Datasets:

shawnzhg
/

BioLitBench

task_id string	pmcid string	pmcid_ver string	review_pmid string	hf_split string	taskspec_split string	title string	topic string	subfield string	field string	n_claims int64	review_level_edges int64	hard_negatives int64	n_references int64	cutoff_year int64	leakage_stratum string	evidence_overlap_with_train null	writing_usable bool	retrieval_usable bool	is_test_peer bool	eval_excluded bool	licence_class string	rehydratable bool
pmcid_PMC10000895	PMC10000895	PMC10000895.1	36899818	train	train	A Beginner’s Guide to Cell Culture: Practical Advice for Preventing Needless Problems	Microbial infections and disease research	Microbiology	Immunology and Microbiology	97	317	88	99	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10005352	PMC10005352	PMC10005352.1	36904097	train	train	Legume-Derived Bioactive Peptides in Type 2 Diabetes: Opportunities and Challenges	Botanical Research and Chemistry	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	156	546	49	122	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10007858	PMC10007858	PMC10007858.1	36906534	train	train	Extracellular matrix remodeling in tumor progression and immune escape: from mechanisms to treatments	Cell Adhesion Molecules Research	Immunology and Allergy	Medicine	489	1,585	116	624	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10011205	PMC10011205	PMC10011205.1	32949546	train	train	Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: clinical management, MRI, and therapeutic avenues	Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies	Pathology and Forensic Medicine	Medicine	68	186	26	127	2,021	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	EMERGENCY-REUSE	true
pmcid_PMC10026263	PMC10026263	PMC10026263.2	36941259	train	train	Small molecule metabolites: discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets	Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies	Molecular Biology	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	125	503	7	844	2,023	unmeasurable	null	false	false	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10039055	PMC10039055	PMC10039055.1	36964157	train	train	Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions	Dermatology and Skin Diseases	Dermatology	Medicine	202	475	193	542	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10044459	PMC10044459	PMC10044459.1	36978408	train	train	Medicinal Plants as Therapeutic Alternatives to Combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review	Phytochemistry and Bioactivity Studies	Pharmacology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	71	175	72	115	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10044767	PMC10044767	PMC10044767.1	36978899	train	train	Aging Hallmarks and the Role of Oxidative Stress	Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms	Aging	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	303	1,036	121	304	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10046151	PMC10046151	PMC10046151.1	36979338	train	train	Chemistry and Pharmacology of Bergenin or Its Derivatives: A Promising Molecule	Phytochemistry and Bioactivity Studies	Pharmacology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	184	651	24	212	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10076454	PMC10076454	PMC10076454.319	36201828	train	train	Mood-Congruent Memory Revisited	Memory Processes and Influences	Cognitive Neuroscience	Neuroscience	325	1,477	20	274	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10090287	PMC10090287	PMC10090287.1	36795406	train	train	Structural genomic variants in thoracic aortic disease	Williams Syndrome Research	Developmental Neuroscience	Neuroscience	41	114	37	43	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY-NC-ND	true
pmcid_PMC10096483	PMC10096483	PMC10096483.1	37050009	train	train	Bioactive Compounds Produced by Endophytic Microorganisms Associated with Bryophytes—The “Bryendophytes”	Bryophyte Studies and Records	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	113	345	43	77	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10099188	PMC10099188	PMC10099188.1	36271775	train	train	Frequency of food allergy in Europe: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis	Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research	Immunology and Allergy	Medicine	9	24	7	150	2,021	unmeasurable	null	false	false	true	true	CC-BY-NC	true
pmcid_PMC10101826	PMC10101826	PMC10101826.1	37055613	train	train	Phytochemistry and pharmacology of natural prenylated flavonoids	Hops Chemistry and Applications	Pharmacology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	219	660	87	314	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	EMERGENCY-REUSE	true
