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ai2026-claude-opus-5-0 | ai | claude-opus-5 | encyclopedic | Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis is the biological process by which plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds. In its most common form, oxygenic photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are used to synthesize carbohydrates, with molecular oxygen released as a by-product; th... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Photosynthesis. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-1 | ai | claude-opus-5 | academic | tumour microenvironment in colorectal cancer | Immunohistochemical profiling of the 214 resected primary tumours revealed marked heterogeneity in stromal composition, with the fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-positive area fraction ranging from 2.1% to 38.7% (median 11.4%, IQR 6.8–19.2%). Tumours stratified above the median FAP burden exhibited a 2.4-fold reduct... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on tumour microenvironment in colorectal cancer. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-2 | ai | claude-opus-5 | encyclopedic | Jazz | Jazz is a musical genre that originated in the African American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It emerged from a confluence of traditions, including blues, ragtime, spirituals, work songs, brass band marches, and elements of European harmony and instrumentat... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Jazz. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-3 | ai | claude-opus-5 | academic | antimicrobial resistance in hospital isolates | Among the 1,482 Gram-negative isolates recovered from inpatient specimens between January 2021 and December 2023, *Klebsiella pneumoniae* accounted for 38.7% (n=574), followed by *Escherichia coli* at 31.2% (n=462) and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* at 14.5% (n=215). Carbapenem non-susceptibility among *K. pneumoniae* rose f... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on antimicrobial resistance in hospital isolates. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-4 | ai | claude-opus-5 | encyclopedic | Great Barrier Reef | The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, extending roughly 2,300 kilometres along the northeast coast of Queensland, Australia, in the Coral Sea. It comprises approximately 2,900 individual reefs and around 900 islands, covering an area of some 344,400 square kilometres. The structure lies on th... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Great Barrier Reef. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-5 | ai | claude-opus-5 | academic | cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction | Echocardiographic assessment at 28 days post-ligation demonstrated marked deterioration of systolic function in untreated infarcted animals, with left ventricular ejection fraction falling from 68.4 ± 3.1% at baseline to 31.7 ± 4.6% (Fig. 2A), accompanied by a 42% increase in end-diastolic volume (Fig. 2B). Treatment w... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-6 | ai | claude-opus-5 | encyclopedic | Impressionism | Impressionism was a movement in painting that emerged in France during the 1860s and 1870s and is widely regarded as a decisive turning point toward modern art. Its practitioners, among them Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas and Paul Cézanne, rejected the ... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Impressionism. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-7 | ai | claude-opus-5 | academic | insulin resistance in gestational diabetes | Whole-body insulin sensitivity, assessed by hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp at 28–30 weeks of gestation, was reduced by 38% in women with gestational diabetes mellitus relative to normoglycaemic pregnant controls (glucose disposal rate 4.1 ± 0.9 versus 6.6 ± 1.2 mg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, p < 0.001), and this difference persis... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on insulin resistance in gestational diabetes. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-8 | ai | claude-opus-5 | encyclopedic | Silk Road | The Silk Road was a network of overland and maritime trade routes that connected East Asia with Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, East Africa, and Europe from roughly the second century BCE until the middle of the fifteenth century CE. Rather than a single highway, it consisted of shifting caravan tracks, moun... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Silk Road. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-9 | ai | claude-opus-5 | academic | air pollution exposure and paediatric asthma | In the fully adjusted models, each 5 μg/m³ increment in annual mean PM2.5 exposure was associated with a 22% increase in the odds of incident physician-diagnosed asthma among children aged 4–11 years (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.09–1.37, p = 0.001), and the association persisted after further adjustment for maternal smoking duri... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on air pollution exposure and paediatric asthma. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-10 | ai | claude-opus-5 | encyclopedic | Mount Everest | Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth as measured above sea level, with an officially recognized elevation of 8,848.86 metres (29,031.7 feet) established by a joint Nepali and Chinese survey announced in December 2020. It lies in the Mahalangur Himal section of the Himalayas, along the border between Nepal's K... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Mount Everest. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-opus-5-11 | ai | claude-opus-5 | academic | sleep quality and cortisol regulation | Participants in the poor sleep quality group (PSQI > 5, n = 64) exhibited a significantly attenuated cortisol awakening response relative to good sleepers (n = 71), with a mean area under the curve with respect to increase of 142.6 ± 38.4 nmol/L·min versus 218.9 ± 41.7 nmol/L·min (t = 10.82, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.87... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on sleep quality and cortisol regulation. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-0 | ai | gpt-4.1 | encyclopedic | Byzantine Empire | The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Centered on its capital of Constantinople, formerly Byzantium and now Istanbul, the empire persisted for over a thousand years following the collapse... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Byzantine Empire. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-1 | ai | gpt-4.1 | academic | sleep quality and cortisol regulation | Participants who reported poor sleep quality, as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), exhibited significantly higher morning salivary cortisol levels compared to those with good sleep quality (mean ± SD: 23.7 ± 4.2 nmol/L vs. 18.1 ± 3.8 nmol/L, p < 0.01; see Figure 1A). This effect persisted even afte... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on sleep quality and cortisol regulation. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-2 | ai | gpt-4.1 | encyclopedic | Amazon rainforest | The Amazon rainforest, also known as Amazonia, is the largest tropical rainforest in the world, spanning approximately 5.5 million square kilometers across nine countries in South America. The majority of the forest lies within Brazil, while significant portions extend into Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, ... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Amazon rainforest. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-3 | ai | gpt-4.1 | academic | probiotic supplementation in irritable bowel syndrome | Patients randomized to the probiotic supplementation group exhibited a statistically significant reduction in IBS Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS) scores compared to the placebo group at 12 weeks (mean±SD change: -87.5±24.3 versus -32.1±28.4; p<0.001; see Figure 2A). The proportion of responders, defined as individuals... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on probiotic supplementation in irritable bowel syndrome. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph... | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-4 | ai | gpt-4.1 | encyclopedic | Suez Canal | The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. Completed in 1869 after a decade of construction led by the French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps, the canal provides a direct maritime route between Europe and South and East Asia, significantly reducing the vo... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Suez Canal. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-5 | ai | gpt-4.1 | academic | gut microbiome composition and metabolic syndrome | Analysis of gut microbiome composition revealed significant differences between individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and healthy controls across multiple taxonomic levels (Figure 2A). The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was markedly reduced in participants with metabolic syndrome (mean ± SD: 21.3% ± 7.4) c... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on gut microbiome composition and metabolic syndrome. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-6 | ai | gpt-4.1 | encyclopedic | Ottoman Empire | The Ottoman Empire was an extensive and influential polity that originated at the end of the thirteenth century in northwestern Anatolia. Founded by Osman I, from whom it derived its name, the empire rapidly expanded during the following centuries, ultimately spanning large regions of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, an... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Ottoman Empire. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-7 | ai | gpt-4.1 | academic | statin adherence in elderly patients | Among the 432 elderly patients included in the study, statin adherence, as measured by the medication possession ratio, averaged 72.3% (SD 15.6), with 38% (n=164) of participants classified as adherent (MPR ≥80%). Notably, adherence rates declined progressively with advancing age, with patients aged 80 years and above ... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on statin adherence in elderly patients. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-8 | ai | gpt-4.1 | encyclopedic | Antarctica | Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole and situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle. Covering an area of approximately 14 million square kilometers (5.4 million square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. Most of Ant... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Antarctica. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-9 | ai | gpt-4.1 | academic | vitamin D status and bone density | Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were positively correlated with lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in both male and female participants, with the strongest association observed in subjects aged over 60 years (r=0.43, p<0.001; Figure 2A). Individuals in the lowest tertile of vitamin D status (<20 ng/mL) ex... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on vitamin D status and bone density. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-10 | ai | gpt-4.1 | encyclopedic | Penicillin | Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi, widely recognized as the first antibiotics to be used successfully in the treatment of bacterial infections. The discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming marked a turning point in medical history, as it paved the wa... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Penicillin. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-4.1-11 | ai | gpt-4.1 | academic | biomarkers of early kidney injury | Significant elevations in urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were observed in patients developing early kidney injury compared to matched controls, as depicted in Figure 2A and 2B, respectively. Median uNGAL levels increased 4.2-fold (IQR 3.0–5.8) within 12 h... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on biomarkers of early kidney injury. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-0 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | encyclopedic | Printing press | The printing press, a mechanized device designed to reproduce text and images on paper or similar media, fundamentally transformed the production and dissemination of written material. Its most recognized form, the movable‑type press, employs individual metal or wooden characters that can be arranged, locked into a com... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Printing press. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-1 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | academic | tumour microenvironment in colorectal cancer | The multiplexed spatial transcriptomic analysis revealed a heterogeneous distribution of immune and stromal compartments within the primary colorectal adenocarcinomas, with CD8⁺ T‑cell clusters preferentially localized to the tumor‑epithelial interface (Figure 3A) and fibroblast activation protein‑positive cancer‑assoc... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on tumour microenvironment in colorectal cancer. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-2 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | encyclopedic | Ballet | Ballet is a highly stylized form of concert dance that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century and was further developed in France and Russia during the 17th and 19th centuries. Its technique is founded on precise, codified movements, positions, and gestures that emphasize the alignment of the ... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Ballet. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-3 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | academic | antimicrobial resistance in hospital isolates | The phenotypic analysis revealed a marked escalation in multidrug‑resistant (MDR) profiles among the 312 clinical isolates collected from intensive‑care and surgical wards, with 78 % exhibiting resistance to at least three antimicrobial classes, a trend that was significantly higher than the 45 % observed in the preced... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on antimicrobial resistance in hospital isolates. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-5 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | academic | cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction | The post‑infarction cohort exhibited a progressive increase in left‑ventricular end‑diastolic volume (LVEDV) that reached statistical significance by week 4 (Figure 2A), accompanied by a concomitant decline in ejection fraction (EF) from 58 ± 3 % at baseline to 34 ± 4 % at 8 weeks (p < 0.001). Histological analysis rev... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-6 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | encyclopedic | Monsoon | Monsoons are large-scale wind systems that undergo a seasonal reversal, bringing marked changes in precipitation patterns to extensive regions of the globe. The phenomenon arises from differential heating between continental interiors and adjacent oceanic bodies, which creates pressure gradients that drive moist air ma... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Monsoon. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-7 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | academic | insulin resistance in gestational diabetes | The cohort analysis demonstrated a significant elevation in hepatic insulin resistance index (HIRI) among women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared to matched controls, with mean values of 2.84 ± 0.31 versus 1.57 ± 0.22 (p < 0.001), as illustrated in Figure 2A. When stratified by trimester, the ... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on insulin resistance in gestational diabetes. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-8 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | encyclopedic | Bauhaus | The Bauhaus was a German art school that operated from 1919 to 1933, founded by architect Walter Gropius in Weimar. Its mission was to reconcile fine art with craft and industrial production, promoting a unified approach to design that integrated architecture, visual arts, and applied arts. The curriculum emphasized wo... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Bauhaus. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-10 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | encyclopedic | Roman Republic | The Roman Republic (c. 509 BC–27 BC) succeeded the Kingdom of Rome after the overthrow of the last Roman king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, and marked the first period in which political authority was vested in a complex system of elected magistrates, representative assemblies, and a largely aristocratic Senate. Establi... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Roman Republic. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-11 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | academic | sleep quality and cortisol regulation | The analyses revealed that participants with objectively measured poor sleep quality (PSQ group, n = 58) exhibited a markedly flattened diurnal cortisol slope compared with those classified as having good sleep quality (GSQ group, n = 62), as depicted in Figure 2; the mean morning-to-evening cortisol decrement was 4.2 ... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on sleep quality and cortisol regulation. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-0 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | encyclopedic | Antibiotic resistance | # Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic resistance is the ability of microorganisms, primarily bacteria, to survive and proliferate despite exposure to antibiotics that would normally inhibit or kill them. This phenomenon occurs when bacteria develop mechanisms to neutralize, destroy, or expel antibiotic drugs, rendering th... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Antibiotic resistance. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-1 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | academic | biomarkers of early kidney injury | # Results and Discussion The temporal kinetics of urinary biomarkers demonstrated distinct patterns of early kidney injury progression. Serum creatinine remained relatively stable throughout the observation period, with mean values ranging from 0.9 to 1.1 mg/dL across all study groups (Figure 2A), whereas urinary neutr... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on biomarkers of early kidney injury. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-2 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | encyclopedic | Baroque music | # Baroque Music Baroque music is a style of Western classical music that flourished from approximately 1600 to 1750, bridging the Renaissance and Classical periods. The term "Baroque," derived from the Portuguese word "barroco" meaning irregular pearl, was applied retrospectively to this era by music historians in the ... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Baroque music. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-3 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | academic | neuroinflammation in Parkinson disease | Neuroinflammatory markers were significantly elevated in the substantia nigra of Parkinson disease patients compared to age-matched controls, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis of serial brain sections. Microglial activation, quantified by increased Iba1 immunoreactivity, was particularly prominent in regi... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on neuroinflammation in Parkinson disease. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-4 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | encyclopedic | French Revolution | # French Revolution The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France lasting approximately from 1789 to 1799, though its effects extended well into the nineteenth century. This transformative era fundamentally restructured French society, abolished feudalism, challenged the absolute... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about French Revolution. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-5 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | academic | wound healing in diabetic ulcers | # Wound Healing in Diabetic Ulcers: Results and Discussion The application of the novel chitosan-silver nanoparticle composite dressing resulted in significantly accelerated wound closure compared to standard care protocols. At the fourteen-day evaluation point, the experimental group demonstrated a mean wound area red... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on wound healing in diabetic ulcers. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-6 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | encyclopedic | Industrial Revolution | # Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a transformative period of human history, beginning in Britain around the 1760s and spreading across Europe and North America throughout the nineteenth century. It marked a fundamental shift from agrarian, handicraft economies to industrial, machine-based manufactur... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Industrial Revolution. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-7 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | academic | iron deficiency anaemia in adolescents | # Results and Discussion The study population comprised 347 adolescents (mean age 15.2 years; 58% female) with confirmed iron deficiency anaemia, defined as haemoglobin levels below 12 g/dL in females and 13 g/dL in males. Mean haemoglobin concentration at baseline was 10.1 g/dL (SD 1.3), with serum ferritin levels ave... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on iron deficiency anaemia in adolescents. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-8 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | encyclopedic | Opera | # Opera Opera is a form of theatrical art that combines music, singing, drama, and often dance and visual spectacle to tell a story. Originating in Italy during the late Renaissance period, around the end of the sixteenth century, opera emerged from the Florentine Camerata, a group of intellectuals and musicians who so... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Opera. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-9 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | academic | physical activity and cognitive decline | # Results and Discussion The longitudinal analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship between physical activity levels and cognitive decline over the 5-year follow-up period. Participants in the highest quartile of physical activity (≥300 minutes per week of moderate-intensity exercise) demonstrated a 34% redu... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on physical activity and cognitive decline. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-10 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | encyclopedic | Renaissance | # Renaissance The Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in Italy during the 14th century and gradually spread throughout Europe over the following three centuries. Marking the transition from the Medieval period to the Early Modern era, the Renaissance is characterized by a renewed interest ... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Renaissance. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-claude-haiku-4-5-11 | ai | claude-haiku-4-5 | academic | tumour microenvironment in colorectal cancer | The analysis of immune cell infiltration patterns revealed substantial heterogeneity in the composition of the colorectal cancer microenvironment across patient samples. Immunofluorescence quantification demonstrated that CD8+ T cell density varied significantly between tumour centre and invasive margin regions, with m... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on tumour microenvironment in colorectal cancer. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-4 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | encyclopedic | Magna Carta | Magna Carta, formally titled *Magna Carta Libertatum* (the Great Charter of Freedoms), is a royal charter of liberties first issued in June 1215 by King John of England at Runnymede, near the River Thames. The document emerged from a political crisis in which a group of rebellious barons, dissatisfied with the king’s h... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Magna Carta. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-gpt-oss-120b-9 | ai | gpt-oss-120b | academic | air pollution exposure and paediatric asthma | The analysis revealed a dose‑response relationship between ambient PM₂.₅ concentrations and the incidence of acute asthma exacerbations among children aged 5–12 years, with each 10 µg·m⁻³ increase in monthly average PM₂.₅ associated with a 7.4 % rise in emergency department visits (p < 0.001); this trend was illustrate... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on air pollution exposure and paediatric asthma. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-qwen-3.8-27b-0 | ai | qwen-3.8-27b | encyclopedic | Tundra | Tundra is a biome found in high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere and at high elevations on some mountain ranges. It is characterized by low mean annual temperatures, a short growing season, and the presence of permafrost, which in arctic tundra can be continuous, discontinuous, or isolated lenses within the ... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Tundra. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-qwen-3.8-27b-2 | ai | qwen-3.8-27b | encyclopedic | Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis is a biochemical process by which certain organisms convert light energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules. It occurs in plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and some other bacteria, and it sustains much of Earth's biosphere by producing oxygen and fixing carbon dioxide into sugars. In oxygenic p... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Photosynthesis. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-qwen-3.8-27b-3 | ai | qwen-3.8-27b | academic | neuroinflammation in Parkinson disease | Cerebral microglial activation coupled with CD68high macrophage infiltration was observed predominantly in the substantia nigra pars compacta of donors with Parkinson disease compared with asymptomatic age-matched controls (Fig. 1A). Single-nucleus RNA sequencing revealed that disease-associated upregulation of Tlr4, T... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on neuroinflammation in Parkinson disease. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-qwen-3.8-27b-5 | ai | qwen-3.8-27b | academic | wound healing in diabetic ulcers | Diabetic wound closure proceeded more slowly in the control group than in the nanogel-treated group throughout the 21-day observation period, as shown by serial wound-area measurements and blinded planimetric scoring in Figure 1. By day 14, the treated wounds reduced in area by 78.4% ± 4.1%, whereas control wounds reta... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on wound healing in diabetic ulcers. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-qwen-3.8-27b-7 | ai | qwen-3.8-27b | academic | iron deficiency anaemia in adolescents | Iron deficiency anaemia was substantially more prevalent among female than male adolescents, with an adjusted prevalence ratio of 2.4 (95% CI: 1.8–3.3) across the cohort (Figure 2A). Serum ferritin concentrations were the strongest discriminator of anaemia status, and values below 15 ng/mL identified 72.6% of confirmed... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on iron deficiency anaemia in adolescents. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-qwen-3.8-27b-8 | ai | qwen-3.8-27b | encyclopedic | Impressionism | Impressionism is a style and movement in painting that developed among French artists in the second half of the nineteenth century. It is characterized by plein-air work, the depiction of contemporary life, and visible brushwork intended to record transient effects of light and atmosphere. The works often emphasize bri... | Write the opening two paragraphs of an encyclopedia article about Impressionism. Neutral reference tone, factual, no headings, no bullet points, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the article text. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-qwen-3.8-27b-9 | ai | qwen-3.8-27b | academic | physical activity and cognitive decline | Among 1,284 participants with complete longitudinal assessments, individuals in the highest tertile of objective physical activity exhibited a 0.31-point lower annual decline on the composite cognitive index than those in the lowest tertile (Figure 1, p < 0.001). This differential attenuation persisted after adjustment... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on physical activity and cognitive decline. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
ai2026-qwen-3.8-27b-11 | ai | qwen-3.8-27b | academic | tumour microenvironment in colorectal cancer | The tumour microenvironment in colorectal carcinoma exhibited pronounced immunosuppressive and stromal remodeling, which was most evident in the invasive front. Immunofluorescent multiplexing demonstrated a reciprocal increase in CD68+ tumour-associated macrophages and CD163+ M2-like polarization as tumour thickness in... | Write one paragraph from the results and discussion section of a peer-reviewed biomedical research paper on tumour microenvironment in colorectal cancer. Formal academic register, past tense, reference specific (invented) figures. No headings, no citations, no preamble. 200-300 words. Output only the paragraph. | 2026-09-29T00:00:00 |
AI text detection: a control set that does not flatter detectors
Built and published by TextSight, an AI detection company. We sell detection software, which is exactly why we published the numbers that make this category look bad — including a detector scoring 0% on Claude Opus 5 output.
700 English passages for evaluating AI-text detectors, assembled September 2026. It exists because most published detector accuracy is measured against test sets that make the task easy, and the numbers fall apart when you fix that.
700 passages: 644 provably-human, 56 AI-generated. Every row carries its provenance.
