Datasets:

sag-uniroma2
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FrameLLaMA-FullFN17-Instructions

Instruction stringclasses 33 values	Question stringlengths 58 4.56k	Answer stringlengths 2 4.83k	Task Family stringclasses 14 values
Provide the most appropriate factual response to the question.	Can you describe what typically happens in the "Indicating" frame? What kind of situation or event does the Indicating frame represent?	The "Indicating" frame represents a type of situation or event in which specific participants (called frame elements) play meaningful roles. It describes a scenario where "A Communicator or Medium assigns linguistic meaning to an Unresolved_referent thereby identifying the specific actor or entity which fulfills the an...	Frame Definition
Please answer the question using correct semantic reasoning.	Can you explain the typical scenario or situation captured by the "Indicating" frame?	The "Indicating" frame is used for situations or events where designated frame elements such as "Time" participate in key roles. It involves a situation in which "A Communicator or Medium assigns linguistic meaning to an Unresolved_referent thereby identifying the specific actor or entity which fulfills the answer to t...	Frame Definition
Provide an accurate and well-structured answer to the question below.	Based on the description "A Communicator or Medium assigns linguistic meaning to an Unresolved_referent thereby identifying the specific actor or entity which fulfills the answer to this question.", identify the frame that best represents this kind of event or situation.	The description refers to a structured situation that fits the Indicating frame because it highlights the core participants and typical actions involved. This frame captures the shared meaning across different contexts where similar events occur, aligning with how language expresses this type of situation.	Frame Definition
Provide an accurate and well-structured answer to the question below.	From the description "A Communicator or Medium assigns linguistic meaning to an Unresolved_referent thereby identifying the specific actor or entity which fulfills the answer to this question.", select the frame that captures this event or situation.	The description matches the "Indicating" frame as it emphasizes the key participants and actions involved. This frame conveys the common meaning found in various contexts where such events take place, reflecting how language typically represents them.	Frame Definition
Respond by selecting either 'Yes' or 'No'.	Does the situation "A Communicator or Medium assigns linguistic meaning to an Unresolved_referent thereby identifying the specific actor or entity which fulfills the answer to this question." accurately represent the typical meaning of the "Indicating" frame?	Yes	Frame Definition
Answer the following question with either 'Yes' or 'No'.	Does the situation "A Visitor and a Host become co-located at a location strongly associated with the Host." accurately represent the typical meaning of the "Indicating" frame?	No	Frame Definition
Write a short and accurate answer to the question below.	Can you list the key participant roles commonly involved in the situation described by the "Indicating" frame?	The "Indicating" frame includes a set of core participant roles, also known as frame elements, that define the typical structure of the event. These include roles like 'Unresolved_referent, Depictive, Amount_of_information, MediumandCommunicator'. These roles capture the essential relationships that organize our unders...	Frame Elements
Please answer the question using correct semantic reasoning.	List the important participant roles usually involved in the scenario captured by the "Indicating" frame.	In the "Indicating" frame, the frame elements are 'Unresolved_referent, Depictive, Amount_of_information, MediumandCommunicator'. These roles outline the main relationships that shape our understanding of this type of event.	Frame Elements
Give a concise and informative answer to the question provided.	Can you list the key participant roles commonly involved in the situation described by the "Indicating" frame?	The "Indicating" frame includes a set of core participant roles, also known as frame elements, that define the typical structure of the event. These include roles like 'Manner, Frequency, Duration, MeansandTime'. These roles capture the essential relationships that organize our understanding of the situation described ...	Frame Elements
Please explain or define the concept described in the question below.	List the important participant roles usually involved in the scenario captured by the "Indicating" frame.	In the "Indicating" frame, the frame elements are 'Manner, Frequency, Duration, MeansandTime'. These roles outline the main relationships that shape our understanding of this type of event.	Frame Elements
Write a short and accurate answer to the question below.	Can you list the key participant roles commonly involved in the situation described by the "Indicating" frame?	The "Indicating" frame includes a set of core participant roles, also known as frame elements, that define the typical structure of the event. These include roles like 'Place, ExplanationandPurpose'. These roles capture the essential relationships that organize our understanding of the situation described by the frame.	Frame Elements
Answer the following question clearly and concisely.	List the important participant roles usually involved in the scenario captured by the "Indicating" frame.	In the "Indicating" frame, the frame elements are 'Place, ExplanationandPurpose'. These roles outline the main relationships that shape our understanding of this type of event.	Frame Elements
