.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
24	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	forced.n_series	b2_anneal_drop.py
23	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	against_the_pretraining_floor.n_series_compared	b2_anneal_drop.py
5	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	`forced.series.For	obliged
7	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	against_the_pretraining_floor.n_below_floor_by_more_than_one_unit	b2_anneal_drop.py

¶28. In period 1, consider two checkpoints 1,000 steps apart. The turnover between them, minus the twin turnover (0.16), is 0.54 for the first pair of the …

number	mark	file	field	script
100,000	value	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary.windows_steps[3][1]	rate_readings.py
20,000	key	calibration/checkpoints.json	all[14].step	checkpoint_inventory.py
30,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	rows[6].gap	b16c_steps_vs_lr.py
50,000	value	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary.windows_steps[3][0]	rate_readings.py
1,000	value	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0001000.iter	b16b_weight_norms.py
0.40	value	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	between_checkpoints.turnover_median	b12_twin_turnover.py
0.73	value	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	per_construct.NotImplemented.twin_ceiling	b18_recurrence.py
0.53	value	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	between_checkpoints.per_pair[27].kept_fraction_median	b12_twin_turnover.py
0.30	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.DictComp.rise_over_random_nats — the same entry as old_set_rise_nats, traced above	ablation_nats.py
0.16	key	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.twin_turnover_median	b12_twin_turnover.py
0.97	key	validation/paper2/CEILINGS_PAIRWISE.json	per_window.~1,000[0].cosine.twin	-
0.80	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.IfExp.old_set_rise_nats	ablation_nats.py
0.19	value	validation/paper2/B16C_WEIGHT_STEPS.json	`summary.1000	down_proj
0.54	value	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	between_checkpoints.per_pair[2].kept_fraction_median	b12_twin_turnover.py
0.35	key	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	primary.carrier5.50k-100k[-1].median_excess = 0.3551 — the last start point of the 50k-100k window, iteration 364,000 = 1.527 T; the period's first reading, 0.535, is the same series at iteration 25,000 (105 B)	rate_readings.py
5	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.With.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶29. The same holds for the whole graded profile, without any threshold: the loss of cosine similarity beyond the twin noise falls over 50,000–100,000 step…

number	mark	file	field	script
100,000	value	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary.windows_steps[3][1]	rate_readings.py
50,000	value	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary.windows_steps[3][0]	rate_readings.py
0.88	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.AsyncWith.current.share_below	ablation_ranks.py
0.87	value	validation/paper2/B14_BANDS.json	per_band.abs1sd.twin_ceiling_first_ref	b14_bands.py
0.03	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.AsyncFor.rise_over_random_nats — the same entry as n_random_below, traced above	ablation_ranks.py
0.24	value	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.cosine.chance	ceilings.py
0.49	key	validation/paper2/B3_GRADED.json	`pairs.1000_steps	pretrain_iter_0001000
0.07	key	validation/paper2/C2_PYTHIA_TWIN.json	per_construct.NotADirectoryError.twin_unit_median_on_carriers	c2_pythia_twin.py
0.54	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.For.old_set.exact_one_sided_p	ablation_ranks.py
162	count	validation/r2/STEP5_FREQUENCY_pretrain.json	`spearman.product	with_pilot.n = 162` — the constructs the frequency test is read on
30	count	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.cosine.n_constructs	ceilings.py
80	declared	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary (the note 'R^2 > 0.8') — the declared reporting floor; the constant is R2_FLOOR = 0.8 at experiments/rate_readings.py:44	rate_readings.py
19	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.AsyncFor.old_set.n_random_below	ablation_ranks.py
5	count	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	primary.q1pct.5k-10k[10].n_pairs	rate_readings.py
1	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	against_the_pretraining_floor.n_above_floor_by_more_than_one_unit	b2_anneal_drop.py

¶30. Of 18,034,712 departures of a neuron from a construct's 5% set between neighbouring checkpoints, 57% come back to the same set at a later checkpoint, …

number	mark	file	field	script
18,034,712	value	validation/paper2/B17_RETURN.json	departures	b17_return.py
58,000	key	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_beyond_one_twin_unit.absence_length_steps.q3	b17b_return_split.py
10,000	key	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_beyond_one_twin_unit.absence_length_steps.median	b17b_return_split.py
2,000	canon	validation/paper1/LENGTHS.json	by_set_kind.C.n_prompts — the C pool's prompts	atlas.py
3.37	sibling	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_beyond_one_twin_unit.lift_ci95[1] — the same entry as q3, traced above	b17b_return_split.py
3.27	sibling	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_beyond_one_twin_unit.lift_ci95[0] — the same entry as q3, traced above	b17b_return_split.py
92.5	key	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	share_of_departures_beyond_one_twin_unit = 0.92529	b17b_return_split.py
3.3	key	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_beyond_one_twin_unit.lift = 3.3189, lift_ci95 = [3.2741, 3.3676] — the paper's '3.3, interval 3.27-3.37'.	b17b_return_split.py
7.5	derived	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	1 - share_of_departures_beyond_one_twin_unit = 0.0747 — the complement of 92.5%.	b17b_return_split.py
17	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.With.current.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
39	count	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`second_sense.with_pilot	product
57	count	validation/paper1/POOLED_SETS_45.json	per_cut.2.categories.warning_class.exception_not_warning.n	pooled_sets_169.py
5	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.With.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶31. The set as a whole does not return. For 167 of 169 constructs every checkpoint's nearest set is its immediate neighbour, and no two checkpoints' sets …

number	mark	file	field	script
167	key	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	a_n_nearest_is_neighbour = 167 (a_n_constructs_read = 169) — NEW FIELD. Written 5 Nov by experiments/backfill_summaries.py, which checks each value against the figure the paper prints and refuses rather than write one that misses it; the writer script now produces it natively too. b18_recurrence.py.	b18_recurrence.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
1.5	key	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	c_coordination_vs_circular_shift_median = 1.4553 — the circular-shift null is the one that holds each neuron's persistence, which is what 'independent neurons with the same persistence' names. The across-neuron shuffle in the same file is 12.95 and is NOT this number.	b18_recurrence.py

