spadeMIA/pubmed_preprocessed · Datasets at Hugging Face

label int64	input_ids list	attention_mask list	cleaned_text string
1	[ 783, 3186, 323, 247, 13318, 16571, 3762, 273, 2677, 1025, 7462, 3535, 310, 10800, 3706, 275, 629, 984, 253, 12057, 352, 12758, 281, 6266, 310, 7202, 1157, 285, 275, 629, 984, 1027, 7274, 778, 417, 253, 954, 11906, 523, 13577, 403, 287...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the search for a physically viable theory of quantized gravitation is ongoing ; in part because the physics it ought to describe is unknown , and in part because different approaches may not the most prominent contenders are string theory and loop quantum gravity , with ample literature available on either sides . for ...
1	[ 783, 625, 428, 685, 428, 3578, 428, 1107, 428, 1048, 2892, 273, 253, 1781, 428, 4311, 8166, 7462, 3535, 428, 5149, 313, 305, 88, 2387, 25421, 313, 253, 806, 581, 1157, 246, 2902, 3053, 281, 10196, 275, 7544, 1157, 285, 253, 954, 642...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the more - than - ten - years - long history of the large - scale laser gravitation - wave ( gw ) detectors ( the first one , tama started to operate in 1999 , and the most powerful pair , the two detectors of the ligo project , in 2001 , not to forget about the two european members of the international interferometric...
1	[ 36299, 452, 4546, 247, 7936, 2554, 275, 253, 2022, 2876, 3762, 16936, 273, 253, 1390, 6818, 1107, 1163, 253, 440, 1877, 273, 253, 1027, 43939, 2876, 11813, 970, 34962, 34902, 544, 30581, 1157, 40191, 5032, 15494, 7052, 327, 253, 6242, 2...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	branes have played a fundamental role in the main string theory developments of the last twenty years : the unification of the different perturbative string theories using duality symmetries [ 312 , 495 ] relied strongly on the existence of non - perturbative supersymmetric states carrying ramond - ramond ( rr ) charge...
1	[ 19431, 27569, 14637, 3176, 11678, 275, 253, 15965, 5323, 359, 897, 281, 6266, 253, 16958, 273, 3753, 964, 597, 1646, 281, 3831, 690, 5083, 670, 253, 3607, 273, 253, 3520, 1533, 1223, 616, 1524, 3753, 1646, 281, 47620, 441, 964, 253, 1...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	fundamental constants appear everywhere in the mathematical laws we use to describe the phenomena of nature . they seem to contain some truth about the properties of the physical world while their real nature seem to evade us . the question of the constancy of the constants of physics was probably first addressed by di...
1	[ 783, 5536, 13746, 17660, 281, 3676, 428, 275, 25563, 2605, 3470, 2408, 281, 1979, 494, 9021, 1157, 275, 1798, 275, 253, 2919, 273, 1355, 2193, 273, 253, 270, 75, 1064, 257, 4778, 1269, 964, 4983, 432, 2406, 2193, 273, 253, 7503, 414, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the heavy flavor corrections to deep - inelastic structure functions amount to sizeable contributions , in particular in the region of small values of the bjorken variable x . starting from lower values of the virtuality , over a rather wide kinematic range , their scaling violations are very different from those of th...
1	[ 3899, 932, 285, 5148, 13291, 403, 33079, 275, 3753, 285, 2395, 323, 19999, 5793, 9991, 964, 275, 253, 15316, 2829, 1157, 432, 3284, 337, 313, 288, 2387, 281, 3284, 12652, 313, 26301, 2387, 1157, 627, 403, 11130, 18494, 1157, 818, 11937,...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	metals and metal ions are ubiquitous in nature and account for tremendous chemical diversity . in the periodic table , from element 1 ( h ) to element 109 ( mt ) , there are 84 metals , 7 metalloids , and only 18 nonmetals . the sum of the abundances of al , fe , ca , na , k , mg , and ti in the earth s crust is 25% . ...
1	[ 1542, 14649, 273, 8607, 776, 9666, 985, 2530, 9091, 281, 5100, 285, 1071, 7936, 5323, 273, 12926, 964, 407, 12392, 253, 3200, 273, 20581, 1157, 616, 5497, 790, 1157, 285, 389, 1507, 1157, 35081, 398, 6311, 253, 5044, 4803, 326, 1809, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	for generations of researchers our solar system provided opportunities to establish and test fundamental laws of gravity . by studying the motion of planets , their moons , and comets , astronomers learned the basic rules that govern the dynamics of a system of gravitating bodies . today we apply this knowledge to stud...
1	[ 36911, 1881, 428, 7796, 310, 247, 33079, 1232, 275, 3753, 1157, 285, 310, 671, 6566, 281, 1132, 271, 5667, 2554, 275, 253, 21313, 1157, 9363, 1157, 285, 32992, 273, 1495, 964, 1223, 253, 3625, 2770, 273, 253, 2561, 327, 5787, 1881, 42...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	molecular self - assembly is a ubiquitous process in nature , and is also believed to play an essential role in the emergence , maintenance , and advancement of life . while the primary focus of the research on molecular self - assembly centers on the biomacromolecules ( proteins , nucleic acids , and polysaccharides )...
1	[ 5590, 2646, 10917, 275, 7905, 1887, 1247, 982, 403, 5431, 2783, 347, 4375, 273, 1029, 6488, 4038, 984, 273, 616, 1029, 1516, 29037, 72, 18473, 964, 5185, 342, 436, 973, 428, 4232, 4685, 1157, 352, 310, 7744, 7607, 326, 40491, 10917, 4...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	halogen atoms in haloorganics are typically considered as sites of high electron density because of their high electronegativity . consistent with this well - established understanding , it is commonly accepted that halogen atoms can form attractive interactions by functioning as electron donor sites ( i.e. , nucleophi...
1	[ 454, 1246, 5740, 273, 253, 7936, 5323, 273, 3753, 310, 1754, 327, 767, 33817, 7437, 1163, 6318, 17823, 285, 2087, 39241, 964, 327, 253, 6318, 428, 17823, 1930, 776, 954, 1534, 34574, 497, 2797, 9433, 29100, 6318, 1673, 3762, 1157, 534, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	our present description of the fundamental laws of nature is based on two disconnected pieces : quantum mechanics and general relativity . on the quantum - mechanics side our most significant successes were obtained applying relativistic quantum field theory , which turns out to be the appropriate formalization of ( sp...
1	[ 395, 891, 22765, 763, 625, 685, 2712, 2010, 253, 7370, 447, 1157, 619, 954, 46808, 26616, 15, 9328, 871, 512, 253, 20196, 273, 3753, 1157, 285, 597, 12758, 281, 320, 1878, 22459, 275, 12087, 15, 480, 1368, 1136, 265, 1058, 17407, 4677...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	and i cherish more than anything else the analogies , my most trustworthy masters.they know all the secrets of nature , and they ought to be least neglected in geometry. johannes kepler figure 1artistic impression of cascading sound cones ( in the geometrical acoustics limit ) forming an acoustic black hole when supers...
1	[ 783, 8685, 273, 12320, 18924, 428, 5149, 43673, 982, 310, 387, 776, 3369, 10539, 964, 342, 352, 1157, 247, 48541, 273, 3786, 29356, 1491, 588, 10802, 275, 1157, 6941, 323, 23663, 43673, 474, 6341, 285, 5216, 273, 7936, 11813, 964, 12445...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the era of precision gravitational - wave astrophysics is at our doorstep . with it , a plethora of previously unavailable information will flood in , allowing for unprecedented astrophysical measurements and tests of fundamental theories . nobody would question the importance of more precise astrophysical measurements...