Respond to the following question with a precise and factual explanation.	Can you list the key participant roles commonly involved in the situation described by the "Indicating" frame?	The "Indicating" frame includes a set of core participant roles, also known as frame elements, that define the typical structure of the event. These include roles like 'Place, Duration, Manner, Communicator, Means, Depictive, Purpose, Explanation, Amount_of_information, Medium, Unresolved_referent, FrequencyandTime'. T...	Frame Elements
Provide the most appropriate factual response to the question.	List the important participant roles usually involved in the scenario captured by the "Indicating" frame.	In the "Indicating" frame, the frame elements are 'Place, Duration, Manner, Communicator, Means, Depictive, Purpose, Explanation, Amount_of_information, Medium, Unresolved_referent, FrequencyandTime'. These roles outline the main relationships that shape our understanding of this type of event.	Frame Elements
Respond with a clear and contextually relevant explanation.	Which frame includes participant roles such as "Amount_of_informationandManner", representing a situation where someone or something is responsible for causing a significant event?	The frame that includes roles like "Amount_of_informationandManner" is the "Indicating" frame. These frame elements indicate that the situation involves an intentional or consequential action. Their presence helps define the semantic structure of the event, as understood within the frame.	Frame Elements
Provide the most appropriate factual response to the question.	Which frame contains participant roles like "Unresolved_referentandCommunicator" and describes a situation in which someone or something is responsible for bringing about a major event?	The frame that contains the roles "Unresolved_referentandCommunicator" is the "Indicating" frame. These roles signal that the event involves an intentional or consequential action, shaping the semantic structure of the situation.	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Recipient defined as "This is the Recipient of the sent Theme."c) Agent defined as "The Agent makes an attempt to achieve a Goal."d) Communicator defined as: "The person ...	d) Communicator defined as: "The person who uses language in the written or spoken modality to convey the Unresolved_referent to another person."	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Patient defined as "The Patient undergoes a change."b) Unresolved_referent defined as: "The thing to which the Communicator or Medium refers for identification purposes."c) None of Them...	b) Unresolved_referent defined as: "The thing to which the Communicator or Medium refers for identification purposes."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Theme defined as "The entity which the Agent possesses for a Duration."c) Medium defined as: "The physical or abstract setting in which the Unresolved_referent is conveye...	c) Medium defined as: "The physical or abstract setting in which the Unresolved_referent is conveyed."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Opponent defined as "The individual that the Competitor has been competing against."c) Beneficiary defined as "The Beneficiary is person or thing that receives an advanta...	d) Amount_of_information defined as: "The amount of information exchanged when communication occurs."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Entity defined as "The Entity whose meeting or falling short of pre-conditions is assessed."c) Project defined as "An Agent, which may be an individual or group, is engag...	d) Depictive defined as: "The Depictive describes the state of the Communicator."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Range_of_options defined as "The Range_of_options would normally be expected to have a set of possibilites, but is limited by an Agent or Cause to particular subtypes, situations or cha...	d) Manner defined as: "The Manner in which the Communicator makes the indication."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Plea defined as "The Plea that a defendant makes."b) Eventuality defined as "A situation, action or event whose duration is being described."c) Means defined as: "The Means by which the...	c) Means defined as: "The Means by which the Communicator makes the indication."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Behavior defined as "This FE indicates the Behavior on which the assessment of praiseworthiness is based."b) Action defined as "The Action is carried out by the Protagonist with or with...	c) Time defined as: "When the the Communicator is makes the indication."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Activity defined as "This FE identifies the Activity for which an Agent is preparing."b) Individuals defined as "This FE identifies the entities that come together to form an Aggregate....	c) Duration defined as: "Duration is the length of time during which the indicating takes place."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Frequency defined as: "How often the Communicator or Medium indicates the Unresolved_referent."b) Comparison_set defined as "The group which the Entity is a member of."c) None of Themd)...	a) Frequency defined as: "How often the Communicator or Medium indicates the Unresolved_referent."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Source defined as "Source indicates the beginning of the path along which the Theme travels."b) Specialty defined as "This FE identifies the medical Specialty that someone practices."c)...	d) Explanation defined as: "The reason why the Communicator is indicating the Unresolved_referent."	