¶32. *Figure 4. Two readings of the drift. (a) Returns: the share of neurons that leave a construct's 5% set and re-enter it at a later checkpoint, against…

number	mark	file	field	script
2,034	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.tokens_b = 2,033.67 — 2,034 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 484865	ceilings.py
16.7	key	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_beyond_one_twin_unit.departures = 16,687,320 — '16.7 million'.	b17b_return_split.py
3.37	sibling	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_beyond_one_twin_unit.lift_ci95[1] — the same entry as departures, traced above	b17b_return_split.py
3.27	sibling	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_beyond_one_twin_unit.lift_ci95[0] — the same entry as departures, traced above	b17b_return_split.py
3.32	sibling	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_beyond_one_twin_unit.lift — the same entry as departures, traced above	b17b_return_split.py
3.63	sibling	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_within_one_twin_unit.lift_ci95[0] — the same entry as departures, traced above	b17b_return_split.py
3.74	sibling	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_within_one_twin_unit.lift_ci95[1] — the same entry as departures, traced above	b17b_return_split.py
92.5	key	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	share_of_departures_beyond_one_twin_unit = 0.92529	b17b_return_split.py
4.19	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.tokens_b = 4.19 — 4.19 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 1000	ceilings.py
3.69	sibling	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_within_one_twin_unit.lift — the same entry as departures, traced above	b17b_return_split.py
1.3	key	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	arms.fell_within_one_twin_unit.departures = 1,347,392 — '1.3 million'.	b17b_return_split.py
5	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.With.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶33. Layer 12, the one layer measured, moves less between checkpoints than a free random walk would, and less as training goes on.…

number	mark	file	field	script
12	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.sign_test_rise_over_random.n_above_zero	ablation_nats.py

¶34. The free random walk. OpenCoder trains at a constant learning rate η = 3 × 10⁻⁴ after a 2,000-step warm-up \citep{huang2024}. Under an Adam-family o…

number	mark	file	field	script
2,000	canon	validation/paper1/LENGTHS.json	by_set_kind.C.n_prompts — the C pool's prompts	atlas.py
10	count	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	secondary.q1pct.61000.n_gaps	rate_readings.py
3	count	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	primary.q1pct.5k-10k[12].n_pairs	rate_readings.py

¶35. The result. Over 1,000 steps the three matrices move 0.51–0.67 of η·√D; over 20,000–30,000 steps, 0.65 early in training and 0.30 late. Successive s…

number	mark	file	field	script
20,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.20k-30k	gate_proj.start_iters[19]`
30,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	rows[6].gap	b16c_steps_vs_lr.py
1,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.1000	gate_proj.start_iters[0]`
0.51	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.1000	up_proj.over_random_walk_first`
0.67	key	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	rows[] filtered to window 1000, over_random_walk — the upper end of the exact range over all 57 readings (19 start points x 3 matrices): max 0.6667 gate_proj, min 0.5053 up_proj, median 0.6029. The draft adopted 0.51-0.67 on 5 Nov in place of '0.5-0.6' (the flag 3).	b16c_steps_vs_lr.py
0.30	sibling	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.20k-30k	gate_proj.over_random_walk_last` — the same entry as start_iters[19], traced above
0.65	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.20k-30k	gate_proj.over_random_walk_first`
0.3	key	validation/paper2/B16C_WEIGHT_STEPS.json	`summary['
1.4	key	validation/paper2/B16C_WEIGHT_STEPS.json	`summary['
15	key	validation/paper2/B16C_WEIGHT_STEPS.json	`summary['
24	key	validation/paper2/B16C_WEIGHT_STEPS.json	`summary['

¶36. The precision. The fall from early to late holds, since every term but D is the same in both. The Frobenius norms of the three matrices grow over pr…

number	mark	file	field	script
89	derived	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.<first,last>.tensors.model.layers.12.mlp.up_proj.weight.frobenius — the growth over pretraining, last/first - 1 = 89%; the two endpoints are stored, the ratio is not	b16b_weight_norms.py
81	derived	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.<first,last>.tensors.model.layers.12.mlp.gate_proj.weight.frobenius — the growth over pretraining, last/first - 1 = 81%; the two endpoints are stored, the ratio is not	b16b_weight_norms.py
83	derived	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.<first,last>.tensors.model.layers.12.mlp.down_proj.weight.frobenius — the growth over pretraining, last/first - 1 = 83%; the two endpoints are stored, the ratio is not	b16b_weight_norms.py

¶37. A statement-initial keyword is a different vocabulary entry indented and at module level (▁for and for), two embeddings as unrelated as a random p…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.71	key	validation/paper1/SCOPE_OVERLAP.json	`rows.	.share_of_ceiling.twin1` — the top of the range over the twelve constructs whose token differs by scope
0.44	key	validation/paper1/SCOPE_OVERLAP.json	`rows.pretrain_iter_0484865	Match.share_of_ceiling.twin1`
0.59	key	validation/paper1/SCOPE_OVERLAP.json	`rows.pretrain_iter_0484865	For.share_of_ceiling.twin1—for`'s two scope tokens' carrier-set share of the twin ceiling, at the last reference

¶38. The size of the response — on the raw, unstandardised profile — falls over training for 148 of 169 constructs while the loss is flat, and stops fallin…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.036	sibling	validation/r2/R2_CLOSE.json	`pretrain	curve1_interval.curves.AsyncFor.points[1].relative_se_denominator` — the same entry as relative_se_denominator, traced above
0.064	key	validation/r2/owed/RAW_NORM_REREAD_pretrain.json	`third_sense.without_pilot	raw.coefficients.log_frequency.beta = -0.06443` — the coefficient quoted in para 35 is the WITHOUT-pilot raw arm; the with-pilot arm is -0.06827, which is the one para 45 and para 98 turn into 1.2
0.103	value	validation/r2/R2_CLOSE.json	`pretrain	curve1_interval.curves.AssertionError.points[14].relative_se_denominator`
1.2	declared	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	primary.carrier5.50k-100k[-1].start_iter = 364,000 — SETTLES [TBC: 23]: 364,000 x 4,194,304 tokens/iter = 1.527e12, so 1.5 trillion, not 1.2. The draft's alternative 1.2 T is iteration 291,000, the start point before it.	rate_readings.py
148	count	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	window.n_ratio_falling	p8_bootstrap.py
500	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0119000.tokens_b = 499.12 — 500 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 119000	ceilings.py
1.5	key	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	c_coordination_vs_circular_shift_median = 1.4553 — the circular-shift null is the one that holds each neuron's persistence, which is what 'independent neurons with the same persistence' names. The across-neuron shuffle in the same file is 12.95 and is NOT this number.	b18_recurrence.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
59	count	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`second_sense.with_pilot	product
90	key	validation/r2/owed/RAW_NORM_REREAD_pretrain.json	n_dated.raw = 90 — as para 88	-
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py
97	count	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`second_sense.with_pilot	product