1	[ 249, 697, 954, 2087, 3282, 1157, 18924, 9655, 272, 310, 247, 12786, 1307, 323, 512, 2538, 273, 247, 18924, 1673, 327, 253, 18634, 273, 19302, 7742, 1157, 342, 253, 6158, 3798, 2529, 275, 2426, 273, 23154, 964, 2556, 281, 2087, 39241, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	in its most general sense , gravitational lensing is a collective term for all effects of a gravitational field on the propagation of electromagnetic radiation , with the latter usually described in terms of rays . according to general relativity , the gravitational field is coded in a metric of lorentzian signature on...
1	[ 36642, 11797, 407, 2806, 11385, 556, 14691, 2067, 3672, 273, 18924, 12057, 1580, 253, 2393, 11195, 447, 964, 5323, 273, 2806, 7793, 17823, 3982, 562, 3676, 1157, 5061, 316, 5344, 10291, 875, 8946, 2087, 39241, 1157, 6318, 12057, 1157, 285...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	research inspired by black holes has dominated several areas of gravitational physics since the early seventies . laws of black hole mechanics brought out deep , unsuspected connections between classical general relativity , quantum physics , and statistical mechanics [ 35 , 44 , 45 , 46 ] . in particular , they provid...
1	[ 783, 6349, 273, 22926, 1794, 31271, 7006, 476, 417, 320, 689, 33834, 3706, 436, 14443, 310, 253, 4275, 4735, 273, 1142, 22056, 285, 32208, 964, 323, 1650, 1157, 43734, 46726, 3254, 6012, 432, 10269, 311, 452, 644, 3732, 281, 26640, 2744...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the importance of chiral biaryl compounds can not be overstated ; this motif is the central feature of many ligands and catalysts . for example , phosphoramidites derived from binol have been applied to asymmetric conjugate addition and allylic amination reactions ( figure 1 ) . a large family of binaphthyl - based amm...
1	[ 783, 806, 1480, 5481, 273, 18924, 10212, 313, 305, 8819, 2387, 1157, 7561, 3264, 275, 253, 4260, 4267, 84, 342, 7269, 3216, 428, 1754, 16165, 19045, 544, 28121, 1157, 374, 5032, 1157, 588, 1957, 253, 27798, 318, 273, 247, 13719, 428, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the first direct detection of gravitational waves ( gws ) , widely expected in the mid 2010s with advanced ground - based interferometers [ 219 , 2 ] , will represent the culmination of a fifty - year experimental quest . soon thereafter , newly plentiful gw observations will begin to shed light on the structure , popu...
1	[ 262, 310, 619, 11284, 281, 2278, 4780, 275, 10704, 39241, 1754, 2220, 8847, 5606, 964, 275, 253, 5968, 273, 3811, 10123, 275, 39241, 1157, 359, 403, 1024, 275, 271, 8685, 275, 534, 9416, 6339, 256, 7424, 476, 8069, 320, 2783, 14042, 3...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	it is my pleasure to review progress in numerical relativity based upon characteristic evolution . in the spirit of living reviews in relativity , we are now in an era in which einstein s equations can effectively be considered solved at the local level . several groups , as reported here and in other living reviews , ...
1	[ 70, 14130, 256, 7424, 1957, 247, 9542, 873, 273, 14561, 7898, 8967, 7424, 323, 534, 690, 3242, 390, 16851, 16101, 5482, 403, 1929, 964, 533, 841, 5482, 403, 417, 1900, 7470, 323, 13318, 390, 43673, 1037, 4722, 2718, 1157, 534, 2430, 2...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	einstein s equations represent a complicated set of nonlinear partial differential equations for which some exact or approximate analytical solutions are known . but these solutions are not always suitable for physically or astrophysically interesting systems , which require an accurate description of their relativisti...
1	[ 395, 891, 22765, 763, 625, 685, 2712, 2010, 253, 7370, 447, 1157, 619, 954, 46808, 26616, 964, 597, 871, 512, 253, 20196, 273, 3753, 1157, 285, 597, 12758, 1878, 281, 320, 22459, 275, 12087, 15, 480, 1368, 1136, 265, 1058, 17407, 4677...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	and i cherish more than anything else the analogies , my most trustworthy masters . they know all the secrets of nature , and they ought least to be neglected in geometry. johannes kepler figure 1artistic impression of cascading sound cones ( in the geometrical acoustics limit ) forming an acoustic black hole when supe...
1	[ 783, 10732, 273, 29269, 23579, 5611, 407, 4331, 11194, 2761, 14327, 1107, 3622, 310, 581, 273, 253, 954, 46001, 12342, 1561, 9416, 6339, 256, 3762, 273, 7462, 3535, 964, 954, 273, 253, 4980, 16936, 275, 253, 3762, 403, 1754, 327, 390, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the notion of conformal infinity introduced by penrose almost forty years ago is one of the most fruitful concepts within einstein s theory of gravitation . most of the modern developments in the theory are based on or at least influenced in one way or another by the conformal properties of einstein s equations in gene...
1	[ 255, 253, 673, 273, 253, 4201, 273, 2087, 39241, 313, 650, 2387, 1157, 5661, 16883, 369, 2761, 247, 1930, 2523, 964, 9416, 6339, 858, 10173, 24802, 2538, 273, 2087, 39241, 1157, 824, 347, 253, 24109, 2955, 279, 7170, 273, 33679, 1157, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	at the time of the birth of general relativity ( gr ) , experimental confirmation was almost a side issue . einstein did calculate observable effects of general relativity , such as the perihelion advance of mercury , which he knew to be an unsolved problem , and the deflection of light , which was subsequently verifie...
1	[ 249, 253, 608, 394, 5331, 270, 15, 68, 964, 1157, 1471, 406, 902, 316, 46483, 253, 6242, 273, 8004, 5113, 326, 512, 2647, 310, 4270, 432, 285, 1925, 731, 2624, 15, 3021, 1157, 13112, 375, 390, 13112, 2097, 5258, 307, 2420, 390, 801,...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	in the 5th century b.c . , democritus postulated the existence of smallest objects that all matter is built from and called them cut. thus , atomos or atom means uncuttable or indivisible . according to democritus theory of atomism , though variable in shape , democritus atoms were the hypothetical fundamental constitu...
1	[ 4478, 1365, 6888, 407, 1029, 428, 28519, 9273, 387, 288, 2727, 1342, 428, 826, 687, 1962, 313, 288, 32888, 2387, 275, 6157, 1157, 253, 5825, 77, 968, 403, 21693, 428, 516, 301, 1370, 11975, 1355, 8094, 326, 15582, 253, 278, 17670, 19,...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	initially discovered by high - throughput screening at hoffman - la roche ( hlr ) in 2004 , the nutlins are cis - imidazoline small molecules that inhibit the mdm2-p53 protein protein interaction ( ppi ) . the nutlins have been widely used to study the consequences of inducing the activity of the tumor suppressor p53 w...
1	[ 783, 3200, 285, 2330, 8295, 273, 18924, 10212, 313, 305, 88, 2387, 273, 1881, 428, 15885, 839, 2718, 452, 644, 247, 2022, 2561, 1600, 275, 2087, 39241, 964, 253, 1895, 310, 9542, 4473, 1230, 347, 973, 347, 11076, 1037, 984, 273, 253, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the motion and associated emission of gravitational waves ( gw ) of self - gravitating systems have been a main research interest in general relativity . the problem is complicated conceptually as well as mathematically because of the nonlinearity of the einstein equations . there is no hope in any foreseeable future t...
