ff_episode_id stringlengths 19 19 | episode_id float64 10 2.41M | year int64 2k 2.03k | month int64 1 12 | month_name stringclasses 12
values | primary_state stringclasses 55
values | primary_state_abbrev stringclasses 55
values | all_states stringclasses 55
values | n_states int64 1 1 | n_records int64 1 118 | n_cz int64 1 50 | wfos stringclasses 123
values | begin_dt stringdate 1996-01-10 17:00:00 2025-11-24 19:45:00 | end_dt stringdate 1996-01-10 23:59:00 2025-11-24 22:30:00 | duration_hours float64 0 673 | deaths_direct int64 0 116 | deaths_indirect int64 0 6 | injuries_direct int64 0 4.32k | injuries_indirect int64 0 6 | damage_property_usd float64 0 38.3B | damage_crops_usd float64 0 290M | damage_total_usd float64 0 38.3B | centroid_lat float64 -14.35 65.6 ⌀ | centroid_lon float64 -170.76 158 ⌀ | min_lat float64 -14.56 65.6 ⌀ | max_lat float64 -14.35 65.6 ⌀ | min_lon float64 -171.03 158 ⌀ | max_lon float64 -170.75 158 ⌀ | n_events_with_coords int64 0 118 | n_location_points int64 0 468 | flood_causes stringclasses 20
values | episode_narrative stringlengths 1 27.5k ⌀ |
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FF_1996_01_AL_ep001 | 2,404,566 | 1,996 | 1 | January | ALABAMA | AL | ALABAMA | 1 | 1 | 1 | BMX | 1996-01-26 14:00:00 | 1996-01-26 18:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75,000 | 0 | 75,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Heavy rain caused flash flooding in the Village Creek area where some people were evacuated. A number of underpasses were flooded in the heavy rain especially on the north side of Birmingham and in the Tarrant area. Shades Creek was out of its banks in the Eastwood Mall area. Additional flash flooding was reported i... |
FF_1996_01_AL_ep002 | 1,000,616 | 1,996 | 1 | January | ALABAMA | AL | ALABAMA | 1 | 1 | 1 | BMX | 1996-01-30 21:45:00 | 1996-01-31 00:00:00 | 2.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flash flooding was reported in Childersburg where an apartment house was threatened by rising water. Highway 76 from Childersburg to Winterboro was also reported to be flooded. |
FF_1996_01_CT_ep001 | 2,036,771 | 1,996 | 1 | January | CONNECTICUT | CT | CONNECTICUT | 1 | 1 | 1 | BOX | 1996-01-19 18:00:00 | 1996-01-19 21:00:00 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_DC_ep001 | 2,403,644 | 1,996 | 1 | January | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | DC | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 11:00:00 | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | An unusually intense squall line, feeding on an unseasonably warm moist tropical air mass, dumped between 0.8 and 1.2 inches of rain in a two-hour period during the late morning of the 19th. The rain fell on oversaturated soil, a result of the previous night's rapid snow melt, producing flash floods throughout the cit... |
FF_1996_01_DE_ep001 | 1,005,413 | 1,996 | 1 | January | DELAWARE | DE | DELAWARE | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 09:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | The combination of snowmelt from the previous week's two snowstorms, the unseasonably warm temperatures and one to two inches of additional rain all combined to produce flash flooding of roads and streams in the northern half of the county. The Christina River reached flood stage at 9 a.m. on the 19th. After a squall... |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep001 | 2,402,904 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 22:55:00 | 1996-01-26 22:55:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flooding caused a mudslide. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep002 | 2,404,362 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 19:00:00 | 1996-01-26 21:00:00 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20,000 | 0 | 20,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flood waters washed out culverts, a road, and a bridge. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep003 | 2,404,363 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 20:50:00 | 1996-01-26 20:50:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | An apartment complex was evacuated due to high water. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep004 | 2,404,364 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 21:00:00 | 1996-01-26 21:00:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20,000 | 0 | 20,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | An RV park on highway 129 was evacuated due to flood waters. Several roads were closed county-wide when they suffered bridge damage or had culverts washed out. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep005 | 2,402,905 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 23:00:00 | 1996-01-27 00:00:00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Mud slides due to heavy rains were reported in Blairsville.Most creeks were out of their banks. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep006 | 2,404,361 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 18:00:00 | 1996-01-26 21:00:00 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30,000 | 0 | 30,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flood waters caused a house to collapse. Humphrey Mill and Mobile roads were washed out and several other roads were closed. Mudslides caused by heavy rains closed Curtis Switch road. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep007 | 2,404,365 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 22:00:00 | 1996-01-26 22:00:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flood waters caused 4 people to be evacuated from their home. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep008 | 2,404,366 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 22:00:00 | 1996-01-26 23:00:00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 10,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flood waters closed roads in the southern part of the county. Several cars were washed off the road in the northern part of the county. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep009 | 1,000,305 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 18:00:00 | 1996-01-26 21:15:00 | 3.