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Resource_controller defined as "The Resource_controller is the individual whose frugality or generosity is being described."b) None of Themc) Place defined as: "The location where the C...	c) Place defined as: "The location where the Communicator or Medium indicates the Unresolved_referent."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Purpose defined as: "To what end the Communicator or Medium makes the indication."b) Sleeper defined as "The person or being that is sleeping."c) None of Themd) Sound_maker defined as "...	a) Purpose defined as: "To what end the Communicator or Medium makes the indication."	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Agent defined as: "Agent is the object that moves under its own power."c) Created_entity defined as: "This FE identifies the entity that the Agent intentionally creates."...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Topic defined as: "The Topic is the general area in which the emotion occurs."b) Entity defined as: "The thing whose size is being considered."c) None of Themd) Agent defined as: "This ...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Possession defined as: "An Owner has (or lacks) a Possession."b) Bomb defined as: "The Bomb explodes, injuring or damaging a Target."c) Visitor defined as: "The Visitor is a guest of th...	d) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Protagonist defined as: "The Protagonist who is exerting effort to meet the pre-conditions for participating in the Activity."b) Cause defined as: "An animate or inanimate entity, a for...	d) None of Them	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Medium defined as: "Medium is the substance in which the Theme is submerged."c) Useful_location defined as: "The place or thing that the Theme is headed towards, despite ...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Deformer defined as: "The Deformer is the one who does the reshaping."b) None of Themc) Time defined as: "A temporal characterization of the circumstances of the existence of an Entity....	b) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Clothing defined as: "Clothing is used for the item of clothing that the Wearer ends up wearing."b) Possession defined as: "An Owner has (or lacks) a Possession."c) None of Themd) Perce...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Facility defined as: "The facility where the Patient is taken for treatment."b) Tourist defined as: "The individual that is seeking an experience at an Attraction."c) None of Themd) Int...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) New_member defined as: "The New_member becomes a member of a (socially-defined) Group."b) Reference_category defined as: "The type relative to which the Entity is evaluated."c) Person d...	d) None of Them	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Theme defined as: "The entity which is in the possession of the Donor."c) Process defined as: "The overall process which is about to begin."d) Victim defined as: "This is...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Type defined as: "The class of items within which the Instance is made salient."c) Affliction defined as: "The Frame Element Affliction is generally the NP Object of a ve...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) Topic defined as: "The Topic is the situation or person that the Evaluee 's Behavior responds to or is related to."b) Purpose defined as: "Some of the words in this frame occur with a c...	d) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which one of the following roles is typically considered a contributor to the creation of the situation in the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Use defined as: "The future Use for the Resource."c) Protagonist defined as: "The Protagonist who is exerting effort to meet the pre-conditions for participating in the A...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Judge defined as "The judge of the court in which the accused enters a plea."b) None of Themc) Communicator defined as: "The person who uses language in the written or spoken modality t...	c) Communicator defined as: "The person who uses language in the written or spoken modality to convey the Unresolved_referent to another person."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) None of Themb) Flammables defined as "The Flamables is the the object that is set on fire by the Kindler."c) Benefit defined as "An action or state that the Means action brings about an...	d) Unresolved_referent defined as: "The thing to which the Communicator or Medium refers for identification purposes."	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Mass_theme defined as "The collection of objects that ends up in the Recipient 's possession."b) Medium defined as: "The physical or abstract setting in which the Unresolved_referent is...	b) Medium defined as: "The physical or abstract setting in which the Unresolved_referent is conveyed."	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) None of Themb) Location_of_sound_source defined as "The location of the Sound_source from which the Sound travels"c) Source defined as "The entity from which the light eminates."d) Amou...	d) Amount_of_information defined as: "The amount of information exchanged when communication occurs."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Depictive defined as: "The Depictive describes the state of the Communicator."b) None of Themc) Position defined as "The label given to a particular type of employment."d) Host_location...	a) Depictive defined as: "The Depictive describes the state of the Communicator."	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) None of Themb) Manner defined as: "The Manner in which the Communicator makes the indication."c) Substance defined as "This frame concerns internally undifferentiated Substance s."d) Pa...	b) Manner defined as: "The Manner in which the Communicator makes the indication."