1	[ 783, 10732, 273, 29269, 23579, 5611, 407, 4331, 11194, 2761, 14327, 1107, 3622, 310, 581, 273, 253, 954, 46001, 12342, 1561, 9416, 6339, 256, 3762, 273, 7462, 3535, 964, 954, 273, 253, 4980, 16936, 275, 253, 3762, 403, 1754, 327, 390, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the notion of conformal infinity introduced by penrose almost forty years ago is one of the most fruitful concepts within einstein s theory of gravitation . most of the modern developments in the theory are based on or at least influenced in one way or another by the conformal properties of einstein s equations in gene...
1	[ 255, 253, 673, 273, 253, 4201, 273, 2087, 39241, 313, 650, 2387, 1157, 5661, 16883, 369, 2761, 247, 1930, 2523, 964, 9416, 6339, 858, 10173, 24802, 2538, 273, 2087, 39241, 1157, 824, 347, 253, 24109, 2955, 279, 7170, 273, 33679, 1157, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	at the time of the birth of general relativity ( gr ) , experimental confirmation was almost a side issue . einstein did calculate observable effects of general relativity , such as the perihelion advance of mercury , which he knew to be an unsolved problem , and the deflection of light , which was subsequently verifie...
1	[ 1542, 253, 6378, 273, 436, 2278, 1157, 29100, 36198, 403, 2718, 4508, 767, 13671, 2280, 29458, 390, 21900, 5113, 326, 403, 275, 2810, 24679, 964, 275, 253, 39668, 1673, 1157, 835, 841, 2718, 23554, 275, 4103, 12940, 1157, 616, 2457, 360...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	for the purposes of this review , relativistic binaries are systems containing two stellar mass degenerate or collapsed objects that are in close orbits . in the galactic field , where these systems evolve in relative isolation , their final properties are set solely by their initial conditions and are the result of ma...
1	[ 20615, 20521, 313, 34244, 2387, 310, 5506, 323, 253, 2471, 273, 337, 15, 22, 3041, 952, 21051, 964, 253, 2440, 273, 18820, 14264, 8709, 273, 253, 19349, 20192, 33410, 34755, 23669, 313, 278, 25192, 2387, 285, 24075, 16570, 342, 45169, 2...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	tuberculosis ( tb ) is responsible for the death of 1.5 million people annually . the development of antibiotic resistant strains of the causal pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis ( mtb ) and comorbidity with immunosuppressive conditions such as hiv and diabetes are major contributors to the current crisis and there is...
1	[ 262, 310, 619, 11284, 281, 2278, 4780, 275, 10704, 39241, 1754, 2220, 8847, 5606, 964, 275, 253, 5968, 273, 3811, 10123, 275, 39241, 1157, 359, 403, 1024, 275, 271, 8685, 275, 534, 9416, 6339, 256, 7424, 476, 8069, 320, 2783, 14042, 3...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	it is my pleasure to review progress in numerical relativity based upon characteristic evolution . in the spirit of living reviews in relativity , we are now in an era in which einstein s equations can effectively be considered solved at the local level . several groups , as reported here and in other living reviews in...
1	[ 454, 22086, 273, 2806, 11385, 556, 7407, 2067, 14138, 2544, 1309, 253, 1390, 767, 4289, 1107, 1163, 1223, 253, 3644, 6114, 273, 8555, 14440, 285, 826, 5070, 497, 7960, 12258, 347, 19532, 1005, 273, 747, 1299, 256, 1569, 273, 12926, 285,...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	our conception of black holes has experienced several dramatic changes during the last two hundred years : while the dark stars of michell and laplace were merely regarded as peculiarities of newton s law of gravity and his corpuscular theory of light , black holes are nowadays widely believed to exist in our universe ...
1	[ 7054, 10489, 84, 275, 4980, 4302, 452, 1160, 1896, 253, 5140, 273, 6685, 1781, 16165, 19045, 1097, 327, 253, 3216, 285, 275, 2317, 323, 253, 5481, 285, 8310, 273, 18924, 10212, 313, 305, 8819, 2387, 964, 2067, 3216, 428, 1754, 25421, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	breakthroughs in modern technology have made possible the construction of extremely large interferometers both on the ground and in space for the detection and observation of gravitational waves ( gws ) . several ground - based detectors around the globe have been operational for several years , and are now in the proc...
1	[ 2666, 23448, 253, 17947, 273, 253, 10325, 476, 320, 2684, 407, 247, 5235, 273, 21899, 19432, 285, 3082, 689, 247, 4618, 2491, 273, 253, 25738, 1163, 253, 3276, 30393, 3711, 273, 253, 23147, 23225, 4114, 313, 260, 1814, 2387, 1157, 253, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	nowadays the exploration of the universe can be performed by a variety of observational probes and methods over a wide range of the wavelengths : the temperature anisotropy map of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) , the hubble diagrams of nearby galaxies and distant type ia supernovae , wide - field photometric a...
1	[ 20522, 375, 6771, 310, 247, 2234, 31239, 275, 7418, 1774, 13081, 375, 35679, 285, 16067, 16033, 18936, 684, 1157, 835, 352, 476, 320, 2057, 428, 390, 428, 16862, 964, 5727, 253, 3438, 1511, 273, 24637, 476, 320, 27340, 8038, 949, 253, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	glucosamine is a key constituent in numerous important oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates , where it can be either - or -linked . whereas the former type of linkage can be reliably installed through the use of neighboring - group participation of a c-2-amide- or carbamate - based protecting group , the latter type co...
1	[ 5695, 428, 18107, 5869, 313, 209, 17638, 2387, 2718, 18, 390, 3739, 25497, 403, 21896, 275, 3382, 6349, 1955, 281, 253, 3629, 6095, 323, 7200, 285, 5252, 273, 9205, 12214, 964, 841, 7274, 275, 4382, 428, 21075, 5869, 313, 6483, 2387, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	image - guided surgery ( igs ) systems1 or medical robots are gaining in clinical importance due to the increasing requirements for accuracy and safety of surgical interventions . these approaches in computer - assisted surgery ( cas ) are mostly based on a three - dimensional ( 3d ) image representation of the patient...
1	[ 85, 11656, 1974, 498, 1100, 403, 247, 966, 273, 18042, 342, 3862, 6637, 38122, 2425, 14517, 18, 2387, 1580, 253, 12940, 273, 697, 806, 3558, 1157, 10410, 302, 11656, 46893, 313, 337, 1157, 4677, 337, 2387, 1157, 432, 253, 4466, 26425, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	tetracyclines are a class of antibiotics with broad spectrum antibacterial activity.(1 ) since the isolation of its first member , chlorotetracycline ( 1 , figure 1 ) , from the culture broth of streptomyces,(2 ) several generations of tetracycline analogs have been discovered and used to treat infections caused by a w...
1	[ 10394, 280, 43552, 45481, 2056, 46784, 313, 3574, 390, 43552, 2387, 310, 247, 8984, 273, 7026, 7248, 7943, 407, 253, 19501, 273, 1881, 428, 13761, 964, 253, 48663, 273, 2710, 1547, 7909, 285, 7842, 19147, 762, 253, 4833, 342, 29498, 281...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle or lupus ) is a disorder of immune regulation characterized by the breakdown of self - tolerance . the complexities of various humoral and cellular abnormalities under the influence with predisposing genetic , sex hormonal and environmental factors have been reported in pathogenesis o...