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flood waters closed 25 roads county-wide. 12 people were evacuated from apartments in Calhoun. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep010 | 1,000,306 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 19:00:00 | 1996-01-26 19:00:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flood waters covered several roadways. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep011 | 2,402,902 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 16:00:00 | 1996-01-26 19:30:00 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Thunderstorms dumped over 3 inches of rain in the Rome area.Several roads were closed and 2 families were evacuated from apartments on West Butler street. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep012 | 2,402,903 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 17:00:00 | 1996-01-26 21:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Heavy rains and flooding closed as many as 20 roads, many of them secondary. Flood waters forced the evacuation of several people from their homes. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep013 | 2,404,370 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-27 01:00:00 | 1996-01-27 02:30:00 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | A mobile home park on Benedict School Road was evacuated. 6 roads were closed. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep014 | 2,404,367 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 22:43:00 | 1996-01-26 22:43:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flooding was reported at 4 Notch, Strickland, and around Beulah Church roads. Several secondary roads were also flooded. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep015 | 1,000,315 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-26 23:30:00 | 1996-01-26 23:30:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 10,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Around 3.5 inches of rain caused the concrete block basement wall of a home to collapse. The wall had been previously weakened by Hurricane Opal. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep016 | 2,402,906 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-27 00:00:00 | 1996-01-27 01:15:00 | 1.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flood waters caused mudslides on Oakgrove and Ridley roads. Clay Creek road was closed due to flooding. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep017 | 2,402,909 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-27 00:30:00 | 1996-01-27 00:30:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,000 | 0 | 1,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flooding caused 7 families to be evacuated at Camp Creek. Mill Road was washed out and several mudslides were reported. |
FF_1996_01_GA_ep018 | 2,404,369 | 1,996 | 1 | January | GEORGIA | GA | GEORGIA | 1 | 1 | 1 | FFC | 1996-01-27 00:30:00 | 1996-01-27 01:15:00 | 0.75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Heritage Lake Drive and White Road near Highway 92 in Fayetteville were closed due to flooding. Crabapple Lane in Tyrone was closed. |
FF_1996_01_HI_ep001 | 2,032,873 | 1,996 | 1 | January | HAWAII | HI | HAWAII | 1 | 1 | 1 | HFO | 1996-01-25 02:00:00 | 1996-01-25 06:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 800,000 | 0 | 800,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | A mesoscale low was detected by the Kauai WSR-88D during the early evening of the 24th just north of Oahu. Velocity and Storm Relative Velocity products indicated cyclonic circulation from 15 to 20 thousand feet. After 0100 HST on the 25th, the low began a slow drift south over Oahu. Heavy rains occurred over windwa... |
FF_1996_01_HI_ep002 | 2,032,868 | 1,996 | 1 | January | HAWAII | HI | HAWAII | 1 | 1 | 1 | HFO | 1996-01-24 14:45:00 | 1996-01-24 17:00:00 | 2.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flash flooding briefly closed the Kohala Mountain Road. North Kohala received 2.8 inches of rain, easing the ongoing drought. Nearly 1.5 inches of rain fell at Kealakekua and Honaunau in the South Kona District. |
FF_1996_01_KY_ep001 | 2,052,583 | 1,996 | 1 | January | KENTUCKY | KY | KENTUCKY | 1 | 1 | 1 | ILN | 1996-01-24 03:00:00 | 1996-01-24 07:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5,000 | 0 | 5,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Persistent heavy rainfall caused creeks to overflow their banks and caused many roads to be closed. |
FF_1996_01_KY_ep002 | 2,052,584 | 1,996 | 1 | January | KENTUCKY | KY | KENTUCKY | 1 | 1 | 1 | ILN | 1996-01-24 03:00:00 | 1996-01-24 07:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5,000 | 0 | 5,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Persistent heavy rainfall caused roads to be closed due to creeks rising out of their banks. |
FF_1996_01_MA_ep001 | 2,036,750 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MASSACHUSETTS | MA | MASSACHUSETTS | 1 | 1 | 1 | BOX | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 1996-01-19 22:00:00 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Strong to gale force south winds with gusts to 45 to 65 mph nd with isolated gusts to hurricane force preceded a sharp cold front extending from a low pressure system moving east across the northern Great Lakes region. Some peak wind gusts included: Logan International Airport, Boston, 66 mph; Naval Air Station, Sout... |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep001 | 2,029,491 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 05:00:00 | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,000,000 | 0 | 1,000,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | ***Flood/Flash Flood***An unprecedented combination, in recent history, of unseasonably warm, humid air overriding a dense snow pack estimated between 12 and 18 inches (but up to 2 feet or more at higher elevations) caused nearly all of the pack to vanish in a 12-hour period. The unseasonably warm air was drawn northw... |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep002 | 2,029,492 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 07:00:00 | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500,000 | 0 | 500,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep003 | 2,029,493 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 09:00:00 | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep004 | 1,001,793 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 09:00:00 | 1996-01-19 15:00:00 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5,000 | 0 | 5,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep005 | 2,032,691 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-27 11:00:00 | 1996-01-27 18:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Heavy rains once again produced small stream flooding, especially in the northern half of the county. The Big Elk Creek flooded in Elkton forcing the closure of Delaware Avenue and Howard Street. The creek also caused further damage to Meadow Park. |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep006 | 2,403,637 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 09:00:00 | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | *** Continuation of this event (several flood/flash flood counties grouped together) continues after the following *** |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep007 | 2,403,638 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 09:00:00 | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5,000 | 0 | 5,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep008 | 2,403,641 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 11:00:00 | 1996-01-19 15:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | *** Flood/Flash Flood Summary ***A waterlogged snow pack, ranging (roughly) in depth from 3 to 12 inches, was eaten away when subtropical moisture fed into the region ahead of a strong cold front. The warm moist air mass contained temperatures in the upper 50s and lower 60s, along with relative humidity near 100 perce... |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep009 | 2,403,636 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 07:00:00 | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 300,000 | 0 | 300,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep010 | 2,032,660 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | The combination of the melting snow from the previous week's storms, unseasonably warm temperatures and an additional one to two inches of rain caused the flash flooding of several streams throughout the county. Hardest hit were Elkton (Farr Creek overflowed.), North East (Little North East Creek overflowed.) and Risi... |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep011 | 2,403,639 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 10:00:00 | 1996-01-19 14:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep012 | 2,403,640 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 11:00:00 | 1996-01-19 15:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5,000 | 0 | 5,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep013 | 1,005,661 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | PBZ | 1996-01-19 05:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3,000,000 | 0 | 3,000,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Moderate rains and a melting snow cover (15-25 inches in the Maryland mountains) on saturated soil released an estimated 3.50 to 4.50 inches of runoff into area streams. The runoff also caused major flooding on the Casselman River in Garrett County. The Casselman River flows into the Youghiogheny River, in southwest Pe... |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep014 | 2,403,635 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | LWX | 1996-01-19 03:00:00 | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7,000,000 | 0 | 7,000,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_MD_ep015 | 2,032,917 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MARYLAND | MD | MARYLAND | 1 | 1 | 1 | PBZ | 1996-01-24 08:45:00 | 1996-01-24 15:00:00 | 6.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Numerous small streams went out of their banks across the county. Roads were closed in and near Oakland, Gorman, and Bittinger. |
FF_1996_01_MS_ep001 | 2,404,228 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MISSISSIPPI | MS | MISSISSIPPI | 1 | 1 | 1 | JAN | 1996-01-26 16:00:00 | 1996-01-26 17:30:00 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Many streets and road were underwater. |
FF_1996_01_MS_ep002 | 1,000,061 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MISSISSIPPI | MS | MISSISSIPPI | 1 | 1 | 1 | JAN | 1996-01-26 13:00:00 | 1996-01-26 15:00:00 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Numerous streets were flooded along with small creeks. |
FF_1996_01_MS_ep003 | 1,000,062 | 1,996 | 1 | January | MISSISSIPPI | MS | MISSISSIPPI | 1 | 1 | 1 | JAN | 1996-01-26 13:00:00 | 1996-01-26 15:00:00 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Several small creeks overflowed their banks and numerous streets were flooded. |
FF_1996_01_NC_ep001 | 2,403,471 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NORTH CAROLINA | NC | NORTH CAROLINA | 1 | 1 | 1 | RNK | 1996-01-19 00:45:00 | 1996-01-19 05:15:00 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NC_ep002 | 2,403,472 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NORTH CAROLINA | NC | NORTH CAROLINA | 1 | 1 | 1 | RNK | 1996-01-19 00:50:00 | 1996-01-19 04:00:00 | 3.166667 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NC_ep003 | 2,029,333 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NORTH CAROLINA | NC | NORTH CAROLINA | 1 | 1 | 1 | RNK | 1996-01-19 03:15:00 | 1996-01-19 04:15:00 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40,000 | 0 | 40,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NC_ep004 | 2,403,477 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NORTH CAROLINA | NC | NORTH CAROLINA | 1 | 1 | 1 | RNK | 1996-01-19 03:15:00 | 1996-01-19 05:00:00 | 1.75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep001 | 2,032,685 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 18:00:00 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep002 | 2,032,683 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep003 | 2,032,684 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep004 | 2,032,692 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-27 17:00:00 | 1996-01-28 01:00:00 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Another day of heavy rain caused the flash flooding of streams within Mercer County for the second time this month. Both Nottingham Way and the Princeton Pike were closed. The Assunpink Creek in Trenton crested at 7.8 feet at 6 p.m. on the 27th. Flood Stage is 7 feet. |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep005 | 2,032,673 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep006 | 2,032,674 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep007 | 2,032,675 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep008 | 2,032,676 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep009 | 2,032,677 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | The combination of melting snow from the previous week's record breaking storms, unseasonably warm temperatures and an additional one to two inches of rain caused the flash flooding of almost every ungaged stream as well as severe urban flooding. By the early afternoon on the 19th stranded motorists were rescued in al... |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep010 | 2,032,678 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep011 | 2,032,679 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep012 | 2,032,680 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep013 | 2,032,681 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NJ_ep014 | 2,032,682 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW JERSEY | NJ | NEW JERSEY | 1 | 1 | 1 | PHI | 1996-01-19 12:00:00 | 1996-01-19 19:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep001 | 2,057,213 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7,900,000 | 0 | 7,900,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep002 | 2,057,214 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100,000 | 0 | 100,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep003 | 2,403,033 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BUF | 1996-01-18 04:30:00 | 1996-01-18 04:30:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,000,000 | 500,000 | 1,500,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Rapid snowmelt and heavy rainfall combined with warm temperatures to produce a major ice jam on the Buffalo Creek in West Seneca. Over three feet of water and ice covered some sections of Clinton and Transit Roads. Evacuations occurred and several roads were closed due to the flood waters in West Seneca and Elma. The f... |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep004 | 2,057,217 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 08:00:00 | 23.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5,400,000 | 0 | 5,400,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep005 | 1,031,901 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-27 11:00:00 | 1996-01-27 18:00:00 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 10,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | A spring-like storm system brought heavy rains to much of Northeast Pennsylvania, and the Western Catskills in New York. Nearly three inches of rain fell in a short period, causing creeks and small streams to rise out of their banks. Flash flooding in the Catskills closed Route 28 between Fleischmanns and Margaretville... |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep006 | 2,057,204 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-27 11:15:00 | 1996-01-27 18:00:00 | 6.75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Route 97 was undermined by flash flooding near Lumberland. Flooding was also reported along Kortright Road between Bethel and Thompson, along Frost Valley Road near Round Pond, and near Highland and Jeffersonville. |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep007 | 2,057,205 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 05:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 25.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,400,000 | 0 | 4,400,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | The most disastrous flood event in more than twenty years struck central New York from the early morning of the 19th to the evening of the 21st. Significant widespread flooding of streams, rivers, homes and businesses, streets and highways, woodlands, and farmland occurred as a result of rapid snowmelt and nearly simul... |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep008 | 2,057,206 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17,800,000 | 0 | 17,800,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep009 | 2,057,207 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,500,000 | 0 | 1,500,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep010 | 1,031,906 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7,900,000 | 0 | 7,900,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep011 | 1,031,907 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 500,000 | 0 | 500,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep012 | 2,057,208 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,400,000 | 0 | 1,400,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep013 | 2,057,209 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19,000,000 | 0 | 19,000,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep014 | 2,057,210 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4,500,000 | 0 | 4,500,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep015 | 2,057,211 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7,600,000 | 0 | 7,600,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep016 | 2,057,212 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5,700,000 | 0 | 5,700,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep017 | 2,031,614 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 12:15:00 | 1996-01-20 08:00:00 | 19.75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8,700,000 | 0 | 8,700,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep018 | 2,031,615 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 08:00:00 | 23.5 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9,300,000 | 0 | 9,300,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep019 | 2,035,495 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | ALY | 1996-01-24 16:30:00 | 1996-01-24 23:00:00 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 10,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Ice jams on the East Canada Creek caused flooding especially in the village of Dolgeville where streets and basements were flooded. |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep020 | 2,057,215 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,500,000 | 0 | 1,500,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep021 | 2,057,216 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BGM | 1996-01-19 08:30:00 | 1996-01-20 07:00:00 | 22.