pmcid_PMC10111155	PMC10111155	PMC10111155.1	34389841	train	train	How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: roles of innate and adaptive immunity	Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases	Immunology	Immunology and Microbiology	165	480	58	212	2,021	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10111719	PMC10111719	PMC10111719.1	37072770	train	train	Advances in immunology and immunotherapy for mesenchymal gastrointestinal cancers	Gastrointestinal Tumor Research and Treatment	Gastroenterology	Medicine	250	867	57	312	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10142556	PMC10142556	PMC10142556.1	37108683	train	train	An Overview of Factors Affecting the Functional Quality of Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)	Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	252	799	48	231	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10144373	PMC10144373	PMC10144373.1	37110875	train	train	The Buzz on Insecticides: A Review of Uses, Molecular Structures, Targets, Adverse Effects, and Alternatives	Insect and Pesticide Research	Insect Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	91	318	60	105	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10144389	PMC10144389	PMC10144389.1	37111795	train	train	Chitosan: A Potential Biopolymer in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications	Advanced Drug Delivery Systems	Pharmaceutical Science	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	284	971	83	267	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10153038	PMC10153038	PMC10153038.1	37131070	train	train	Climate change impacts on plant pathogens, food security and paths forward	Plant Pathogens and Resistance	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	122	522	16	185	2,023	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	EMERGENCY-REUSE	true
pmcid_PMC10165422	PMC10165422	PMC10165422.1	36333501	train	train	Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses identify novel genetic mechanisms in rheumatoid arthritis	Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment	Pathology and Forensic Medicine	Medicine	68	195	66	78	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	true	true	true	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10180768	PMC10180768	PMC10180768.1	37432337	train	train	Adansonia digitata L. (Baobab) Bioactive Compounds, Biological Activities, and the Potential Effect on Glycemia: A Narrative Review	African Botany and Ecology Studies	Forestry	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	101	366	43	71	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10182830	PMC10182830	PMC10182830.1	37059070	train	train	Pancreatic Cancer: Advances and Challenges	Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research	Oncology	Medicine	231	797	100	298	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10200802	PMC10200802	PMC10200802.1	37211559	train	train	Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics	Immune cells in cancer	Immunology	Immunology and Microbiology	302	807	136	442	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10212980	PMC10212980	PMC10212980.1	37231000	train	train	The blood–brain barrier: Structure, regulation and drug delivery	Barrier Structure and Function Studies	Neurology	Neuroscience	167	596	84	408	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10213152	PMC10213152	PMC10213152.1	36596869	train	train	Long non-coding RNAs: definitions, functions, challenges and recommendations	Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research	Cancer Research	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	128	465	37	462	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10218826	PMC10218826	PMC10218826.1	37240430	train	train	The Management of Diabetes Mellitus Using Medicinal Plants and Vitamins	Hibiscus Plant Research Studies	Pharmacology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	75	268	17	121	2,022	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10230044	PMC10230044	PMC10230044.1	37266446	train	train	Cellular activation pathways and interaction networks in vascularized composite allotransplantation	Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research	Transplantation	Medicine	216	696	153	215	2,026	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10230947	PMC10230947	PMC10230947.1	30078459	train	train	Acute myeloid leukaemia	Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research	Hematology	Medicine	68	205	9	137	2,018	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10233657	PMC10233657	PMC10233657.1	33230305	train	train	Restoration of sensory information via bionic hands	Neuroscience and Neural Engineering	Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience	Neuroscience	134	528	74	174	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10277291	PMC10277291	PMC10277291.1	37332039	train	train	T cells in health and disease	T-cell and B-cell Immunology	Immunology	Immunology and Microbiology	175	468	59	1,108	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10278035	PMC10278035	PMC10278035.1	29073639	train	train	Our sense of direction: progress, controversies and challenges	Visual perception and processing mechanisms	Cognitive Neuroscience	Neuroscience	67	237	9	100	2,018	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10279571	PMC10279571	PMC10279571.1	37277678	train	train	Factors Associated with Underreporting of Adverse Drug Reactions by Health Care Professionals: A Systematic Review Update	Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions	Toxicology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	46	154	30	101	2,021	unmeasurable	null	true	true	true	true	CC-BY-NC	true