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Cause defined as "An animate or inanimate entity, a force, or event that produces the state of sharpness."b) None of Themc) Means defined as "A more specific description of how the Purp...	d) Means defined as: "The Means by which the Communicator makes the indication."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) None of Themb) Container defined as "Container is an object which is conventionally used as a container."c) Attribute defined as "The Attribute of the Agent can take on several Value s,...	d) Time defined as: "When the the Communicator is makes the indication."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) None of Themb) Group defined as "The Group describes the resulting formation of the Individuals."c) Focal_entity defined as "The Focal_entity is a part of the deception (possibly also t...	d) Duration defined as: "Duration is the length of time during which the indicating takes place."	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Type defined as "The category of thing or event of which an Instance is picked out."b) None of Themc) Process defined as "The overall event which is stopped."d) Frequency defined as: "H...	d) Frequency defined as: "How often the Communicator or Medium indicates the Unresolved_referent."	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Patient defined as "The Patient is the entity acted on and that undergoes a change."b) None of Themc) Explanation defined as: "The reason why the Communicator is indicating the Unresolv...	c) Explanation defined as: "The reason why the Communicator is indicating the Unresolved_referent."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) None of Themb) Substance defined as "The Substance is the entity which has had its phase altered."c) Offense defined as "The Offense is the action, crime, or event which is described in...	d) Place defined as: "The location where the Communicator or Medium indicates the Unresolved_referent."	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Protagonist defined as "The sentient being who cannot proceed with their planned activities until a Salient_entity has arrived or an Expected_event has occurred."b) None of Themc) Purpo...	c) Purpose defined as: "To what end the Communicator or Medium makes the indication."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Self_mover defined as: "This is the entity which moves under its own power."b) None of Themc) Path defined as: "The Path is the trajectory along which the Fluid moves."d) Experiencer de...	b) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Agent defined as: "The Agent is the person who acts in a misleading way to create the impression that they are a particular individual or type of Simulated_entity."b) Suspect defined as...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Agent defined as: "The Agent is the entity that does the emptying."b) Importing_area defined as: "The FE Importing_area is the place that the Goods end up as a result of motion."c) None...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Agent defined as: "The Agent puts the Entity into a state of renewed vigor."b) Offspring defined as: "The zygote, in some stage of development."c) Agent defined as: "The Agent intention...	d) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) None of Themb) Entity defined as: "The Entity which is undergoing aging."c) Instance defined as: "The particular Instance of a given event."d) Food defined as: "Food is the item grown b...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Salient_entity defined as: "The entity which enables or causes the Event being judged."b) State_of_affairs defined as: "A State_of_affairs (that is, an event or state) that holds indepe...	d) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Noise_maker defined as: "This FE identifies the entity or substance that is designed to produce sound."b) None of Themc) Employee defined as: "The FE Employee denotes the person who is ...	b) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Owner defined as: "The entity that no longer owns the posession."b) None of Themc) Topic defined as: "The Topic is the area about which the Experiencer has the tolerated experience(s)."...	b) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Agent defined as: "The Agent is the person (or other force) that installs the Component."b) Vehicle defined as: "The vehicle which moves into position for typical operation."c) None of ...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Theme defined as: "The Theme is the object that changes possession."b) Employment defined as: "The property of a group of Individuals describing how many of them are employed or unemplo...	d) None of Them	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) None of Themb) Liquid defined as: "The Liquid is a fluid or gas that permeates the Item."c) Behavior defined as: "The Behavior is the action of the Evaluee on which the evaluation of th...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) None of Themb) Competing_consideration defined as: "The Competing_consideration is another factor that is relevant to the Undertaking to which the Agent devotes less attention or effort...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following participant roles in the "Indicating" frame is usually seen as contributing to the occurrence of the event? a) Responsible_party defined as: "The person who must perform the Duty."b) Instrument defined as: "The object manipulated by the Agent in order to interact with the Target."c) Eventuality ...	