¶39. Over the record the sharing of carriers between two constructs falls by more than its noise for 11,402 of the 14,196 pairs and rises by more than its …

number	mark	file	field	script
11,402	key	validation/r2/STEP8_GRAPH_pretrain.json	p8.n_fell_beyond_noise	-
14,196	canon	validation/paper2/COOCCURRENCE.json	pairs_total — all construct pairs	cooccurrence.py
1,868	value	validation/r2/STEP8_GRAPH_pretrain.json	p8.n_rose_beyond_noise	-

¶40. "Stopped learning", stated exactly. At the forced and expected positions the loss on the battery falls no further than one noise unit or 10% of it…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.571	key	validation/paper2/B1_ENTROPY.json	constructs.For.roles.in.floor_nats	b1_entropy.py
0.59	value	validation/paper1/POOLED_SETS_45.json	significant_after_holm[12].purity	pooled_sets_169.py
0.09	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.For.rise_over_random_nats	ablation_nats.py
0.55	value	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	per_construct.Raise.a_nearest_set.under_b10_model.mean	b18_recurrence.py
2.5	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	`dependent.governed.series['For	governed
6.0	key	validation/paper2/B1_ENTROPY.json	against_the_model.model_loss_governed_early_median_nats = 6.0087 — the median over the three counting governed series.	b1_entropy.py
5.9	key	validation/paper2/B1_ENTROPY.json	against_the_model.generator_marginal_entropy_governed_median_nats = 5.8941	b1_entropy.py
10	count	validation/paper2/B1_ENTROPY.json	governed_slot_entropy.n_slots_with_at_least_20_positions	b1_entropy.py
23	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	against_the_pretraining_floor.n_series_compared	b2_anneal_drop.py
20	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	legs.forced.from_84b_to_last.counts.flat — the leg 84 B -> end	p8_bootstrap.py
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py
24	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	forced.n_series	b2_anneal_drop.py
7	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	against_the_pretraining_floor.n_below_floor_by_more_than_one_unit	b2_anneal_drop.py

¶41. The question. At the forced positions the construct's own gradient is silent from 4% of training on. Why do the neurons that carry it keep changin…

number	mark	file	field	script
4	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.While.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶43. 2. Displacement by new learning. Other constructs claim the neurons and push the carriers out. It predicts turnover that follows how much other sets…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.09	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.Try.old_set_rise_nats	ablation_nats.py
18	count	validation/paper2/B5_CHURN_VS_LEARNING.json	within_pair_across_constructs.n_pairs_positive	b5_churn.py
19	count	validation/paper2/B5_CHURN_VS_LEARNING.json	n_pairs	b5_churn.py

¶48. Four artefacts of measurement would each have produced settling dates or a false constancy. (1) The turnover curve's level falls with the gap at which…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.813	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.DictComp.old_set.exact_one_sided_p	ablation_ranks.py
1,404	value	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.n_pairs	step4_flat.py
1.527	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0364000.tokens_b = 1,526.73 — 1.527 trillion tokens is this reference, iteration 364000	ceilings.py
1.25	declared	validation/r2/R2_INDEX_CURVES.json	partner_factor.pretrain.band[0] = 1.25 — the declared partner-factor band's lower edge	r2_curves.py
144	count	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`second_sense.without_pilot	layer
1.2	declared	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	primary.carrier5.50k-100k[-1].start_iter = 364,000 — SETTLES [TBC: 23]: 364,000 x 4,194,304 tokens/iter = 1.527e12, so 1.5 trillion, not 1.2. The draft's alternative 1.2 T is iteration 291,000, the start point before it.	rate_readings.py
1.9	derived	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`third_sense.with_pilot	curve2_norm
148	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.For.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
6	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.DictComp.current.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶50. 2. The readable positions are the constructs' forced grammar, not their use, and are marked for 16 constructs, on which the behaviour and reliance cla…

number	mark	file	field	script
16	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.n_constructs	ablation_nats.py

¶51. 3. The record begins at 4.19 billion tokens, so formation is not in it.…

number	mark	file	field	script
4.19	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.tokens_b = 4.19 — 4.19 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 1000	ceilings.py

¶52. 4. The annealing branch is 0.026 decades wide and changes the data mix at the same moment as the rate.…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.026	key	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_anneal.json	resolution.branch_span_decades	step7.py

¶53. 5. The null has no power past about 500 billion tokens for a gradual settling.…

number	mark	file	field	script
500	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0119000.tokens_b = 499.12 — 500 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 119000	ceilings.py

¶54. 6. The battery is synthetic Python, shown to a model that read 607 languages \citep{huang2024}.…

number	mark	file	field	script
607	cited	—	Huang et al., 2024 (OpenCoder's pretraining corpus). FLAG 4: the limitation sentence names no source for it; the citation is only in para 100 and 128. Suggest adding \citep{huang2024} there.	—

¶55. 7. The carrier set is one cut of a graded profile at 5%; a third of its turnover is neurons crossing that line by a small margin, though tightening th…

number	mark	file	field	script
5	count	validation/paper1/POOLED_SETS_45.json	per_cut.5.n_clusters_realised	pooled_sets_169.py

¶56. 8. Every number is on the 20-cell yardstick of \citet{wilam2026}, whose sensitivity that paper reports: the turnover moves by 0.003–0.005 under a yard…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.005	value	validation/paper1/C3_YARDSTICK_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.paired_differences.v_minus_twenty.ci95[0]	c3_yardstick_nats.py
0.003	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.While.old_set_over_random_nats	ablation_nats.py
20	count	validation/paper1/C3_YARDSTICK_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.n_random_masks	c3_yardstick_nats.py