pmcid_PMC10281087	PMC10281087	PMC10281087.1	36707722	train	train	Measuring DNA modifications with the comet assay: a compendium of protocols	Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment	Cancer Research	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	207	751	128	340	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10287672	PMC10287672	PMC10287672.1	37349294	train	train	A global meta-analysis of soil organic carbon in the Anthropocene	Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics	Soil Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	67	260	32	83	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10300743	PMC10300743	PMC10300743.1	37375411	train	train	Pentagalloyl Glucose: A Review of Anticancer Properties, Molecular Targets, Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety Profile	Tannin, Tannase and Anticancer Activities	Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology	Immunology and Microbiology	126	444	73	141	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10302591	PMC10302591	PMC10302591.1	37375755	train	train	Therapeutic Potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. in Attenuating Cardiovascular Risk Factors	Hibiscus Plant Research Studies	Pharmacology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	110	418	24	108	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10305282	PMC10305282	PMC10305282.1	37376042	train	train	Solid Lipid Nanoparticles vs. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Comparative Review	Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery	Pharmaceutical Science	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	122	505	36	166	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10307633	PMC10307633	PMC10307633.1	37225998	train	train	Microbial carbon use efficiency promotes global soil carbon storage	Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics	Soil Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	49	152	26	70	2,021	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10319900	PMC10319900	PMC10319900.1	37402746	train	train	TRP (transient receptor potential) ion channel family: structures, biological functions and therapeutic interventions for diseases	Ion Channels and Receptors	Sensory Systems	Neuroscience	234	570	57	726	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10336207	PMC10336207	PMC10336207.1	37448857	train	train	Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)	Antibiotic Use and Resistance	Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology	Immunology and Microbiology	76	301	22	63	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10341371	PMC10341371	PMC10341371.1	37444324	train	train	Overview of the Incorporation of Legumes into New Food Options: An Approach on Versatility, Nutritional, Technological, and Sensory Quality	Botanical Research and Chemistry	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	92	322	29	87	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10341929	PMC10341929	PMC10341929.1	37446177	train	train	Advances in Somatic Embryogenesis of Banana	Banana Cultivation and Research	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	114	385	23	108	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10356620	PMC10356620	PMC10356620.1	37479374	train	train	Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis and its aetiologies, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019	Bacterial Infections and Vaccines	Microbiology	Immunology and Microbiology	39	90	23	64	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10386240	PMC10386240	PMC10386240.1	37513450	train	train	Therapeutic Role of Alkaloids and Alkaloid Derivatives in Cancer Management	Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology	Pharmacology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	94	305	35	105	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10390758	PMC10390758	PMC10390758.1	37533767	train	train	Applications of multi‐omics analysis in human diseases	Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks	Molecular Biology	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	102	310	54	307	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10419189	PMC10419189	PMC10419189.1	37569752	train	train	Diabetic Nephropathy: Significance of Determining Oxidative Stress and Opportunities for Antioxidant Therapies	Neurological Disorders and Treatments	Neurology	Neuroscience	231	806	49	183	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10427240	PMC10427240	PMC10427240.1	36183712	train	train	Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research	Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances	Neurology	Medicine	212	604	106	417	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10455292	PMC10455292	PMC10455292.1	37629154	train	train	Role of Innate Immunity in Allergic Contact Dermatitis: An Update	Contact Dermatitis and Allergies	Dermatology	Medicine	179	516	48	120	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10463558	PMC10463558	PMC10463558.1	36410373	train	train	Time for a new mechanism-driven framework to define multiple sclerosis progression	Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies	Pathology and Forensic Medicine	Medicine	39	91	11	104	2,022	