d) None of Them	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Time defined as: "When the the Communicator is makes the indication."b) Cause defined as: "An event which brings about the filling of the Goal."c) None of Themd) Medium defined as: "The physical or abs...	b) Cause defined as: "An event which brings about the filling of the Goal."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Unresolved_referent defined as: "The thing to which the Communicator or Medium refers for identification purposes."c) Theme defined as: "The Theme temporarily goes partially or completel...	c) Theme defined as: "The Theme temporarily goes partially or completely into the Substance."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Unresolved_referent defined as: "The thing to which the Communicator or Medium refers for identification purposes."b) None of Themc) Explanation defined as: "The reason why the Communicator is indicati...	d) New_member defined as: "An item that becomes a part of the Group."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Depictive defined as: "The Depictive describes the state of the Communicator."c) Alter defined as: "The person who fills the role named by the Kinship term with respect to the Ego."d) Am...	c) Alter defined as: "The person who fills the role named by the Kinship term with respect to the Ego."	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Trigger defined as: "The event that elicits a Response."b) Amount_of_information defined as: "The amount of information exchanged when communication occurs."c) None of Themd) Purpose defined as: "To wh...	a) Trigger defined as: "The event that elicits a Response."	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Time defined as: "When the the Communicator is makes the indication."b) None of Themc) Age defined as: "An Entity has existed for a length of time, the Age."d) Explanation defined as: "The reason why t...	c) Age defined as: "An Entity has existed for a length of time, the Age."	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Unresolved_referent defined as: "The thing to which the Communicator or Medium refers for identification purposes."b) Group defined as: "The Group of entities which includes the Subset."c) Time defined...	b) Group defined as: "The Group of entities which includes the Subset."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Purpose defined as: "To what end the Communicator or Medium makes the indication."b) None of Themc) Hiatus defined as: "The period of time during which the process is suspended."d) Explanation defined ...	c) Hiatus defined as: "The period of time during which the process is suspended."	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Patient defined as: "The Patient undergoes a change."b) Explanation defined as: "The reason why the Communicator is indicating the Unresolved_referent."c) None of Themd) Place defined as: "The location...	a) Patient defined as: "The Patient undergoes a change."	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Profiled_attribute defined as: "The Profiled_attribute is a particular value on a scale which is being compared to a Standard_item or Profiled_attribute."b) Place defined as: "The location where the Co...	a) Profiled_attribute defined as: "The Profiled_attribute is a particular value on a scale which is being compared to a Standard_item or Profiled_attribute."	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Time_period defined as: "A temporal span conceived of as a whole."b) Frequency defined as: "How often the Communicator or Medium indicates the Unresolved_referent."c) Place defined as: "The location wh...	a) Time_period defined as: "A temporal span conceived of as a whole."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Agent defined as: "The Agent makes the Patient more resistant to attack."b) Amount_of_information defined as: "The amount of information exchanged when communication occurs."c) Purpose defined as: "To ...	a) Agent defined as: "The Agent makes the Patient more resistant to attack."	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Means defined as: "The Means by which the Communicator makes the indication."c) Amount_of_information defined as: "The amount of information exchanged when communication occurs."d) Membe...	d) Member defined as: "The person who belongs to a Group."	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Place defined as "The location where the Communicator or Medium indicates the Unresolved_referent."c) Depictive defined as "The Depictive describes the state of the Communicator."d) Freq...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Depictive defined as "The Depictive describes the state of the Communicator."b) Purpose defined as "To what end the Communicator or Medium makes the indication."c) None of Themd) Frequency defined as "...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Medium defined as "The physical or abstract setting in which the Unresolved_referent is conveyed."b) Duration defined as "Duration is the length of time during which the indicating takes place."c) None...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Means defined as "The Means by which the Communicator makes the indication."b) Place defined as "The location where the Communicator or Medium indicates the Unresolved_referent."c) None of Themd) Expla...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Duration defined as "Duration is the length of time during which the indicating takes place."b) Medium defined as "The physical or abstract setting in which the Unresolved_referent is conveyed."c) Plac...	d) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Unresolved_referent defined as "The thing to which the Communicator or Medium refers for identification purposes."b) Frequency defined as "How often the Communicator or Medium indicates the Unresolved_...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Depictive defined as "The Depictive describes the state of the Communicator."c) Purpose defined as "To what end the Communicator or Medium makes the indication."d) Time defined as "When ...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Unresolved_referent defined as "The thing to which the Communicator or Medium refers for identification purposes."b) Amount_of_information defined as "The amount of information exchanged when communica...	c) None of Them	Frame Elements