¶57. Persistence and change. \citet{nandan2025} find that over 80% of universal neurons persist across five GPT-2 Small seeds between 100,000 and 300,0…

number	mark	file	field	script
300,000	value	calibration/checkpoints.json	all[210].step	checkpoint_inventory.py
100,000	value	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary.windows_steps[3][1]	rate_readings.py
7,373	canon	validation/paper2/B14_BANDS.json	per_band.q5pct.band_size_first_ref — the 5% cut's carrier-set size, 5% of 24 x 6,144	b14_bands.py
1,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.1000	gate_proj.start_iters[0]`
10.2	cited	—	Wang et al., 2026 (OLMo-7B top-1% overlap). Verified against the sentence: the nearest preceding citation is \citet{wang2026}.	—
0.6	cited	—	Aljaafari et al., 2026 (Jaccard >= 0.6). Cited work, not ours.	—
906	cited	—	Wang et al., 2026. Verified: nearest preceding citation is \citet{wang2026}.	—
555	cited	—	Yao, Boguraev et al., 2026. Verified against the sentence: the nearest preceding citation is \citet{yao2026}, not \citet{nandan2025}.	—
160	count	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`second_sense.with_pilot	product
68	cited	—	cited work, not ours: the upper end of '35-68% of the later gain'.	—
40	cited	—	cited work, not ours: Aljaafari et al., 2026.	—
80	cited	—	cited work, not ours: Nandan et al., 2025 (over 80% of universal neurons).	—
20	key	validation/paper2/B3_ALLPAIRS.json	cosine.n_dense = 20 — the dense block's pairs	b3_allpairs.py
35	cited	—	cited work, not ours: Ge et al., 2026 (35-68% of the later gain).	—
1	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct_ratio.n_excluded_control_mean_not_positive	ablation_nats.py

¶58. Stages. Phases have been described in crosscoder features \citep{ge2026}, in the geometry of representations \citep{li2025}, in behaviour \citep{m…

number	mark	file	field	script
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
148	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.For.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
0.2	derived	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.step	84B.tokens and the record's span` — 4.194e9 / 2.0337e12 = 0.206%: the first checkpoint as a share of the record.

¶59. 1. The declared stimulus distribution. For each construct, a written list of the factors around it — identifiers and literals, scope and nesting, co…

number	mark	file	field	script
253,398	key	calibration/corpus.json	parsed	build_natural.py

¶60. 2. Three sets of prompts. Set A holds the construct in its role (for x in range(n): with a body). Set B holds the construct's token outside its ro…

number	mark	file	field	script
720	count	validation/paper2/B1_ENTROPY.json	constructs.AnnAssign.roles.header_colon.n	b1_entropy.py

¶61. 3. The read site. The construct's first token: for in a loop, len in a call. A construct is admitted only if its A and B prompts land on the sam…

number	mark	file	field	script
188	canon	validation/paper1/CORE_COUNTS.json	n_constructs_built — the constructs the battery holds	core_counts.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
80	count	validation/ablation/PLAN.json	plan.total_construct_passes	ablation_full.py

¶62. 4. The profile. For each of the 147,456 neurons (24 layers × 6,144 hidden units of the SwiGLU MLP, read before the down-projection), the mean activa…

number	mark	file	field	script
147,456	canon	validation/r2/STEP8_GRAPH_pretrain.json	n_units — the product space, 24 layers x 6,144 neurons	-
6,144	key	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0001000.tensors.model.layers.12.mlp.gate_proj.weight.shape[0]	b16b_weight_norms.py
24	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.AsyncWith.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶63. 5. The yardstick. Each activation is restated in units of the neuron's ordinary spread: z = (x − μ₀)/σ₀, with μ₀ and σ₀ the neuron's mean and spread…

number	mark	file	field	script
20	count	validation/paper1/RECHECK_PER_PROMPT.json	`rows.untrained	Assert.7a null_scrambled.n_rep`
2	declared	—	illustrative: 'an entry of 2 means the neuron responds by two of its ordinary spreads'. Part of the definition of the profile, not a reading.	—

¶64. 6. The carrier set. The 5% of neurons with the largest standardised entries, 7,373 neurons. Two random 5% sets overlap by 0.05.…

number	mark	file	field	script
7,373	canon	validation/paper2/B14_BANDS.json	per_band.q5pct.band_size_first_ref — the 5% cut's carrier-set size, 5% of 24 x 6,144	b14_bands.py
0.05	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.ListComp.old_set_over_random_nats	ablation_nats.py
5	declared	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	thresholds keys containing '5pct' — the 5% cut that defines the carrier set, and one of the nine declared flat-leg settings	p8_bootstrap.py

¶65. 7. The twins and their three units. Each construct has eight structurally distinct cores, and every prompt is a core in drawn surroundings. The batt…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.28	key	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	per_reference.untrained.twin_overlap_median	b12_twin_turnover.py
0.16	key	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.twin_turnover_median	b12_twin_turnover.py
0.84	key	validation/paper2/C2_PYTHIA_TWIN.json	opencoder_comparison.carrier_overlap_last_checkpoint	c2_pythia_twin.py

¶69. 11. The resolution. The step between a construct's profiles at neighbouring checkpoints, in twin units. Where it is below one, no date can fall betw…

number	mark	file	field	script
1,000	value	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0001000.iter	b16b_weight_norms.py
8.56	value	validation/paper1/FIGURES.json	check9.pairs.pretrain_iter_0002000.median_p1	atlas.py
3.56	key	validation/paper1/CHECK4_RELATIVE.json	per_construct[176].check4_twin_units	check4_relative.py

¶70. The standardisation. All carrier sets are read under the 20-cell yardstick of \citet{wilam2026} (the standardisation of each neuron by its ordinary …

number	mark	file	field	script
0.005	derived	validation/paper1/TURNOVER_CLASSES_ONLY.json	`summary["	twenty"].median_ratio - summary["
0.003	derived	validation/paper1/TURNOVER_CLASSES_ONLY.json	`summary["	twenty"].median_ratio - summary["
20	count	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	secondary.carrier5.15000.n_gaps	rate_readings.py

¶86. We also wrote down, before reading, what count of constructs we expected to be readable (80 to 120), and that if fewer than 43 constructs had a settli…

number	mark	file	field	script
120	canon	validation/r2/P8_BOOTSTRAP_pretrain.json	n_pairs — the checkpoint pairs the core bootstrap runs on	p8_bootstrap.py
43	count	calibration/identifiers.json	ecommerce.detail.egg_project_name.count	-
80	count	validation/ablation/PLAN.json	plan.total_construct_passes	ablation_full.py