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10470143	PMC10470143	PMC10470143.1	35228718	train	train	Roles of transposable elements in the regulation of mammalian transcription	Chromosomal and Genetic Variations	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	162	579	53	224	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	true	true	true	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10514343	PMC10514343	PMC10514343.1	37735487	train	train	Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets	Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms	Neurology	Neuroscience	252	700	60	555	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10515021	PMC10515021	PMC10515021.1	37789426	train	train	Plant carotenoids: recent advances and future perspectives	Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms	Molecular Biology	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	181	673	31	265	2,021	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10524518	PMC10524518	PMC10524518.319	37167968	train	train	20 years of the default mode network: a review and synthesis	Functional Brain Connectivity Studies	Cognitive Neuroscience	Neuroscience	103	431	22	118	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10533513	PMC10533513	PMC10533513.1	37758723	train	train	A global-temporal analysis on Phytophthora sojae resistance-gene efficacy	Plant Pathogens and Resistance	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	69	209	71	94	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10557455	PMC10557455	PMC10557455.1	33602943	train	train	Duchenne muscular dystrophy	Muscle Physiology and Disorders	Molecular Biology	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	186	531	180	220	2,020	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10574544	PMC10574544	PMC10574544.1	37836257	train	train	Advances in Phytonanotechnology: A Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Phyllanthus Plant Extracts and Their Antimicrobial and Anticancer Applications	Phytochemistry and Bioactivity Studies	Pharmacology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	146	511	75	141	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10609448	PMC10609448	PMC10609448.1	37894651	train	train	Advancements in the Biotransformation and Biosynthesis of the Primary Active Flavonoids Derived from Epimedium	Medicinal Plant Pharmacodynamics Research	Pharmacology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	111	298	45	147	2,024	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10609972	PMC10609972	PMC10609972.1	37895974	train	train	The Use of Shells of Marine Molluscs in Spanish Ethnomedicine: A Historical Approach and Present and Future Perspectives	Cephalopods and Marine Biology	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	124	420	53	176	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10618090	PMC10618090	PMC10618090.1	35854107	train	train	The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence	Tryptophan and brain disorders	Biological Psychiatry	Neuroscience	56	204	11	75	2,021	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10619483	PMC10619483	PMC10619483.1	31732717	train	train	The functional universe of membrane contact sites	Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior	Molecular Biology	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	168	620	24	225	2,020	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10649426	PMC10649426	PMC10649426.1	37959863	train	train	Mentha piperita: Essential Oil and Extracts, Their Biological Activities, and Perspectives on the Development of New Medicinal and Cosmetic Products	Phytochemistry and Biological Activities	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	201	665	126	127	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10664291	PMC10664291	PMC10664291.319	37875093	train	train	The neural basis of visual processing and behavior in cephalopods	Cephalopods and Marine Biology	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	125	493	36	183	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10673580	PMC10673580	PMC10673580.1	38005249	train	train	Lupin as a Source of Bioactive Antioxidant Compounds for Food Products	Botanical Research and Chemistry	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	73	221	50	108	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10675245	PMC10675245	PMC10675245.1	38004480	train	train	Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review	Antibiotic Use and Resistance	Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology	Immunology and Microbiology	172	652	49	275	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10695975	PMC10695975	PMC10695975.1	38058638	train	train	The pharmacological mechanism of Abelmoschus manihot in the treatment of chronic kidney disease	Botanical Studies and Applications	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	52	160	42	53	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY-NC-ND	true
pmcid_PMC10695985	PMC10695985	PMC10695985.1	38058626	train	train	Millets: The future crops for the tropics Status, challenges and future prospects	Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	93	353	61	99	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY-NC-ND	true