From the provided choices, select and return only the correct labeled answer (e.g., a) Goal). The example is for illustration purposes only — ensure you choose the correct answer from the options given. Do not add any extra text or explanation; provide only the label and its corresponding value.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Means defined as "The Means by which the Communicator makes the indication."c) Amount_of_information defined as "The amount of information exchanged when communication occurs."d) Place d...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Medium defined as "The physical or abstract setting in which the Unresolved_referent is conveyed."b) None of Themc) Purpose defined as "To what end the Communicator or Medium makes the indication."d) D...	b) None of Them	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Explanation defined as "The reason why the Communicator is indicating the Unresolved_referent."b) Duration defined as "Duration is the length of time during which the indicating takes place."c) Depicti...	d) None of Them	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) Depictive defined as "The Depictive describes the state of the Communicator."b) None of Themc) Purpose defined as "To what end the Communicator or Medium makes the indication."d) Unresolved_referent de...	b) None of Them	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	Which of the following roles is not typically involved in causing the event represented by the "Indicating" frame? a) None of Themb) Communicator defined as "The person who uses language in the written or spoken modality to convey the Unresolved_referent to another person."c) Place defined as "The location where the C...	a) None of Them	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	In the context of the "Indicating" frame, which role is generally not associated with causing the event it describes? a) New_idea defined as: "The New_idea is a concept not previously present in society which the Cognizer introduces."b) Amount_of_information defined as: "The amount of information exchanged when commun...	a) New_idea defined as: "The New_idea is a concept not previously present in society which the Cognizer introduces."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	In the context of the "Indicating" frame, which role is generally not associated with causing the event it describes? a) Amount_of_information defined as: "The amount of information exchanged when communication occurs."b) None of Themc) Resource_controller defined as: "The Resource_Controller is the individual who con...	c) Resource_controller defined as: "The Resource_Controller is the individual who controls access to the Resource."	Frame Elements
Please select and provide the exact labeled value of the correct answer from the given choices e.g., a) Goal. a) Goal is a only example not a correct answer you must choose correct answer from given choices. Do not include any additional text or explanation in your response.	In the context of the "Indicating" frame, which role is generally not associated with causing the event it describes? a) Predicate defined as: "This Frame Element denotes the Predicate which is applied to the Domain."b) Amount_of_information defined as: "The amount of information exchanged when communication occurs."c...	a) Predicate defined as: "This Frame Element denotes the Predicate which is applied to the Domain."	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	In the context of the "Indicating" frame, which role is generally not associated with causing the event it describes? a) Means defined as: "The Means by which the Communicator makes the indication."b) Place defined as: "The location where the Communicator or Medium indicates the Unresolved_referent."c) None of Themd) ...	d) Process defined as: "This FE identifies the name of the Process that occurs."	Frame Elements
You are an AI assistant. Select only the correct labeled option from the given choices (e.g., a) Goal). example a) Goal is provided for illustration only — you must choose the correct answer from the options listed. o not include any additional text, reasoning, or explanation in your response. Return only the label an...	In the context of the "Indicating" frame, which role is generally not associated with causing the event it describes? a) None of Themb) Duration defined as: "Duration is the length of time during which the indicating takes place."c) Stimulus defined as: "The entity which inspires a feeling of amazement at its exceptio...	c) Stimulus defined as: "The entity which inspires a feeling of amazement at its exceptionality."	Frame Elements
Select and output only the correct labeled option (e.g., a) Goal).The example is illustrative — choose the correct answer from the given choices. espond with the exact option only, no explanations.	In the context of the "Indicating" frame, which role is generally not associated with causing the event it describes? a) Purpose defined as: "To what end the Communicator or Medium makes the indication."b) Depictive defined as: "The Depictive describes the state of the Communicator."c) None of Themd) Evaluee defined a...	d) Evaluee defined as: "The Evaluee is being judged for its quality."	Frame Elements