¶89. Statement 3 (nothing beyond the cheapest without demand) has its first support: the response's size does not keep growing once the loss is flat — it s…

number	mark	file	field	script
90	count	validation/loss/CORE_pretrain_iter_0001000.json	`sets.For	B.by_target_piece.▁▁▁▁▁▁▁.n`

¶91. Before the OpenCoder record was read, three things were written down and hashed: the hypothesis and nine predictions of Appendix B; the analysis plan …

number	mark	file	field	script
256	count	validation/paper2/TEST6_EXTRAS.json	pairs.0019000:0020000.top20_token_pairs[0].n_departures	test6_extras.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
0	count	validation/paper2/DATES_TABLE.json	settling.n_dated_under_the_corrected_rule	dates_table.py

¶92. A construct is settled at a checkpoint if the kept fraction of its 5% carrier set, measured against a partner checkpoint, crosses a threshold θ and st…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.50	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.With.current.share_below — the same entry as n_random_at_or_above, traced above	ablation_ranks.py
0.70	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.AsyncWith.current.share_below — the same entry as n_random_at_or_above, traced above	ablation_ranks.py
2.00	declared	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	per_band key '1.65-2.0' — a declared band edge	step4_flat.py
1.25	declared	validation/r2/R2_INDEX_CURVES.json	partner_factor.pretrain.band[0] = 1.25 — the declared partner-factor band's lower edge	r2_curves.py
0.01	value	validation/paper2/B10_SPACING_ADJUSTED.json	per_start.1000.per_1000_steps	b10_fit.py
0.95	value	validation/paper2/B6_PERLAYER_SHARING.json	per_layer.6.trend_spearman_vs_log_step	b6_perlayer.py
5	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.With.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶93. 1. The ratio form. The partner is the checkpoint whose token count is between 1.25 and 2 times the checkpoint's own.…

number	mark	file	field	script
1.25	declared	validation/r2/R2_INDEX_CURVES.json	partner_factor.pretrain.band[0] = 1.25 — the band's lower edge	r2_curves.py
2	declared	validation/r2/R2_INDEX_CURVES.json	partner_factor.pretrain.band = [1.25, 2.0] — the declared partner band: the partner's token count is 1.25 to 2 times the checkpoint's own. Also stored as CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json :: band.	r2_curves.py

¶95. 3. What went wrong in the ratio form. Twelve constructs dated at one and the same checkpoint, 1.527 trillion tokens. The checkpoint itself is health…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.813	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.DictComp.old_set.exact_one_sided_p	ablation_ranks.py
0.611	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_STABLE.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.ImportFrom.control_stability.100.control_sd	ablation_stable.py
1,404	value	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.n_pairs	step4_flat.py
0.747	key	validation/paper1/FIGURES.json	ceiling.bootstrap_mean.pretrain_iter_0364000 = 0.74657 — the checkpoint the twelve constructs date at, iteration 364,000 = 1.527 trillion tokens. The series is the median over P1 of the twin-against-twin top-5% carrier overlap in the product space, core-bootstrap mean -- paper 2's convention for a checkpoint's ceiling.	atlas.py
0.744	key	validation/paper1/FIGURES.json	ceiling.bootstrap_mean.pretrain_iter_0291000 = 0.74360 — the start point before it. The series is the median over P1 of the twin-against-twin top-5% carrier overlap in the product space, core-bootstrap mean -- paper 2's convention for a checkpoint's ceiling.	atlas.py
1.527	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0364000.tokens_b = 1,526.73 — 1.527 trillion tokens is this reference, iteration 364000	ceilings.py
0.749	key	validation/paper1/FIGURES.json	ceiling.bootstrap_mean.pretrain_iter_0233000 = 0.74862 — the start point before that. The series is the median over P1 of the twin-against-twin top-5% carrier overlap in the product space, core-bootstrap mean -- paper 2's convention for a checkpoint's ceiling.	atlas.py
0.717	key	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	product.constructs.<c>.per_band.<band>.max_ratio — the kept fraction read at a factor of about 1.25 at one index, in the same sentence	step4_flat.py
1.35	declared	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.by_band key '1.2-1.35' (and product.*.per_band keys) — a declared band edge of the corrected rule, named in the key. Note the artefact's lowest band starts at 1.20 where the draft's four-way split starts at 1.25.	step4_flat.py
1.56	value	validation/r2/STEP8_GRAPH_pretrain.json	partners[29].factor	-
1.25	value	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0011000.tensors.model.layers.12.mlp.up_proj.weight.row_norm_q3	b16b_weight_norms.py
0.73	key	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.by_band['1.2-1.35'].median_ratio = 0.7316 — as 0.61; the artefact's lowest band starts at 1.20 where the draft writes 1.25.	step4_flat.py
0.61	key	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.by_band['1.65-2.1'].median_ratio = 0.6127 — the draft adopted the ALL-CONSTRUCT reading, so this is now a stored field. the earlier unstored note, that the figures were the twelve-suspect subset, no longer applies.	step4_flat.py
1.65	declared	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.by_band key '1.65-2.1' (and product.*.per_band keys) — a declared band edge of the corrected rule, named in the key. Note the artefact's lowest band starts at 1.20 where the draft's four-way split starts at 1.25.	step4_flat.py
1.2	declared	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.by_band key '1.2-1.35' — a band edge, named in the key. The 18:18 draft now writes the artefact's own edges (1.2-1.35 and 1.65-2.1) rather than the rule's declared 1.25 and 2.0, so the paper and the artefact agree verbatim.	step4_flat.py
2.1	declared	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.by_band key '1.65-2.1' — a band edge, named in the key. The 18:18 draft now writes the artefact's own edges (1.2-1.35 and 1.65-2.1) rather than the rule's declared 1.25 and 2.0, so the paper and the artefact agree verbatim.	step4_flat.py

¶96. 4. What went wrong in the fixed-step form. The same defect at a different place: its 13 dates all fall at the checkpoint whose fixed partner is the …

number	mark	file	field	script
29,865	key	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	rows[162].gap	b16c_steps_vs_lr.py
13	count	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`second_sense.with_pilot	product