pmcid_PMC10706127	PMC10706127	PMC10706127.1	38067154	train	train	The Role of Cortisol in Chronic Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Psychological Disorders	Stress Responses and Cortisol	Behavioral Neuroscience	Neuroscience	129	450	31	137	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10715172	PMC10715172	PMC10715172.1	32004090	train	train	Physical Principles Underlying the Complex Biology of Intracellular Phase Transitions	RNA Research and Splicing	Molecular Biology	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	83	327	38	189	2,019	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10751291	PMC10751291	PMC10751291.1	38148355	train	train	Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention and treatment	Poxvirus research and outbreaks	Virology	Immunology and Microbiology	84	177	93	264	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10761560	PMC10761560	PMC10761560.1	38173528	train	train	Environmental and Occupational Factors Associated with Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review	Leptospirosis research and findings	Parasitology	Immunology and Microbiology	83	315	47	73	2,021	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY-NC-ND	true
pmcid_PMC10812683	PMC10812683	PMC10812683.1	38247636	train	train	Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections	Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology	Food Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	415	1,434	142	491	2,026	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10815927	PMC10815927	PMC10815927.1	38256033	train	train	PAMPs and DAMPs in Sepsis: A Review of Their Molecular Features and Potential Clinical Implications	Inflammation biomarkers and pathways	Immunology	Immunology and Microbiology	194	589	38	236	2,024	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10821541	PMC10821541	PMC10821541.1	38280996	train	train	Mechanisms and functions of SUMOylation in health and disease: a review focusing on immune cells	Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor	Immunology	Immunology and Microbiology	161	420	122	161	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10835009	PMC10835009	PMC10835009.1	38312640	train	train	Phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.): A comprehensive review	African Botany and Ecology Studies	Forestry	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	118	290	204	95	2,026	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10836844	PMC10836844	PMC10836844.1	31498101	train	train	Acute liver failure	Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection	Pharmacology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	64	143	27	133	2,019	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10843851	PMC10843851	PMC10843851.1	37159031	train	train	Diagnosis and Management of Cirrhosis and Its Complications A Review	Liver Disease and Transplantation	Hepatology	Medicine	49	50	113	115	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10846564	PMC10846564	PMC10846564.2	37734911	train	train	Updates to the modern diagnosis of GERD: Lyon consensus 2.0	Gastroesophageal reflux and treatments	Gastroenterology	Medicine	43	128	10	90	2,023	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	CC-BY-NC	true
pmcid_PMC10887767	PMC10887767	PMC10887767.1	38397533	train	train	Dietary Acrylamide: A Detailed Review on Formation, Detection, Mitigation, and Its Health Impacts	Potato Plant Research	Food Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	142	495	31	113	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10905618	PMC10905618	PMC10905618.1	38435800	train	train	Digital accessibility in the era of artificial intelligence—Bibliometric analysis and systematic review	Tactile and Sensory Interactions	Cognitive Neuroscience	Neuroscience	147	545	28	85	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10946606	PMC10946606	PMC10946606.1	38504717	train	train	Applying genetic technologies to combat infectious diseases in aquaculture	Animal Genetics and Reproduction	Genetics	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	155	502	59	682	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10952756	PMC10952756	PMC10952756.1	36710517	train	train	How to build a lichen: from metabolite release to symbiotic interplay	Lichen and fungal ecology	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	113	358	22	155	2,022	unmeasurable	null	true	false	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10958389	PMC10958389	PMC10958389.1	38512301	train	train	Neoadjuvant Chemoimmunotherapy for NSCLC	Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment	Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine	Medicine	31	116	6	72	2,023	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10962257	PMC10962257	PMC10962257.1	36527873	train	train	Association of Distance to Swine Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations with Immune-Mediated Diseases: An Exploratory Gene-Environment Study	Immunotoxicology and immune responses	Immunology	Immunology and Microbiology	60	190	61	94	2,021	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC10965649	PMC10965649	PMC10965649.2	38550797	train	train	Legume seed