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FrameLLaMA FrameNet 1.7 Instruction-Tuning Data (ACL 2026)

The English instruction-tuning corpus used to train FrameLLaMA-3.1-8B-Instruct-FullFN17 in the ACL 2026 paper Frame-Semantic Knowledge Injection for Event-Level Inference in LLMs (Shahid Iqbal Rai, Danilo Croce, Roberto Basili).

The corpus turns the whole FrameNet 1.7 inventory (1,221 frames) into more than 491,000 instruction–response pairs in 40 task families. It covers frame definitions, frame elements and their semantic types, sense-aware lexical-unit definitions, frame-to-frame relations and role-annotated examples. The aim is principle-oriented supervision: teaching the model the semantic constraints that FrameNet encodes, rather than isolated facts.

Code (generator, training, evaluation): https://github.com/crux82/FrameLLaMA
Model: https://huggingface.co/sag-uniroma2/FrameLLaMA-3.1-8B-Instruct-FullFN17
Paper: https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-short.55/

These are the exact files used for the published training run.

Quick start

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("sag-uniroma2/FrameLLaMA-FullFN17-Instructions")
print(ds)
print(ds["train"][0])

While the repository is private, log in first (huggingface-cli login) with an account that has access.

Select one kind of supervision:

relations = ds["train"].filter(lambda x: x["Task Family"] in {"Inherit From", "Uses", "Precedes"})

Example

{
  "Instruction": "Provide the most appropriate factual response to the question.",
  "Question": "Can you describe what typically happens in the \"Indicating\" frame? What kind of situation or event does the Indicating frame represent?",
  "Answer": "The \"Indicating\" frame represents a type of situation or event in which specific participants (called frame elements) play meaningful roles. It describes a scenario where \"A Communicator or Medium assigns linguistic meaning to an Unresolved_referent thereby identifying the specific actor or entity which fulfills the answer to this question.\". ...",
  "Task Family": "Frame Definition"
}

Fields

Field	Type	Description
`Instruction`	string	A short generic instruction (e.g. "Please answer the question using correct semantic reasoning."). It varies across examples and does not carry task information.
`Question`	string	The FrameNet-derived question: open-ended, Yes/No, or multiple choice (options included in the text).
`Answer`	string	The expected response: a sentence or paragraph, `Yes`/`No`, or the correct option.
`Task Family`	string	The kind of FrameNet knowledge the example comes from (e.g. `Frame Definition`, `Semantic Type`, `Uses`).

Training uses only Instruction, Question and Answer, in an Alpaca-style prompt:

Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. 
Write a response that appropriately completes the request.

### Instruction:
{Instruction}

### Input:
{Question}

### Response:
{Answer}

Task Family is metadata for analysis: for example, to study the distribution of supervision types or train on a subset.

Splits

Split	File	Examples	Use in the paper
train	`train.json`	more than 491K	LoRA fine-tuning
test	`test/Opened.json`	59.4k open-ended	held-out diagnostic set: in-domain FrameNet QA evaluation (zero-shot base model vs. FrameLLaMA)
	`test/Closed.json`	81.7k yes/no
	`test/MCQ.json`	106.8k multiple choice

The test split contains 247.9k held-out FrameNet questions generated by the same pipeline but not used for training. The paper uses it to check in-domain acquisition of frame knowledge: the base Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct model is evaluated zero-shot and compared with the FrameNet-adapted model, separately for open-ended, yes/no and multiple-choice questions (scripts/evaluate_qa.py in the GitHub repository).

The question type is not a separate field; it can be read from the answer: Yes/No for yes/no questions, an option label such as c) ... for multiple choice, and free text otherwise.

def question_type(answer):
    a = answer.strip()
    if a in ("Yes", "No"):
        return "yes/no"
    if len(a) > 1 and a[0].lower() in "abcde" and a[1] == ")":
        return "multiple choice"
    return "open-ended"

yes_no = ds["test"].filter(lambda x: question_type(x["Answer"]) == "yes/no")

The downstream benchmarks of the paper, NLI (CONFER and the SNLI diagnostic subset) and SRL, are separate resources, distributed in the GitHub repository under evaluation/splits/.

How the data were generated

The generator is released in the GitHub repository (scripts/generate_dataset.py, src/framellama/). For every FrameNet 1.7 frame it proceeds as follows.

Extraction. It reads, through NLTK, the frame definition, frame elements (FEs) with definitions and semantic types, lexical units (LUs) with POS and definitions, annotated example sentences with FE spans, and frame-to-frame relations. LUs are kept only if WordNet lists their lemma with the same POS.
Templates. It fills open-ended, Yes/No and multiple-choice templates for the 40 task families below.
Negatives. "No" answers, wrong MCQ options and "which one is not" questions use material from other frames, filtered in two steps:
- A frame can supply negatives only if it is not directly related to the target frame, and the cosine similarity of the two frames' descriptions is below 0.50. Each description combines the definition, FEs, semantic types, LU definitions and relations, embedded with the sentence-transformers model all-MiniLM-L6-v2.
- Each distractor must also have similarity below 0.5 (0.4 for some tasks) to the correct answer.
Paraphrased variants. Each frame is generated twice. For 16 task families the second pass uses a second template wording with new distractors, and both passes are kept.

The Instruction sentence was added when the per-frame output was assembled into the training files.