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7,900,000 | 0 | 7,900,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_NY_ep022 | 2,403,034 | 1,996 | 1 | January | NEW YORK | NY | NEW YORK | 1 | 1 | 1 | BUF | 1996-01-18 07:45:00 | 1996-01-18 07:45:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 200,000 | 0 | 200,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Rapid snowmelt and heavy rainfall combined with warm temperatures to produce an ice jam on the Cazenovia Creek in Buffalo and West Seneca. Some evacuations occurred and several roads were closed. Damage was limited however, since most of the flood waters and ice spilled into Cazenovia Park. |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep001 | 2,029,511 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | RLX | 1996-01-24 01:30:00 | 1996-01-24 06:00:00 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep002 | 1,001,833 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | RLX | 1996-01-24 01:30:00 | 1996-01-24 06:00:00 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep003 | 2,403,655 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | RLX | 1996-01-24 01:30:00 | 1996-01-24 06:00:00 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep004 | 2,403,658 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | RLX | 1996-01-24 01:30:00 | 1996-01-24 06:00:00 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Rains of 0.75 to 1.5 inches in 6 hours across southeast Ohio caused numerous small streams to flood and block secondary roads in the6 counties. Salem Center of Meigs County had a 24 hour rainfall of 1.9 inches. Some of the creeks that flooded include Sugar Run in the Amesville area of Athens County, Salt Creek around... |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep005 | 2,403,656 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | RLX | 1996-01-24 01:30:00 | 1996-01-24 06:00:00 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep006 | 2,403,657 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | RLX | 1996-01-24 01:30:00 | 1996-01-24 06:00:00 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep007 | 2,052,582 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | ILN | 1996-01-24 05:30:00 | 1996-01-24 08:00:00 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 0 | 10,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Persistent heavy rainfall caused some roads to be closed and a few people were evacuated from buildings. |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep008 | 2,055,545 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | PBZ | 1996-01-19 04:00:00 | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep009 | 2,055,546 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | PBZ | 1996-01-19 04:00:00 | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep010 | 1,030,125 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | PBZ | 1996-01-19 10:00:00 | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | null |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep011 | 2,032,895 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | PBZ | 1996-01-19 04:00:00 | 1996-01-19 13:00:00 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Numerous small streams went out of their banks across east-central Ohio. Widespread one to one and a half inch rainfall amounts fell across the area. Numerous roads were closed and some homes and businesses were affected by the flooding. The majority of the damage was confined to the communities along the Ohio River, w... |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep012 | 2,032,892 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | PBZ | 1996-01-17 13:00:00 | 1996-01-18 02:00:00 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25,000 | 0 | 25,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Ice jams formed on the Wheeling Creek downstream of Wolfhurst, where water had risen to bankfull. Another jam caused open field flooding along Piper Creek. Flooding was also reported along Captina Creek between Steinersville and Powhatan Point due to an ice jam at the mouth of the creek at Powhatan Point. Some homes an... |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep013 | 2,032,893 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | PBZ | 1996-01-18 07:40:00 | 1996-01-18 17:00:00 | 9.333333 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50,000 | 0 | 50,000 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Flooding occurred along the Walhonding River, 5 miles east of Warsaw, behind ice jams. Seventy people were evacuated in Warsaw. Water entered some homes. |
FF_1996_01_OH_ep014 | 2,032,894 | 1,996 | 1 | January | OHIO | OH | OHIO | 1 | 1 | 1 | PBZ | 1996-01-18 18:00:00 | 1996-01-18 22:00:00 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | 0 | 0 | null | Sugar creek near Dover went just out of its banks. An ice buildup in the creek caused the water to rise. A couple of roads were closed and water approached, but did not enter, a nearby home. |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
TORRENT — CONUS Flash-Flood Benchmark (L1–L3), agent-friendly
Traceable, observation-constrained, episode–gauge–watershed testbeds for reproducible flash-flood model intercomparison. This is the paper-matched v1.0 release (companion paper: TORRENT, Earth System Science Data).