1	[ 20844, 44289, 28151, 313, 298, 793, 2387, 310, 247, 33379, 1037, 4122, 4623, 22471, 532, 301, 4441, 275, 253, 8346, 10617, 1059, 273, 253, 894, 6384, 273, 29975, 428, 4016, 9574, 964, 298, 793, 310, 5667, 323, 1142, 3470, 273, 253, 10...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	lipopolysaccharide ( lps ) is a biomedically highly relevant glycolipid located in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane of gram - negative bacteria . lps is essential for many functions of the bacterial membrane , providing stability , a protective shield , and permeation control , and is thus indispensable for the v...
1	[ 13928, 4154, 310, 253, 48087, 10234, 273, 253, 305, 8592, 12616, 2343, 348, 9900, 8306, 384, 1947, 1157, 908, 407, 355, 6291, 9416, 6339, 281, 6266, 521, 4154, 1411, 253, 6387, 273, 3839, 428, 43359, 7424, 323, 253, 18924, 1673, 1157, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	hole argument is the english translation of the german phrase lochbetrachtung , used by albert einstein to describe his argument against the possibility of generally - covariant equations for the gravitational field , developed in late 1913 and accepted until late 1915 . einstein realized the desirability of general co...
1	[ 783, 12037, 285, 20828, 273, 30593, 14, 313, 247, 2387, 15015, 310, 6566, 281, 320, 581, 273, 253, 6944, 5997, 273, 355, 22110, 256, 2728, 313, 519, 2387, 1157, 534, 310, 253, 954, 1846, 1921, 323, 9699, 10343, 275, 253, 13988, 964, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid- ( a ) peptides is believed to be one of the underlying causes of alzheimer s disease ( ad ) , which is the most common reason for cognitive decline in the elderly . ad pathology is characterized by the presence of extracellular plaques in the hippocampal and cortical regions...
1	[ 783, 9493, 2440, 273, 8166, 16165, 19045, 323, 2898, 347, 18924, 428, 5149, 25421, 556, 3206, 253, 5019, 273, 4942, 2969, 5748, 8790, 24926, 715, 625, 285, 625, 2570, 25502, 964, 253, 2060, 3603, 326, 38530, 253, 16165, 19045, 1157, 169...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the historical development of laser interferometers for application as gravitational - wave detectors has involved the combination of relatively simple optical subsystems into more and more complex assemblies . the individual elements that compose the interferometers , including mirrors , beam splitters , lasers , modu...
1	[ 783, 10410, 34731, 9356, 23008, 26685, 278, 68, 4904, 285, 374, 13, 21, 14, 69, 403, 9856, 323, 247, 2491, 273, 17340, 285, 16252, 4648, 7106, 327, 1453, 273, 1501, 37114, 290, 3862, 26342, 41723, 964, 1580, 6585, 1157, 374, 13, 21, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the chlorophenoxy herbicides mcpa and 2,4-d are registered for a range of agricultural and residential uses focused on control of postemergent broadleaf weeds . since 2001 , 2,4-d has been the most commonly used herbicide in the residential market at 8 to 11 million pounds annually and is the seventh most commonly used...
1	[ 783, 1578, 76, 2259, 19788, 313, 4901, 20332, 4195, 886, 1514, 1157, 331, 38428, 26494, 1157, 465, 282, 1768, 50019, 36500, 1157, 913, 7795, 13385, 18927, 25331, 2886, 1157, 10585, 31911, 38143, 1157, 285, 4901, 13385, 3417, 2387, 403, 55...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the eskape pathogens ( enterococcus faecium , staphylococcus aureus , klebsiella pneumoniae , acinetobacter baumannii , pseudomonas aeruginosa , and enterobacter species ) are responsible for 51% of all u.s . s. aureus accounts for 16% of hais and is responsible for more deaths in the u.s . the organism s high morbidit...
1	[ 783, 4836, 273, 2677, 3006, 2087, 39241, 310, 581, 273, 253, 16383, 3237, 273, 4980, 10527, 12057, 964, 9437, 281, 42853, 6318, 3762, 285, 2087, 39241, 3522, 896, 281, 253, 17437, 84, 313, 923, 323, 247, 9493, 2278, 2387, 1157, 285, 8...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the task of quantizing general relativity is one of the outstanding problems of modern theoretical physics . attempts to reconcile quantum theory and general relativity date back to the 1930s ( see for a historical review ) , and decades of hard work have yielded an abundance of insights into quantum field theory , fro...
1	[ 32202, 695, 11893, 313, 642, 2387, 310, 271, 1774, 7534, 1273, 31267, 275, 7497, 1157, 534, 7120, 247, 4619, 2554, 275, 894, 285, 16069, 7601, 1157, 2614, 3473, 7248, 1157, 285, 253, 7026, 2380, 964, 642, 310, 4197, 432, 16664, 273, 2...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	nitric oxide ( no ) is an important biological second messenger in humans , which plays a critical role in cell and neuronal signaling , blood pressure regulation , and the immune response . no is produced from oxidation of l - arginine ( l - arg ) in the presence of nadph by a class of heme - dependent enzymes , nitri...
1	[ 79, 428, 9758, 428, 277, 428, 44928, 366, 313, 9153, 1473, 2387, 10185, 403, 2758, 273, 253, 2021, 273, 7235, 32801, 29204, 10185, 326, 28641, 43740, 34254, 2230, 964, 9153, 1473, 10185, 403, 14864, 3358, 6555, 25502, 273, 767, 1289, 32...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	n - methyl - d - aspartate ( nmda ) receptors are members of the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate excitatory neurotransmission . nmda receptors are tetrameric assemblies of two glun1 subunits , which bind the coagonist glycine , and two glun2 subunits , which bind glutamate . both glun1 and glun2 s...
1	[ 68, 18568, 48671, 275, 32819, 556, 23499, 8542, 9099, 275, 5859, 285, 4302, 1157, 285, 352, 671, 11852, 776, 15363, 2793, 964, 581, 4755, 1650, 310, 253, 4702, 273, 6749, 1157, 534, 16178, 4156, 16958, 824, 347, 7952, 1818, 1157, 347, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	crystal nucleation in liquids has countless practical consequences in science and technology , and it also affects our everyday experience . one obvious example is the formation of ice , which influences global phenomena such as climate change , as well as processes happening at the nanoscale , such as intracellular fr...
1	[ 14641, 16080, 49942, 49968, 313, 295, 6113, 2387, 452, 4546, 247, 30847, 2554, 275, 1097, 7936, 2561, 285, 275, 20417, 4893, 689, 253, 1390, 1884, 1107, 964, 3063, 1157, 247, 8870, 13506, 2746, 281, 295, 68, 310, 273, 34497, 6349, 1955,...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	colloidal nanocrystals ( ncs ) have played a pivotal role in both fundamental research and in technological applications over the last 30 years . today , a rational synthetic approach to nc is of utmost importance due to the growing demand for nanomaterials having compositional diversity and that need to be engineered ...
1	[ 783, 30481, 24108, 1157, 12865, 21592, 398, 3557, 1578, 1291, 290, 360, 5499, 964, 1157, 247, 9279, 326, 310, 2223, 4127, 347, 247, 21436, 1157, 310, 7561, 8228, 1475, 253, 1533, 285, 16988, 247, 2201, 17340, 4491, 964, 11762, 1157, 352...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the cultivated tomato , lycopersicon esculentum mill . , a fruit that is often treated as a vegetable , is widely grown around the world and constitutes a major agricultural industry . worldwide , it is the second most consumed vegetable after potato ( faostat 2005 ; http: / / faostat.fao.org ) and unquestionably the m...