system performance in sub-Saharan Africa: barriers, opportunities, and scaling options. A review	Agricultural pest management studies	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	74	308	30	103	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	true	true	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10987683	PMC10987683	PMC10987683.1	38565561	train	train	Adeno-associated virus as a delivery vector for gene therapy of human diseases	Virus-based gene therapy research	Genetics	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	275	791	138	488	2,024	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC10997830	PMC10997830	PMC10997830.1	38586220	train	train	Phytochemistry, nutritional composition, health benefits and future prospects of Mespilus germanica L. (Medlar): A review	Botanical Studies and Applications	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	195	636	135	136	2,024	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC11015936	PMC11015936	PMC11015936.319	37996538	train	train	Eph Receptors and Ephrins in Cancer Progression	Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling	Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience	Neuroscience	257	958	44	382	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC11016017	PMC11016017	PMC11016017.1	37789138	train	train	Cell plasticity modulation by flavonoids in resistant breast carcinoma targeting the nuclear factor kappa B signaling	Medicinal Plant Pharmacodynamics Research	Pharmacology	Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics	175	779	16	213	2,024	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC11033354	PMC11033354	PMC11033354.1	38650942	train	train	Immune modulation in transplant medicine: a comprehensive review of cell therapy applications and future directions	Organ and Tissue Transplantation Research	Transplantation	Medicine	238	968	49	185	2,024	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC11044807	PMC11044807	PMC11044807.1	32135131	train	train	Cerebral microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes: stroke, cognitive dysfunction, and depression	Neurological Disorders and Treatments	Neurology	Neuroscience	58	196	14	100	2,020	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC11085323	PMC11085323	PMC11085323.1	38732560	train	train	Characterizations of White Mulberry, Sea-Buckthorn, Garlic, Lily of the Valley, Motherwort, and Hawthorn as Potential Candidates for Managing Cardiovascular Disease—In Vitro and Ex Vivo Animal Studies	Botanical Studies and Applications	Plant Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	114	404	55	112	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC11089539	PMC11089539	PMC11089539.319	37326544	train	train	The Role of Recollection and Familiarity in Visual Working Memory: A Mixture of Threshold and Signal Detection Processes	Memory Processes and Influences	Cognitive Neuroscience	Neuroscience	140	571	6	144	2,022	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	PMC-TEXTMINING-ONLY	true
pmcid_PMC11152936	PMC11152936	PMC11152936.1	38841448	train	train	A comprehensive review of navigation systems for visually impaired individuals	Tactile and Sensory Interactions	Cognitive Neuroscience	Neuroscience	88	328	48	102	2,024	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY-NC	true
pmcid_PMC11176077	PMC11176077	PMC11176077.1	38212377	train	train	Iron imbalance in neurodegeneration	Neurological diseases and metabolism	Neurology	Neuroscience	130	427	54	203	2,023	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC11194616	PMC11194616	PMC11194616.1	38919715	train	train	Sustainable packaging materials for fermented probiotic dairy or non-dairy food and beverage products: challenges and innovations	Food Industry and Aquatic Biology	Food Science	Agricultural and Biological Sciences	86	372	13	107	2,024	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC11252167	PMC11252167	PMC11252167.1	39013893	train	train	Bacterial persisters: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic development	Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology	Genetics	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	196	665	46	501	2,024	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC11252281	PMC11252281	PMC11252281.1	39013849	train	train	Exploring treatment options in cancer: tumor treatment strategies	Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics	Cancer Research	Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology	248	527	415	500	2,026	unmeasurable	null	true	true	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC11293869	PMC11293869	PMC11293869.1	39087986	train	train	Fundamental processes in sensorimotor learning: Reasoning, refinement, and retrieval	Motor Control and Adaptation	Cognitive Neuroscience	Neuroscience	77	324	11	233	2,024	unmeasurable	null	false	false	false	false	CC-BY	true
pmcid_PMC11298476	PMC11298476	PMC11298476.1	39104626	train	train	Recent deep learning-based brain tumor segmentation models using multi-modality magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective survey	Brain Tumor Detection and Classification	Neurology	Neuroscience	98	292	59	129	2,024	unmeasurable	null	true	false	false	false	CC-BY	true

