| --- |
| license: cc-by-nc-sa-4.0 |
| language: |
| - en |
| tags: |
| - ai-text-detection |
| - idea-provenance |
| - creative-writing |
| pretty_name: TwiceTold |
| size_categories: |
| - n<1K |
| configs: |
| - config_name: default |
| data_files: |
| - split: human_rewrite |
| path: data/human_rewrite.parquet |
| - split: ai_original |
| path: data/ai_original.parquet |
| --- |
| |
| # TwiceTold |
|
|
| TwiceTold holds 50 short stories that people wrote **from scratch**, each working only from the outline of an |
| AI-generated story, together with the 50 AI stories those outlines came from. The ideas in every story are the AI's. |
| The prose of the 50 rewrites is human. A detector of who wrote the prose should call the rewrites human. A detector |
| of whose ideas they are should call them AI. The name comes from Nathaniel Hawthorne's *Twice-Told Tales*. |
|
|
| ## Construction |
|
|
| - **AI stories:** GPT-5.6 Sol (high reasoning effort) wrote a 500-word story for each of 50 genres, from the prompt |
| "Write me a 500 word story in {genre}". |
| - **Outlines:** an outline of each AI story was extracted: an ordered list of `[Role] content` items. |
| - **Rewrites:** 17 computer science graduate students and faculty each received one or more outlines, and wrote the |
| story in person rather than through crowdsourcing, to reduce the chance of AI use during writing. |
|
|
| Writers are identified only by pseudonymous ids (`W01`-`W17`). No other information about them is included. |
|
|
| ## Splits |
|
|
| | Split | Rows | What it holds | |
| |---|---:|---| |
| | `human_rewrite` | 50 | the stories people wrote from the outlines | |
| | `ai_original` | 50 | the AI stories those outlines came from | |
|
|
| A rewrite and its original share `story`. `load_dataset("rishanthrajendhran/TwiceTold", split="human_rewrite")` loads the |
| rewrites. |
|
|
| ## Fields |
|
|
| | Field | Description | |
| |---|---| |
| | `id` | `twicetold_NN_human` (the rewrite) or `twicetold_NN_ai` (the original AI story) | |
| | `story` | pair number (1-50): a rewrite and its original share it | |
| | `kind` | which of the two this row is | |
| | `prose_author` | `human` for rewrites, `ai` for originals | |
| | `idea_author` | `ai` for both | |
| | `writer` | pseudonymous writer id (rewrites only) | |
| | `genre` | the story's genre | |
| | `generation_prompt` | the prompt that produced the original AI story | |
| | `writer_outline` | the outline the writer worked from, one `[Role] content` line per item | |
| | `words`, `text` | the story | |
| | `idealens_p_ai`, `proselens_p_ai` | IdeaLens and ProseLens P(AI), as reported in the paper | |
| | `editlens_score`, `pangram4_p_ai` | EditLens-3B score; Pangram 4 weighted P(AI), its AI fraction plus half its AI-assisted fraction (flagged as AI at 0.5 or above) | |
|
|
| ## Caveats |
|
|
| - Fifty stories in one domain (short fiction) is a small evaluation set. |
|
|
| ## Scoring |
|
|
| The [idealens](https://github.com/RishanthRajendhran/IdeaLens) package ([PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/idealens/)) runs IdeaLens, ProseLens and the other released detectors on these documents: `pip install idealens`, then `idealens run` on a JSONL file with a `text` field. |
|
|
| All IdeaLens models and datasets are in the [IdeaLens collection](https://huggingface.co/collections/rishanthrajendhran/idealens-6abee785ce6196fc0be9200f). |
|
|
| ## License |
|
|
| The dataset, including the human-written stories, is released under [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/): free to share and adapt for |
| non-commercial purposes, with attribution and under the same license. The original AI stories and outlines were |
| produced with OpenAI models. |
|
|
| ## Citation |
|
|
| ```bibtex |
| @article{idealens2026, |
| title = {IdeaLens: Detecting AI Ideas in Long-form Writing}, |
| author = {Rajendhran, Rishanth and Choi, Minjoon and Russell, Jenna and Namuduri, Ramya and B{\"o}l{\"o}ni-Turgut, Deniz and Karpinska, Marzena and Wieting, John and Iyyer, Mohit}, |
| journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2610.06778}, |
| year = {2026}, |
| eprint = {2610.06778}, |
| archivePrefix = {arXiv}, |
| primaryClass = {cs.CL}, |
| url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.06778} |
| } |
| ``` |
|
|