1	[ 5375, 566, 26347, 1157, 6867, 323, 1142, 1027, 1363, 342, 5928, 29931, 1157, 39288, 9184, 432, 2410, 22480, 26347, 964, 281, 17093, 1157, 247, 1180, 273, 7561, 908, 285, 5919, 1331, 3557, 87, 7228, 386, 5835, 7278, 5928, 26347, 275, 136...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	absence seizures , typical for many different patients with absence epilepsy , principally differ from convulsive seizures . to illustrate , a number of widely used and efficient anticonvulsant drugs enhance absence seizures in patients and in the genetic absence models and ethosuximide is only effective in suppressing...
1	[ 12642, 1376, 1360, 9969, 8046, 247, 30708, 285, 15246, 2289, 281, 12344, 6711, 33783, 390, 44632, 33783, 8708, 7006, 964, 10214, 281, 6776, 1320, 9969, 1157, 275, 534, 247, 2014, 5533, 310, 4447, 1157, 253, 47947, 273, 6776, 1376, 1360, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	cycloaddition reactions enable a versatile and straightforward access to carbocyclic or heterocyclic organic compounds . contrary to cyclization reactions , in which a single bond is formed , the hallmark of cycloaddition reactions is the formation of two or more bonds in a single operation . commonly , olefins serve a...
1	[ 284, 5544, 275, 625, 2508, 275, 776, 2045, 1304, 1157, 275, 253, 2282, 273, 247, 9273, 4544, 273, 747, 5793, 14429, 1411, 18023, 6083, 1157, 7006, 337, 285, 374, 497, 1119, 3939, 327, 776, 2644, 894, 47151, 6581, 14970, 6981, 313, 467...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	as explained in more detail in our previous report , in the course of a screening campaign of new chemical entities against infectious agents , compounds 1 and 2 were found active on our whole cell measles virus replication assay ( figure 1 ) . an initial structure activity study led to confirmation of the potential of...
1	[ 12158, 262, 1050, 10212, 1157, 581, 273, 253, 625, 26015, 13650, 273, 9416, 6339, 256, 2087, 3762, 273, 39241, 778, 1157, 846, 8007, 273, 16305, 689, 616, 6242, 1157, 320, 5189, 1561, 253, 1735, 2620, 1107, 964, 4973, 824, 347, 18745, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	gravitational waves , one of the more exotic predictions of einstein s general theory of relativity may , after decades of controversy over their existence , be detected within the next five years . sources such as interacting black holes , coalescing compact binary systems , stellar collapses and pulsars are all possi...
1	[ 11006, 9862, 1157, 271, 1774, 4445, 273, 24537, 11979, 1157, 310, 247, 33079, 3167, 2380, 281, 5639, 3520, 285, 1227, 390, 5793, 7881, 1157, 45573, 19788, 390, 4408, 4975, 1157, 9142, 4186, 839, 253, 2603, 273, 26744, 1157, 2827, 18535, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	inflammation , an important component of innate immunity , is a ubiquitous host response to foreign physical and / or chemical challenges , invading pathogens or tissue injury , ultimately isolating the source of disturbance , eradicating infection , and restoring normal tissue structure and function ( homeostasis ) . ...
1	[ 783, 21744, 811, 23897, 4988, 511, 313, 246, 72, 2387, 2021, 3797, 7457, 26663, 955, 1157, 4314, 273, 534, 403, 6310, 1767, 1037, 20566, 313, 246, 72, 1166, 285, 2803, 1269, 2886, 571, 2387, 1157, 5727, 581, 313, 3961, 577, 15, 19, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the mammalian transglutaminase ( tg ) family includes nine homologues , eight of which are catalytically competent ( tg17 and factor xiiia ) , whereas one ( band 4.2 ) is devoid of any known catalytic activity . these enzymes catalyze posttranslational modifications of selected glutamine residues on target peptides or ...
1	[ 783, 9682, 2473, 985, 310, 1160, 598, 273, 2614, 12671, 326, 2714, 907, 275, 5277, 7944, 342, 7768, 1157, 23491, 1157, 285, 23884, 281, 33292, 2133, 3276, 1157, 815, 1157, 285, 3021, 6558, 25641, 964, 253, 2440, 273, 247, 14242, 11172, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	the circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that specialize in providing tissues with oxygen , nutrients , and hormones to stabilize body temperature , ph , and thus maintain homeostasis . the development of a mature vascular system is a multifaceted process divided into two separate stages . the first is vascul...
1	[ 24330, 27909, 8984, 313, 278, 1678, 2387, 310, 253, 2014, 6459, 2847, 273, 12564, 285, 21055, 275, 43570, 285, 2872, 33428, 313, 25308, 1988, 1162, 355, 964, 1157, 5403, 2387, 1157, 285, 310, 2330, 342, 2675, 285, 11073, 15151, 1157, 28...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	major depressive disorder ( mdd ) is the single greatest cause of disability and morbidity in adolescence and young adulthood ( jamison et al . , 2006 ) , and is associated with social and academic impairment , and recurrent illness through adulthood ( birmaher et al . by the time a young person reaches 25 years of age...
1	[ 13734, 528, 9329, 39093, 26915, 310, 253, 22335, 954, 1774, 13506, 7622, 281, 7923, 15218, 621, 285, 310, 908, 281, 4711, 11762, 670, 818, 15, 22, 3041, 7982, 16298, 273, 6079, 7923, 964, 432, 247, 625, 8249, 1127, 273, 9162, 1157, 39...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	aqueous radical emulsion polymerization is the technically most important synthetic route to polymer dispersions and is used to produce worldwide about 7.5 million metric tons of dry polymer . from a more scientific point of classification , emulsion polymerization belongs to the class of heterophase polymerizations , ...
1	[ 486, 428, 2905, 5315, 792, 27939, 313, 717, 69, 2387, 310, 253, 4283, 2847, 273, 44868, 323, 4292, 10652, 3925, 1107, 390, 5662, 964, 271, 5998, 1903, 3041, 952, 275, 253, 25536, 3054, 11089, 342, 717, 69, 1157, 285, 436, 1180, 310, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) is the leading cause of blindness for individuals aged 60 years or older . an estimated 11 million people in the united states suffer with amd , and this number is expected to increase to 22 million individuals by 2050 because of the projected demographic expansion of the agin...
1	[ 18372, 9, 324, 81, 428, 9412, 583, 10, 47712, 511, 14, 18, 313, 1061, 81, 14, 18, 2387, 310, 271, 17829, 1157, 18523, 4087, 4469, 6069, 2601, 326, 310, 5506, 323, 253, 9363, 285, 8706, 273, 277, 2072, 4723, 964, 1061, 81, 14, 18, ...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	poly(adp - ribose)polymerase-1 ( parp-1 ) is an abundant , ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein that is responsible for the maintenance and repair of dna damage . parp-1 is the founding member of an expanded family of related proteins with similar enzymatic activity . parp-1 utilizes nad as a substrate to synthesize ...
1	[ 1221, 989, 285, 17902, 5162, 4419, 326, 690, 5304, 9130, 13280, 247, 4872, 6779, 273, 5304, 6298, 964, 2299, 1157, 2625, 6322, 2439, 40041, 285, 3066, 24147, 5978, 310, 26557, 14561, 285, 9004, 5411, 964, 436, 9004, 1877, 940, 8707, 253...	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1...	retinal and cortical processing requires that some visual pathways retain a linear representation of visual signals . however , signal transmission across synapses and via spike generation is inherently nonlinear and rectifying . this rectification distorts the original visual signal and can destroy information in a gi...