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

BioLitBench

SCRIBE, the literature-review agent of this paper, runs live at glkb.org. Try it on your own research question.

BioLitBench is the benchmark of the paper What Can a Leaderboard Certify? Compositional Controllability for Fair Evaluation and Training of Biomedical Literature-Review Agents (Zhaowei Han, Xiang Zhang, Lingxiao Guan, Danqi Hu, Kai Liu, Kevin Chang, Jie Liu; University of Michigan).

Each task asks a system to write a literature review on the topic of a published biomedical review article, using only literature published up to the task's cutoff year. The human review is the reference: it is represented as a claim graph (its claims, the references each claim cites, the typed relations between claims, hard negatives and the section hierarchy), and generated reviews are scored claim by claim against it.

Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32318
Code (data rebuild, generation, scoring, certification and training): https://github.com/shawnzhg/LitReview-SCRIBE
Try SCRIBE online: https://glkb.org

Try SCRIBE on glkb.org

SCRIBE, the literature-review agent introduced in the paper, is deployed at glkb.org. Ask a biomedical research question and it writes a literature review with citations to the biomedical literature. No installation is needed.

Leaderboard

Capability scores under fixed input (every system receives the review's reference list) at the primary observation point, as reported in the paper. Scores are fractions of human level; Rank is the certified rank interval. Within each column, the highest value is bold and the second highest is underlined.

Backbone	System	Composite	Rank	Synthesis	Reasoning	Planning	Writing	Form
Qwen3.8-27B	SCRIBE (ours, try it)	0.606	1–2	0.689	0.594	0.319	0.613	0.814
Qwen3.8-27B	SCRIBE (untrained) (ours)	0.583	1–3	0.686	0.601	0.276	0.565	0.786
gpt-5.6-luna	SCRIBE-Luna (ours)	0.564	2–6	0.700	0.611	0.177	0.568	0.767
gpt-5.6-luna	SurveyG	0.516	4–12	0.568	0.541	0.272	0.509	0.689
gpt-5.6-luna	OpenAI tool loop	0.515	4–12	0.741	0.552	0.136	0.487	0.660
gpt-5.6-luna	SurveyGen-I	0.496	6–13	0.591	0.510	0.182	0.449	0.746
gpt-5.6-luna	AutoSurvey	0.495	6–13	0.638	0.533	0.135	0.483	0.687
gpt-5.6-luna	LiRA	0.484	4–13	0.539	0.495	0.254	0.442	0.716
gpt-5.6-luna	LLM×MR	0.469	10–13	0.537	0.515	0.182	0.446	0.666
claude-sonnet-5	Claude Science	0.541	3–10	0.700	0.603	0.160	0.507	0.736
claude-sonnet-5	Claude Code	0.534	3–12	0.650	0.547	0.185	0.587	0.703
proprietary	Elicit SR§	0.535	3–10	0.668	0.526	0.185	0.570	0.723

Published pipelines use their reference-fed configurations. §Elicit Systematic Review; it reads full text and cites at most 80 papers. Ranks are computed over all systems evaluated, including one commercial system that is not reported. n = 50 tasks in 23 subfield clusters. The same-pool leaderboard (every system searches the same frozen corpus) and the full-length results are in the paper's appendix.

Dataset

	train	test
tasks (review articles)	1,842	50
claims	220,968	5,740
review-level relations	748,047	18,691
hard negatives	91,541	2,856
cited references	306,158	7,344

test is exactly the 50 tasks of the paper's leaderboard. train holds the 1,842 training articles. There is no validation split.
This dataset contains no article text and no abstract text. It ships the claim graphs and annotations with every text value replaced by a sha256 digest or a locator, plus identifiers, bibliographic metadata and the task definitions. The text is rebuilt locally from PMC and PubMed with the scripts in the code repository, and every rebuilt file is checked against its digest.