Three levels. L1 national NCEI flash-flood episode catalog (1996–2025, 42,466). L2 observation-availability catalog (2021–2025, 5,424). L3 evaluation-ready episode–gauge–watershed testbeds (806; 160 episodes, 208 gauges). Automated funnel on L3: 175 strict → 115 deduplicated → 54 NCEI-confirmed → 31 (return period ≥ 2 yr), then two documented post-selection reviews (flood-control regulation, recent wildfire) give a conservative primary benchmark of 21 testbeds (14 episodes, 21 gauges).
Two headline features
1. Agent-friendly. One flat index (manifest.jsonl) + precomputed
resolve_urls + a machine-readable tool schema (agent/tools.json) and
AGENTS.md. No SDK, no auth. Every funnel stage is a boolean flag you can filter
on (primary_benchmark, is_strict_flash_flood, selected, ncei_confirmed,
rp_ge_2yr, …). See AGENTS.md.
2. Annual auto-expansion. pipeline/expand_l3.py + a GitHub Actions cron
(pipeline/.github/workflows/annual_l3_update.yml) discover newly qualifying
testbeds from each new NCEI year and append them to L3 as light rows
(needs_curation_review=true); pipeline/rebuild_catalog.py refreshes the
Parquet + manifest and pushes here. L3 grows automatically each year; the
human-reviewed primary benchmark is left unchanged. Forcing is fetched on demand
(tools/download_forcing.py) — the code interface, not gigabytes of rasters.
TL;DR for agents
BASE=https://huggingface.co/datasets/skyan1002/flash-flood-benchmark-data/resolve/main
curl -sL "$BASE/manifest.jsonl" -o manifest.jsonl
# the default 21-testbed primary benchmark
jq -c 'select(.level=="L3" and .primary_benchmark==true)
| {testbed_id, station_name, lp3_return_period_yr}' manifest.jsonl
# all files for one testbed
jq -r 'select(.testbed_id=="FF_2025_07_TX_ep002__08165500" and .record_type=="artifact").resolve_url' \
manifest.jsonl | xargs -n1 curl -L -O
Server-side, no download:
curl -sG https://datasets-server.huggingface.co/filter \
--data-urlencode dataset=skyan1002/flash-flood-benchmark-data \
--data-urlencode config=l3_testbeds --data-urlencode split=train \
--data-urlencode "where=\"primary_benchmark\"=true" --data-urlencode length=100
Layout
catalog/ l1_episodes, l2_episodes, l3_testbeds, l3_hwms,
master_metadata (Parquet) + raw_csv/ (comma-safe CSVs)
manifest.{jsonl,csv,parquet}, manifest_schema.json unified L1–L3 index + agent flags
AGENTS.md, agent/tools.json agent guide + tool schema
tools/ find_gauges, download_streamflow, get_watershed,
download_forcing, build_testbed (public-API CLIs)
pipeline/ expand_l3, rebuild_catalog + annual GitHub Actions workflow
testbeds/<ep>/<gage>/ loose light package files
packages/<ep>__<gage>.zip full per-testbed packages
Key columns (L3 records / master_metadata)
primary_benchmark, is_strict_flash_flood, dedup_selected (selected),
ncei_confirmed, rp_ge_2yr, nldi_recovered, regulation_excluded,
postfire_excluded, needs_curation_review, water_balance_flag,
benchmark_tier (A/B evidence label), lp3_return_period_yr, peak_value,
drainage_area_km2, unit_peak_q_cms_km2, hwm_qc, plus space/time keys.
Rules
- Always
curl -L(LFS/CDN redirect). Neverawk/cutthe raw CSVs (embedded commas) — usejqonmanifest.jsonl, the Parquet configs, or/filter. primary_benchmarkis the conservative default;needs_curation_reviewrows are machine-appended candidates pending human curation.
License & citation
CC-BY-4.0. Derived from public USGS (NWIS, STN, NLDI, 3DEP) and NOAA (NCEI Storm
Events, NSSL MRMS/FLASH-CREST) data. See CITATION.cff and cite the companion
paper.
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