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the search for a physically viable theory of quantized gravitation is ongoing ; in part because the physics it ought to describe is unknown , and in part because different approaches may not the most prominent contenders are string theory and loop quantum gravity , with ample literature available on either sides . for ...

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the more - than - ten - years - long history of the large - scale laser gravitation - wave ( gw ) detectors ( the first one , tama started to operate in 1999 , and the most powerful pair , the two detectors of the ligo project , in 2001 , not to forget about the two european members of the international interferometric...

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branes have played a fundamental role in the main string theory developments of the last twenty years : the unification of the different perturbative string theories using duality symmetries [ 312 , 495 ] relied strongly on the existence of non - perturbative supersymmetric states carrying ramond - ramond ( rr ) charge...

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fundamental constants appear everywhere in the mathematical laws we use to describe the phenomena of nature . they seem to contain some truth about the properties of the physical world while their real nature seem to evade us . the question of the constancy of the constants of physics was probably first addressed by di...

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the heavy flavor corrections to deep - inelastic structure functions amount to sizeable contributions , in particular in the region of small values of the bjorken variable x . starting from lower values of the virtuality , over a rather wide kinematic range , their scaling violations are very different from those of th...

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metals and metal ions are ubiquitous in nature and account for tremendous chemical diversity . in the periodic table , from element 1 ( h ) to element 109 ( mt ) , there are 84 metals , 7 metalloids , and only 18 nonmetals . the sum of the abundances of al , fe , ca , na , k , mg , and ti in the earth s crust is 25% . ...

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for generations of researchers our solar system provided opportunities to establish and test fundamental laws of gravity . by studying the motion of planets , their moons , and comets , astronomers learned the basic rules that govern the dynamics of a system of gravitating bodies . today we apply this knowledge to stud...