¶98. 6. The corrected rule. A date needs all of: (i) an observed crossing of θ, not a series already above it; (ii) at least one checkpoint below θ befor…

number	mark	file	field	script
1.35	declared	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.by_band key '1.35-1.5' (and product.*.per_band keys) — a declared band edge of the corrected rule, named in the key. Note the artefact's lowest band starts at 1.20 where the draft's four-way split starts at 1.25.	step4_flat.py
1.25	value	validation/paper2/A38_POPULATION.json	factor_band[0]	-
1.65	declared	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.by_band key '1.65-2.1' (and product.*.per_band keys) — a declared band edge of the corrected rule, named in the key. Note the artefact's lowest band starts at 1.20 where the draft's four-way split starts at 1.25.	step4_flat.py
1.5	declared	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.by_band key '1.5-1.65' (and product.*.per_band keys) — a declared band edge of the corrected rule, named in the key. Note the artefact's lowest band starts at 1.20 where the draft's four-way split starts at 1.25.	step4_flat.py
2.0	declared	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.by_band key '1.65-2.1' (and product.*.per_band keys) — a declared band edge of the corrected rule, named in the key. Note the artefact's lowest band starts at 1.20 where the draft's four-way split starts at 1.25.	step4_flat.py

¶100. Over 169 constructs the ratio form dates none (159 censored, 10 transient crossings) and the fixed form dates 13, all at the checkpoint named above; t…

number	mark	file	field	script
99.1	key	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.step	500B.detection_rate = 0.99112`
99.4	key	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.step	{84B,200B,1000B,1500B}.detection_rate = 0.99408`
100	key	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.exponential	500B.detection_rate = 1.0`
338	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	`dates.step	84B.draws` — the injected draws in each power cell
500	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0119000.tokens_b = 499.12 — 500 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 119000	ceilings.py
159	canon	validation/paper2/DATES_TABLE.json	settling.ratio_outcomes.censored — the censored constructs under the ratio form	dates_table.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
10	count	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`second_sense.with_pilot	product
13	count	validation/paper1/C3_YARDSTICK_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_yardstick.v.sign_test.n_above_zero	c3_yardstick_nats.py
0	count	validation/paper2/DATES_TABLE.json	n_constructs_with_all_six_dated	dates_table.py

¶101. Curve 4's series are keyed by construct, position class, role and token piece. The obliged class is the forced and expected positions; three forced po…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.5	declared	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	thresholds keys containing '0.5' — one of the nine declared flat-leg settings (5/10/20% x 0.5/1/2 units), named in the key	p8_bootstrap.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
24	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.AsyncWith.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
10	declared	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	thresholds keys containing '10pct' — one of the nine declared flat-leg settings (5/10/20% x 0.5/1/2 units), named in the key	p8_bootstrap.py
38	count	validation/paper1/CHECK6_COMPANIONS.json	per_construct.For.n_companions	check6_companions.py
21	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	forced.n_single_piece	b2_anneal_drop.py
35	count	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	per_construct.set__builtin.b_configurations.n_clusters_within_one_twin_ceiling	b18_recurrence.py
20	declared	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	thresholds keys containing '20' — one of the nine declared flat-leg settings (5/10/20% x 0.5/1/2 units), named in the key	p8_bootstrap.py
5	declared	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	thresholds keys containing '5pct' — one of the nine declared flat-leg settings
3	key	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	legs.forced.to_84b.counts.rising — the leg 4.19 -> 84 B, at the default threshold 10pct	1.0u; across_thresholds holds the other eight settings
8	count	validation/paper2/B1_ENTROPY.json	against_the_model.n_governed_series	b1_entropy.py
2	declared	validation/r2/STEP4_FLAT_pretrain.json	thresholds keys containing '2' — one of the nine declared flat-leg settings (5/10/20% x 0.5/1/2 units), named in the key	p8_bootstrap.py
1	count	validation/paper2/B2_ANNEAL_DROP.json	against_the_pretraining_floor.n_above_floor_by_more_than_one_unit	b2_anneal_drop.py

¶102. The six curves' dates for all 169 constructs under the corrected rule, with both curve-1 forms and the reason no settling date exists, is `validation/…

number	mark	file	field	script
14,196	canon	validation/paper2/COOCCURRENCE.json	pairs_total — all construct pairs	cooccurrence.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
1	count	validation/paper2/DATES_TABLE.json	rows[1].n_of_six_dated	dates_table.py

¶103. 1. The tail spacing. The turnover curve's level depends on how far apart in tokens a checkpoint and its comparison partner are (Spearman −0.813 over…

number	mark	file	field	script
1,404	value	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_pretrain.json	spacing_dependence.n_pairs	step4_flat.py
1.527	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0364000.tokens_b = 1,526.73 — 1.527 trillion tokens is this reference, iteration 364000	ceilings.py
0.813	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.DictComp.old_set.exact_one_sided_p	ablation_ranks.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py

¶104. 2. The annealing threshold. On a branch only 6% long, nearly every turnover value is above the settling threshold from the first checkpoint, so 169 …

number	mark	file	field	script
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
6	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.DictComp.current.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py

¶105. 3. The two forms of size. The response's size can be measured raw or standardised. Our contract made raw primary, because the pilot had shown that t…

number	mark	file	field	script
144	count	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`second_sense.without_pilot	layer
1.2	declared	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	primary.carrier5.50k-100k[-1].start_iter = 364,000 — SETTLES [TBC: 23]: 364,000 x 4,194,304 tokens/iter = 1.527e12, so 1.5 trillion, not 1.2. The draft's alternative 1.2 T is iteration 291,000, the start point before it.	rate_readings.py
1.9	derived	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`third_sense.with_pilot	curve2_norm
148	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.per_construct.For.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
6	count	validation/r2/owed/RAW_NORM_REREAD_pretrain.json	step6.standardised.groups.for.n_dated	-
1	key	validation/paper2/DATES_TABLE.json	rows[].n_of_six_dated — '1 of 6 dated': the family's dated count	dates_table.py

¶106. 4. The per-step figure from divided pairs. An earlier draft said the change per 1,000 steps was "roughly constant across pretraining". True 1,000-st…

number	mark	file	field	script
1,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.1000	gate_proj.start_iters[0]`
1.25	declared	validation/r2/R2_INDEX_CURVES.json	partner_factor.pretrain.band[0] = 1.25 — the declared partner-factor band's lower edge	r2_curves.py
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py