Included

Tasks: one TaskSpec per task (topic, cutoff year, target length), the gold record (review PMID, cited PMIDs) and, for the fixed-input track, the evidence bundle and reference allowlist of each task.
Claim graphs and annotations: the claim graph and section structure of every review (dehydrated/, text replaced by digests and locators), reference lists with PMID, DOI and title, and grounding scores.
Splits (splits/): train and test id lists, per-task metadata, the 399 test peers and the training articles excluded from evaluation.
Manifests (manifests/): the digest of every file to rebuild, abstract digests, pinned PMC article versions, release transforms, per-article licences and citations.
Viewer tables (viewer/): text-free tables for the dataset viewer above (tasks, claims, relations, references).

Not included

No review-article text and no abstract text.
No system outputs and no score tables. Scoring is done with the code repository; the frozen scoring parameters of the test split are part of the code (evaluation/frozen/test).
No retrieval pool: v1.0 supports the fixed-input track only.
The 150 held-out articles of the paper that are not test tasks are not released. They were not used for training or model selection.

Usage

Download the dataset, rebuild the text and prepare a data root with the code repository, then run generation, scoring or training as described in its README (section Data):

huggingface-cli download shawnzhg/BioLitBench --repo-type dataset --revision v1.0 --local-dir <hf>
git clone https://github.com/shawnzhg/LitReview-SCRIBE && cd LitReview-SCRIBE
python biolitbench/release/fetch_articles.py   --snapshot <hf> --profile test --work <work> --email <email>
python biolitbench/release/parse_jats.py       --xml <work>/xml --out <work>/articles
python biolitbench/release/fetch_abstracts.py  --snapshot <hf> --profile test --work <work> --email <email>
python biolitbench/release/rehydrate.py        --snapshot <hf> --root <root> --profile test --articles <work>/articles --abstracts <work>/abstracts.jsonl
python biolitbench/release/prepare_root.py     --snapshot <hf> --profile test --root <root>
python biolitbench/release/verify_data.py      --root <root> --profile test --snapshot <hf>

--profile test builds the test root (the 50 test tasks and their 399 peers); --profile train builds the training root.
The fetch scripts follow the NCBI usage rules: at most 3 requests per second (10 with --api-key), and long request series only on weekends or 21:00–05:00 US Eastern time.
PubMed records change over time. If an abstract no longer matches its digest, rehydrate writes today's text and records it in rehydrate_report.json; results on such text are marked and are not official scores.
Training on the test peers. splits/train_eval_excluded.txt lists 403 training articles (the 399 test peers and 4 reviews cited by test reviews). Training on them makes test scores optimistic; the SCRIBE recipe excludes them.
The rebuilt text stays under the copyright of its publishers and authors and the PMC and NLM terms. Keep it local and do not redistribute it.

Licences

Our annotations (identifiers, labels, locators, digests and splits) are licensed under CC BY 4.0.
Bibliographic metadata (titles, authors, journals, years, PMIDs, DOIs) comes from NLM databases (PubMed, PMC) under the NLM Terms and Conditions and is not relicensed.
OpenAlex labels (topic, subfield, field) come from OpenAlex, which releases its data under CC0.
Review articles: manifests/licences.csv gives each review's licence; manifests/citations.csv gives authors, title, journal, year, DOI, PMID and copyright holder and is the attribution record for every review whose annotations are included.

Courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. NLM is not responsible for this dataset and does not endorse it.

Citation

@misc{han2026leaderboardcertifycompositionalcontrollability,
      title={What Can a Leaderboard Certify? Compositional Controllability for Fair Evaluation and Training of Biomedical Literature-Review Agents},
      author={Zhaowei Han and Xiang Zhang and Lingxiao Guan and Danqi Hu and Kai Liu and Kevin Chang and Jie Liu},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2609.32318},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.32318},
}

Downloads last month: 37

Paper for shawnzhg/BioLitBench

What Can a Leaderboard Certify? Compositional Controllability for Fair Evaluation and Training of Biomedical Literature-Review Agents

Paper • 2609.32318 • Published 20 days ago