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molecular self - assembly is a ubiquitous process in nature , and is also believed to play an essential role in the emergence , maintenance , and advancement of life . while the primary focus of the research on molecular self - assembly centers on the biomacromolecules ( proteins , nucleic acids , and polysaccharides )...

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halogen atoms in haloorganics are typically considered as sites of high electron density because of their high electronegativity . consistent with this well - established understanding , it is commonly accepted that halogen atoms can form attractive interactions by functioning as electron donor sites ( i.e. , nucleophi...

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our present description of the fundamental laws of nature is based on two disconnected pieces : quantum mechanics and general relativity . on the quantum - mechanics side our most significant successes were obtained applying relativistic quantum field theory , which turns out to be the appropriate formalization of ( sp...

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and i cherish more than anything else the analogies , my most trustworthy masters.they know all the secrets of nature , and they ought to be least neglected in geometry. johannes kepler figure 1artistic impression of cascading sound cones ( in the geometrical acoustics limit ) forming an acoustic black hole when supers...

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the era of precision gravitational - wave astrophysics is at our doorstep . with it , a plethora of previously unavailable information will flood in , allowing for unprecedented astrophysical measurements and tests of fundamental theories . nobody would question the importance of more precise astrophysical measurements...

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in its most general sense , gravitational lensing is a collective term for all effects of a gravitational field on the propagation of electromagnetic radiation , with the latter usually described in terms of rays . according to general relativity , the gravitational field is coded in a metric of lorentzian signature on...

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research inspired by black holes has dominated several areas of gravitational physics since the early seventies . laws of black hole mechanics brought out deep , unsuspected connections between classical general relativity , quantum physics , and statistical mechanics [ 35 , 44 , 45 , 46 ] . in particular , they provid...

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the importance of chiral biaryl compounds can not be overstated ; this motif is the central feature of many ligands and catalysts . for example , phosphoramidites derived from binol have been applied to asymmetric conjugate addition and allylic amination reactions ( figure 1 ) . a large family of binaphthyl - based amm...

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the first direct detection of gravitational waves ( gws ) , widely expected in the mid 2010s with advanced ground - based interferometers [ 219 , 2 ] , will represent the culmination of a fifty - year experimental quest . soon thereafter , newly plentiful gw observations will begin to shed light on the structure , popu...

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it is my pleasure to review progress in numerical relativity based upon characteristic evolution . in the spirit of living reviews in relativity , we are now in an era in which einstein s equations can effectively be considered solved at the local level . several groups , as reported here and in other living reviews , ...

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einstein s equations represent a complicated set of nonlinear partial differential equations for which some exact or approximate analytical solutions are known . but these solutions are not always suitable for physically or astrophysically interesting systems , which require an accurate description of their relativisti...

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and i cherish more than anything else the analogies , my most trustworthy masters . they know all the secrets of nature , and they ought least to be neglected in geometry. johannes kepler figure 1artistic impression of cascading sound cones ( in the geometrical acoustics limit ) forming an acoustic black hole when supe...

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the notion of conformal infinity introduced by penrose almost forty years ago is one of the most fruitful concepts within einstein s theory of gravitation . most of the modern developments in the theory are based on or at least influenced in one way or another by the conformal properties of einstein s equations in gene...

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at the time of the birth of general relativity ( gr ) , experimental confirmation was almost a side issue . einstein did calculate observable effects of general relativity , such as the perihelion advance of mercury , which he knew to be an unsolved problem , and the deflection of light , which was subsequently verifie...

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in the 5th century b.c . , democritus postulated the existence of smallest objects that all matter is built from and called them cut. thus , atomos or atom means uncuttable or indivisible . according to democritus theory of atomism , though variable in shape , democritus atoms were the hypothetical fundamental constitu...

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initially discovered by high - throughput screening at hoffman - la roche ( hlr ) in 2004 , the nutlins are cis - imidazoline small molecules that inhibit the mdm2-p53 protein protein interaction ( ppi ) . the nutlins have been widely used to study the consequences of inducing the activity of the tumor suppressor p53 w...

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the motion and associated emission of gravitational waves ( gw ) of self - gravitating systems have been a main research interest in general relativity . the problem is complicated conceptually as well as mathematically because of the nonlinearity of the einstein equations . there is no hope in any foreseeable future t...

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the notion of conformal infinity introduced by penrose almost forty years ago is one of the most fruitful concepts within einstein s theory of gravitation . most of the modern developments in the theory are based on or at least influenced in one way or another by the conformal properties of einstein s equations in gene...

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at the time of the birth of general relativity ( gr ) , experimental confirmation was almost a side issue . einstein did calculate observable effects of general relativity , such as the perihelion advance of mercury , which he knew to be an unsolved problem , and the deflection of light , which was subsequently verifie...

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for the purposes of this review , relativistic binaries are systems containing two stellar mass degenerate or collapsed objects that are in close orbits . in the galactic field , where these systems evolve in relative isolation , their final properties are set solely by their initial conditions and are the result of ma...

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tuberculosis ( tb ) is responsible for the death of 1.5 million people annually . the development of antibiotic resistant strains of the causal pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis ( mtb ) and comorbidity with immunosuppressive conditions such as hiv and diabetes are major contributors to the current crisis and there is...

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it is my pleasure to review progress in numerical relativity based upon characteristic evolution . in the spirit of living reviews in relativity , we are now in an era in which einstein s equations can effectively be considered solved at the local level . several groups , as reported here and in other living reviews in...

1

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our conception of black holes has experienced several dramatic changes during the last two hundred years : while the dark stars of michell and laplace were merely regarded as peculiarities of newton s law of gravity and his corpuscular theory of light , black holes are nowadays widely believed to exist in our universe ...

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breakthroughs in modern technology have made possible the construction of extremely large interferometers both on the ground and in space for the detection and observation of gravitational waves ( gws ) . several ground - based detectors around the globe have been operational for several years , and are now in the proc...

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nowadays the exploration of the universe can be performed by a variety of observational probes and methods over a wide range of the wavelengths : the temperature anisotropy map of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) , the hubble diagrams of nearby galaxies and distant type ia supernovae , wide - field photometric a...

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glucosamine is a key constituent in numerous important oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates , where it can be either - or -linked . whereas the former type of linkage can be reliably installed through the use of neighboring - group participation of a c-2-amide- or carbamate - based protecting group , the latter type co...

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image - guided surgery ( igs ) systems1 or medical robots are gaining in clinical importance due to the increasing requirements for accuracy and safety of surgical interventions . these approaches in computer - assisted surgery ( cas ) are mostly based on a three - dimensional ( 3d ) image representation of the patient...