¶107. The same hazard appears in behaviour: \citet{nishida2025} report checkpoint-to-checkpoint volatility in benchmark scores large enough that averaging n…

number	mark	file	field	script
147,456	canon	validation/r2/STEP8_GRAPH_pretrain.json	n_units — the product space, 24 layers x 6,144 neurons	-
41	derived	validation/r2/owed/TIEBREAK_SENSITIVITY.json	n_modal_moves = 70 over n_read = 169 = 0.4142 — an earlier search had searched for a field valued 0.41 rather than for the count. No new field was needed.	r2_owed.py

¶108. Pooled over all constructs, the fraction of carriers kept between neighbouring checkpoints falls from 0.66 between the checkpoints at 67 and 71 billio…

number	mark	file	field	script
30,000	value	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	rows[6].gap	b16c_steps_vs_lr.py
20,000	key	calibration/checkpoints.json	all[14].step	checkpoint_inventory.py
14,424	value	validation/paper2/B14_BANDS.json	per_band.abs1sd.band_size_last_ref	b14_bands.py
0.964	key	validation/paper2/TBC22_SHARES.json	cuts.q1pct.share_of_ceiling	tbc22_shares.py
0.917	key	validation/paper2/TBC22_SHARES.json	cuts.abs1sd.share_ci95[0] = 0.9171 — the broadest cut's share of its own ceiling, 0.9248 [0.9171, 0.9371]	tbc22_shares.py
0.952	sibling	validation/paper2/TBC22_SHARES.json	cuts.q1pct.share_ci95[0] — the same entry as share_of_ceiling, traced above	tbc22_shares.py
0.937	key	validation/paper2/TBC22_SHARES.json	cuts.abs1sd.share_ci95[1] = 0.9371 — the upper end of the same interval	tbc22_shares.py
0.977	value	validation/paper2/CEILINGS_PAIRWISE.json	per_window.~1,000[7].cosine.twin	-
0.925	key	validation/paper1/CHECK6_TURNOVER.json	per_construct.With.per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.reweighted.ceiling.overlap	check6_turnover.py
0.85	key	validation/paper2/B14_BANDS.json	per_band.q1pct.rank_stability_median_x1.5	b14_bands.py
0.82	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.ListComp.old_set.share_below — the same entry as n_random_at_or_above, traced above	ablation_ranks.py
0.66	key	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	between_checkpoints.quoted_in_the_paper.kept_fraction_by_71b = 0.6623 — NEW FIELD, as para 19.	b12_twin_turnover.py
0.49	value	validation/paper2/B12_TWIN_TURNOVER.json	between_checkpoints.per_pair[29].turnover_median	b12_twin_turnover.py
0.70	value	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	per_construct.False.twin_ceiling	b18_recurrence.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
1.9	derived	validation/r2/STEP3_SENSES_pretrain.json	`third_sense.with_pilot	curve2_norm
1.5	key	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	c_coordination_vs_circular_shift_median = 1.4553 — the circular-shift null is the one that holds each neuron's persistence, which is what 'independent neurons with the same persistence' names. The across-neuron shuffle in the same file is 12.95 and is NOT this number.	b18_recurrence.py
744	key	validation/paper2/B14_BANDS.json	per_band.abs3sd.band_size_first_ref = 744 — the narrowest of the six cuts; the widest, 14,424, is per_band.abs1sd.band_size_last_ref. Also at CEILINGS.json per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.abs3sd.median_size.	b14_bands.py
67	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0016000.tokens_b = 67.11 — 67 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 16000	ceilings.py
22	count	validation/r2/CURVE1_SPACING_anneal.json	product.constructs.set__builtin.per_band.2ref.n	step7.py
71	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0017000.tokens_b = 71.30 — 71 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 17000	ceilings.py
2	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.old_set.n_without	ablation_nats.py
3	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.AsyncWith.old_set.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
1	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct_ratio.n_excluded_control_mean_not_positive — the same entry as n_constructs_with_an_old_set, traced above	ablation_nats.py
5	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.With.old_set.n_random_at_or_above — the same entry as n_random_at_or_above, traced above	ablation_ranks.py
0	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.old_set.n_constructs_with_an_old_set	ablation_nats.py

¶109. Table D.2 — the fitted per-step rates, where the fit holds. The secondary reading of RATE_READINGS.json: turnover(t, D) = c(t) + A(t)(1 - exp(-r…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.8	declared	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	definition_1_primary (the note 'R^2 > 0.8'); the constant is R2_FLOOR = 0.8 at experiments/rate_readings.py:44 — a declared reporting floor.	rate_readings.py

¶110. **Rates reported: 21 start points for the 5% set and 27 for the cosine, of 29 fitted. Median R²: 0.821 and 0.943.**…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.943	sibling	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	secondary.cosine.15000.r2 — the same entry as n_gaps, traced above	rate_readings.py
0.821	value	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	secondary_summary.q5pct.median_r2	rate_readings.py
29	count	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	secondary_summary.cosine.n_start_points	rate_readings.py
21	count	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	secondary.cosine.14000.n_gaps	rate_readings.py
27	count	validation/paper2/B16C_STEPS_VS_LR.json	`per_window.20k-30k	gate_proj.n_start_points`
5	count	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	primary.cosine.5k-10k[10].n_pairs	rate_readings.py

¶111. Shared carriers do separate, slowly and almost everywhere. A natural expectation is that two uses of one token keep sharing carriers until the rar…