The 40 task families

Task Family	Tasks (paper numbering)	What is asked
Frame Definition	T1–T3	Describe a frame (open); identify a frame from its definition (open); does a definition match a frame (Yes/No)
Frame Elements	T4–T10	List the FEs (open); define an FE in the frame (open); identify a frame from some of its FEs (open); is an FE part of a frame (Yes/No); is an FE definition correct (Yes/No); which role contributes to the situation (MCQ); which role is not involved (MCQ)
Semantic Type	T11–T13	Semantic type of an FE (open, Yes/No, MCQ)
Lexical Units	T14–T17, T20	Which LUs evoke a frame (open); role of an LU in the frame (open); does an LU with this POS evoke the frame (Yes/No); does the LU definition match the frame (Yes/No); which LUs trigger the frame (MCQ)
Lexical Unit Polysemy	T18–T19	Frames evoked by the different senses of an LU (open, Yes/No)
Frame Elements Examples	T21–T22	Write an example sentence for an FE (open); is a span the given FE in an annotated sentence (Yes/No)
Inherit From	T23–T25	Parent frame (open), inheritance link (Yes/No), child of a parent (MCQ)
Perspective On	T26–T28	Frame giving another perspective on the same event (open, Yes/No, MCQ)
Uses	T29–T31	Frame whose structure is used (open, Yes/No, MCQ)
SubFrame of	T32–T33	Component sub-event (open, Yes/No)
Precedes	T34–T35	Temporal ordering of frames (open, Yes/No)
Is Causative of	T36, T37, T40	Resulting state of a causative frame (open, Yes/No, MCQ)
Is Inchoative of	T38–T39	Resulting state of an inchoative frame (open, Yes/No)

The exact mapping from generator task to paper number is in src/framellama/task_families.py in the GitHub repository. The paper's Table 7 groups T40 under Inchoative; in the generator, that MCQ task is built from the Is_Causative_of relation. Task Family takes the value Inherit from (lower-case "from") for T25, as written by the generator.

Training configuration


Base model	Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct (Unsloth 4-bit build)
Adaptation	LoRA, r = 8, α = 16, dropout 0.1, all attention and MLP projections
Optimisation	AdamW 8-bit, learning rate 5e-6, linear schedule, 300 warm-up steps, effective batch size 32, fp16
Length	max. 2,048 tokens, 10 epochs, no validation set
Seed	3407

The full configuration is in configs/acl2026.yaml in the GitHub repository. The training script reads train.json from this repository directly:

python scripts/train.py --config configs/acl2026.yaml
# default training data: hf://datasets/sag-uniroma2/FrameLLaMA-FullFN17-Instructions/train.json

Provenance

Source: FrameNet 1.7 (NLTK framenet_v17 package), all 1,221 frames.
Generator: the research script tools/original/framenet_dataset_generator.py in the GitHub repository. The reorganised generator in src/framellama/ produces byte-identical output to it for the same frames and seed.
Random seed: the released corpus was generated without a fixed seed. Running the generator again gives a corpus built the same way, but with different random choices of distractors and option order. Use these files, not a regeneration, to reproduce the paper.
Related dataset: FrameLLaMA-Multilingual-Instructions is a separate corpus (English, Italian, Urdu) produced with a different generation procedure and training configuration. Its English portion is not the same data as this corpus.

Limitations

The data are template-generated: questions and answers follow a limited set of formulations, and answers can be verbose or repetitive.
Coverage is limited to English and to the frames, FEs and LUs of FrameNet 1.7.
Negatives are filtered automatically by embedding similarity. A small number of distractors may still be partially correct.
The Instruction sentences are generic and carry no task information.

License

The data are derived from FrameNet 1.7 and are subject to the FrameNet terms of use (https://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/); please cite FrameNet together with the paper below. The generation code is released under the Apache License 2.0 in the GitHub repository.

Citation

@inproceedings{rai-etal-2026-frame,
    title = "Frame-Semantic Knowledge Injection for Event-Level Inference in {LLM}s",
    author = "Rai, Shahid Iqbal  and
      Croce, Danilo  and
      Basili, Roberto",
    editor = "Liakata, Maria  and
      Moreira, Viviane P.  and
      Zhang, Jiajun  and
      Jurgens, David",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2026",
    address = "San Diego, California, United States",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-short.55/",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2026.acl-short.55",
    pages = "664--678",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-391-3"
}

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