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tetracyclines are a class of antibiotics with broad spectrum antibacterial activity.(1 ) since the isolation of its first member , chlorotetracycline ( 1 , figure 1 ) , from the culture broth of streptomyces,(2 ) several generations of tetracycline analogs have been discovered and used to treat infections caused by a w...

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systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle or lupus ) is a disorder of immune regulation characterized by the breakdown of self - tolerance . the complexities of various humoral and cellular abnormalities under the influence with predisposing genetic , sex hormonal and environmental factors have been reported in pathogenesis o...

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lipopolysaccharide ( lps ) is a biomedically highly relevant glycolipid located in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane of gram - negative bacteria . lps is essential for many functions of the bacterial membrane , providing stability , a protective shield , and permeation control , and is thus indispensable for the v...

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hole argument is the english translation of the german phrase lochbetrachtung , used by albert einstein to describe his argument against the possibility of generally - covariant equations for the gravitational field , developed in late 1913 and accepted until late 1915 . einstein realized the desirability of general co...

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the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid- ( a ) peptides is believed to be one of the underlying causes of alzheimer s disease ( ad ) , which is the most common reason for cognitive decline in the elderly . ad pathology is characterized by the presence of extracellular plaques in the hippocampal and cortical regions...

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the historical development of laser interferometers for application as gravitational - wave detectors has involved the combination of relatively simple optical subsystems into more and more complex assemblies . the individual elements that compose the interferometers , including mirrors , beam splitters , lasers , modu...

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the chlorophenoxy herbicides mcpa and 2,4-d are registered for a range of agricultural and residential uses focused on control of postemergent broadleaf weeds . since 2001 , 2,4-d has been the most commonly used herbicide in the residential market at 8 to 11 million pounds annually and is the seventh most commonly used...

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the eskape pathogens ( enterococcus faecium , staphylococcus aureus , klebsiella pneumoniae , acinetobacter baumannii , pseudomonas aeruginosa , and enterobacter species ) are responsible for 51% of all u.s . s. aureus accounts for 16% of hais and is responsible for more deaths in the u.s . the organism s high morbidit...

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the task of quantizing general relativity is one of the outstanding problems of modern theoretical physics . attempts to reconcile quantum theory and general relativity date back to the 1930s ( see for a historical review ) , and decades of hard work have yielded an abundance of insights into quantum field theory , fro...

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nitric oxide ( no ) is an important biological second messenger in humans , which plays a critical role in cell and neuronal signaling , blood pressure regulation , and the immune response . no is produced from oxidation of l - arginine ( l - arg ) in the presence of nadph by a class of heme - dependent enzymes , nitri...

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n - methyl - d - aspartate ( nmda ) receptors are members of the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate excitatory neurotransmission . nmda receptors are tetrameric assemblies of two glun1 subunits , which bind the coagonist glycine , and two glun2 subunits , which bind glutamate . both glun1 and glun2 s...

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crystal nucleation in liquids has countless practical consequences in science and technology , and it also affects our everyday experience . one obvious example is the formation of ice , which influences global phenomena such as climate change , as well as processes happening at the nanoscale , such as intracellular fr...

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colloidal nanocrystals ( ncs ) have played a pivotal role in both fundamental research and in technological applications over the last 30 years . today , a rational synthetic approach to nc is of utmost importance due to the growing demand for nanomaterials having compositional diversity and that need to be engineered ...

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the cultivated tomato , lycopersicon esculentum mill . , a fruit that is often treated as a vegetable , is widely grown around the world and constitutes a major agricultural industry . worldwide , it is the second most consumed vegetable after potato ( faostat 2005 ; http: / / faostat.fao.org ) and unquestionably the m...

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absence seizures , typical for many different patients with absence epilepsy , principally differ from convulsive seizures . to illustrate , a number of widely used and efficient anticonvulsant drugs enhance absence seizures in patients and in the genetic absence models and ethosuximide is only effective in suppressing...

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cycloaddition reactions enable a versatile and straightforward access to carbocyclic or heterocyclic organic compounds . contrary to cyclization reactions , in which a single bond is formed , the hallmark of cycloaddition reactions is the formation of two or more bonds in a single operation . commonly , olefins serve a...

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as explained in more detail in our previous report , in the course of a screening campaign of new chemical entities against infectious agents , compounds 1 and 2 were found active on our whole cell measles virus replication assay ( figure 1 ) . an initial structure activity study led to confirmation of the potential of...

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gravitational waves , one of the more exotic predictions of einstein s general theory of relativity may , after decades of controversy over their existence , be detected within the next five years . sources such as interacting black holes , coalescing compact binary systems , stellar collapses and pulsars are all possi...

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inflammation , an important component of innate immunity , is a ubiquitous host response to foreign physical and / or chemical challenges , invading pathogens or tissue injury , ultimately isolating the source of disturbance , eradicating infection , and restoring normal tissue structure and function ( homeostasis ) . ...

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the mammalian transglutaminase ( tg ) family includes nine homologues , eight of which are catalytically competent ( tg17 and factor xiiia ) , whereas one ( band 4.2 ) is devoid of any known catalytic activity . these enzymes catalyze posttranslational modifications of selected glutamine residues on target peptides or ...

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the circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that specialize in providing tissues with oxygen , nutrients , and hormones to stabilize body temperature , ph , and thus maintain homeostasis . the development of a mature vascular system is a multifaceted process divided into two separate stages . the first is vascul...

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major depressive disorder ( mdd ) is the single greatest cause of disability and morbidity in adolescence and young adulthood ( jamison et al . , 2006 ) , and is associated with social and academic impairment , and recurrent illness through adulthood ( birmaher et al . by the time a young person reaches 25 years of age...

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aqueous radical emulsion polymerization is the technically most important synthetic route to polymer dispersions and is used to produce worldwide about 7.5 million metric tons of dry polymer . from a more scientific point of classification , emulsion polymerization belongs to the class of heterophase polymerizations , ...

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age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) is the leading cause of blindness for individuals aged 60 years or older . an estimated 11 million people in the united states suffer with amd , and this number is expected to increase to 22 million individuals by 2050 because of the projected demographic expansion of the agin...

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poly(adp - ribose)polymerase-1 ( parp-1 ) is an abundant , ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein that is responsible for the maintenance and repair of dna damage . parp-1 is the founding member of an expanded family of related proteins with similar enzymatic activity . parp-1 utilizes nad as a substrate to synthesize ...

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retinal and cortical processing requires that some visual pathways retain a linear representation of visual signals . however , signal transmission across synapses and via spike generation is inherently nonlinear and rectifying . this rectification distorts the original visual signal and can destroy information in a gi...