number	mark	file	field	script
11,402	key	validation/r2/STEP8_GRAPH_pretrain.json	p8.n_fell_beyond_noise	-
14,196	canon	validation/paper2/COOCCURRENCE.json	pairs_total — all construct pairs	cooccurrence.py
1,868	value	validation/r2/STEP8_GRAPH_pretrain.json	p8.n_rose_beyond_noise	-
0.130	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_STABLE.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.For.overlap_share	ablation_stable.py
0.117	key	validation/paper2/B6_PERLAYER_SHARING.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0003000.median_share_by_layer[7]	b6_perlayer.py
0.034	key	validation/paper2/B6_PERLAYER_SHARING.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0005000.median_share_by_layer[2]	b6_perlayer.py
1,000	key	validation/r2/P8_BOOTSTRAP_pretrain.json	draws = 1000 — the core bootstrap's draws	p8_bootstrap.py
0.050	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.AsyncWith.carrier_rise_nats	ablation_nats.py
0.04	key	validation/paper2/ABLATION_STABLE.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.AsyncFor.loss_rise_nats	ablation_stable.py
188	canon	validation/paper1/CORE_COUNTS.json	n_constructs_built — the constructs the battery holds	core_counts.py
169	canon	validation/paper2/B11_POWER.json	n_constructs — the constructs that pass the read-site gate	b11_power.py
120	key	validation/r2/P8_BOOTSTRAP_pretrain.json	n_pairs = 120 — the pairs it runs on	p8_bootstrap.py
115	key	validation/r2/P8_BOOTSTRAP_pretrain.json	fall_summary.n_pairs_fell_in_at_least_two_draws = 115 — NEW FIELD. Written 5 Nov by experiments/backfill_summaries.py, which checks each value against the figure the paper prints and refuses rather than write one that misses it; the writer script now produces it natively too. p8_bootstrap.py.	p8_bootstrap.py
30	count	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.cosine.n_constructs	ceilings.py
35	count	validation/paper2/B18_RECURRENCE.json	per_construct.ArithmeticError.b_configurations.n_clusters_within_one_twin_ceiling	b18_recurrence.py
88	key	validation/r2/P8_BOOTSTRAP_pretrain.json	fall_summary.median_share_of_draws_that_fell = 0.8760 — NEW FIELD, over the pairs that fell in at least two draws, not all 120. Written 5 Nov by experiments/backfill_summaries.py, which checks each value against the figure the paper prints and refuses rather than write one that misses it; the writer script now produces it natively too. p8_bootstrap.py.	p8_bootstrap.py

¶112. Seen from the neurons' side, the carrier sets are a concentrated, committed population. At 4.19 billion tokens 23% of neurons belong to no carrier…

number	mark	file	field	script
0.175	key	validation/r2/STEP8_GRAPH_pretrain.json	churn.pooled.degree.spearman = -0.17518 — the rank correlation between a neuron's number of sets and its churn	-
1,000	value	validation/paper2/B16B_WEIGHT_NORMS.json	per_checkpoint.pretrain_iter_0001000.iter	b16b_weight_norms.py
0.02	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.median_vs_random_nats.point	ablation_nats.py
92.5	key	validation/paper2/B17B_RETURN_SPLIT.json	share_of_departures_beyond_one_twin_unit = 0.92529	b17b_return_split.py
4.19	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.tokens_b = 4.19 — 4.19 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 1000	ceilings.py
10	count	validation/paper1/POOLED_SETS_45.json	per_cut.2.categories.composite_and_parts.composite.n	pooled_sets_169.py
23	count	validation/paper2/RATE_READINGS.json	secondary.carrier5.12000.n_gaps	rate_readings.py
88	count	calibration/identifiers.json	finance.detail.set_perpetual_inventory.count	-
11	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.old_set.n_old_below_current — the same entry as n_without, traced above	ablation_nats.py
97	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.per_construct.AsyncWith.current.n_random_at_or_above	ablation_ranks.py
5	count	validation/paper1/POOLED_SETS_45.json	per_cut.5.n_clusters_realised	pooled_sets_169.py
2	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0484865.old_set.n_without	ablation_nats.py

¶113. For each neuron leaving a construct's carrier set between neighbouring checkpoints, we asked whether another construct's entry on that neuron rose at …

number	mark	file	field	script
0.79	sibling	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.SetComp.current.share_below — the same entry as share_below, traced above	ablation_ranks.py
1.56	key	validation/paper2/TEST6.json	trend.tokens = [1.406, 1.557, 1.770] (this one 1.557) — The same block's trend.family = [1.005, 1.007, 1.051] is the 'towards the same grammatical family at chance' in the same sentence. Script: test6.py.	test6.py
0.86	value	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.GeneratorExp.current.share_below	ablation_ranks.py
1.41	key	validation/paper2/TEST6.json	trend.tokens = [1.406, 1.557, 1.770] (this one 1.406) — The same block's trend.family = [1.005, 1.007, 1.051] is the 'towards the same grammatical family at chance' in the same sentence. Script: test6.py.	test6.py
0.65	key	validation/paper2/B15_TEST6_CORECHECK.json	pairs.0001000:0002000.measures.tokens_outside_cores_A_only.lift	b15_corecheck.py
1.77	key	validation/paper2/TEST6.json	trend.tokens = [1.406, 1.557, 1.770] (this one 1.77) — The same block's trend.family = [1.005, 1.007, 1.051] is the 'towards the same grammatical family at chance' in the same sentence. Script: test6.py.	test6.py
49	count	validation/paper2/B15_TEST6_CORECHECK.json	pair_coverage.tokens_in_cores.n_pairs	b15_corecheck.py

¶114. The one second model already read is Pythia-1.4B, under a different tokenizer: 166 of 188 constructs pass the gate. The gate is of similar strength an…

number	mark	file	field	script
188	canon	validation/paper1/CORE_COUNTS.json	n_constructs_built — the constructs the battery holds	core_counts.py
166	canon	validation/paper2/C2_PYTHIA_GATE.json	pass_count_pythia — the constructs passing the gate on the second model	c2_pythia_gate.py

¶115. Table D.1 (validation/paper2/TABLE_D1_ablation.md) gives, for the 16 constructs whose positions can be read, the effect of removing the current set …

number	mark	file	field	script
321	derived	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.*.n_masks = 320 — 'a clean sweep is p = 1/321' is 1/(n_masks + 1)	ablation_ranks.py
320	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct.Lambda.current.n_random_below	ablation_ranks.py
16	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.n_constructs_with_an_old_set	ablation_nats.py
84	canon	validation/paper2/CEILINGS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.tokens_b = 83.89 — 84 billion tokens is this reference, iteration 20000	ceilings.py
1	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_NATS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0001000.per_construct_ratio.n_excluded_control_mean_not_positive	ablation_nats.py

¶116. The data this paper reads are the dataset released with \citet{wilam2026}: the battery, the licence tables, the carrier sets, the record slice and the…

number	mark	file	field	script
256	count	validation/paper2/TEST6_EXTRAS.json	pairs.0019000:0020000.top20_token_pairs[0].n_departures	test6_extras.py
1	count	validation/paper2/ABLATION_RANKS.json	per_reference.pretrain_iter_0020000.old_set.n_exceeding_every_mask	ablation_ranks.py