Why bother
We evaluated an open detector three times. Only the test set changed.
| Evaluation | AUC | Detection at ~1% false-positive rate |
|---|---|---|
| Human = pre-1940 literature; AI = 2026 GPT-4o, different genre | 0.9985 | 88.2% |
| Human = pre-2022 Wikipedia + academic papers; same AI set | 0.9935 | 88.2% |
| Same human set; AI = five current models, genre-matched | 0.6711 | 25.0% |
The same model, same code, same metric — from near-perfect to barely better than a coin flip. Two things caused it: a "human" class of Victorian novels that no modern writing resembles, and an AI class that differed from the human class in genre as much as in authorship.
A stronger detector (Oxidane/tmr-ai-text-detector) scores AUC 0.8670 and 50.0%
detection at ~1% false positives on the honest test. Its misses are not evenly distributed:
| Text generated by | Caught at ~1% FPR |
|---|---|
| Claude Haiku 4.5 | 92% |
| GPT-4.1 | 83% |
| gpt-oss-120b | 58% |
| Claude Opus 5 | 0% (0 of 12) |
| Qwen 3.8 | 0% (0 of 8) |
Frontier-model output was not detected at all.
Contents
Human passages (644) — provably human, all published before ChatGPT existed
| File | n | Source | Licence |
|---|---|---|---|
data/human_wikipedia_pre2022.jsonl |
155 | English Wikipedia revisions dated before 2022-01-01, 55 articles. Each row stores its revision id and timestamp | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
data/human_pmc_ccby_nonanglophone.jsonl |
183 | PubMed Central open-access papers, 2015–2021, first-author affiliation in 12 non-Anglophone countries. Each row stores its PMCID and licence URL | CC BY 4.0 |
data/human_literature_publicdomain.jsonl |
306 | Pre-1940 literature (Austen, Melville, Shelley, Doyle, Twain, Wilde, Fitzgerald, Ibsen…) | Public domain |
The literature split is included as a negative control — to reproduce the inflated number, not because it is a good test set. Use the first two for real evaluation.
AI passages (56) — data/ai_generated_2026-09-29.jsonl
Generated 2026-09-29 from five models: claude-opus-5 (12), claude-haiku-4-5 (12),
gpt-4.1 (12), gpt-oss-120b (12), qwen-3.8-27b (8).
Written in the same two genres as the human text — encyclopedic reference prose and biomedical academic prose — so that genre cannot separate the classes. Every row stores the exact prompt. No model was asked to evade detection or to "write like a human"; paraphrased and humanised text is a different problem and is not represented here.
Scores and scripts
scores/ holds per-passage probabilities from both evaluated models, so every number above is
recomputable without rerunning inference. scripts/ holds the collectors and the scorer:
build_wikipedia_pre2022.py, build_pmc_esl.py, build_ai_2026.mjs, score_file.mjs.
Row format
{"id": "...", "label": "human" | "ai", "source": "...", "text": "...",
"attribution": "...", "pmc_id": "...", "prompt": "...", "licence": "..."}
label is ground truth. Human rows carry attribution or pmc_id; AI rows carry source
(the generating model), genre and prompt.
Limitations
- Small. 644 human and 56 AI passages. A threshold set at a 1% false-positive rate rests on roughly three passages and is correspondingly uncertain.
- Two genres. Encyclopedic and academic. Student essays, business writing and informal prose are absent — and student essays are the setting where false accusations actually happen.
- The ESL proxy is weak. Non-Anglophone affiliation on a published paper means the text was professionally copy-edited. Raw learner writing is not represented. It is not for lack of trying: Cambridge Write & Improve, LOCNESS, ICNALE and EFCAMDAT are all research-licence-only and forbid derived use in anything commercial, so none of them can inform a tool that ships.
- No paraphrased or humanised AI text, which is what defeats these models in practice.
- English only.
Licence
Collection: CC BY-SA 4.0, the most restrictive component licence. Per-file provenance is in the table above and per-row in the data. The AI passages were generated by us for detector evaluation. Attribute Wikipedia and the PMC authors as their licences require.
Citation
If you use this corpus or quote its findings, please cite it:
@misc{textsight2026aidetection,
title = {AI text detection: a control set that does not flatter detectors},
author = {{TextSight}},
year = {2026},
publisher = {Hugging Face},
howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/textsightai/ai-text-detection-benchmark-2026}},
note = {700 English passages: 644 provably-human (pre-ChatGPT), 56 generated by five 2026 models}
}
Plain text: TextSight (2026). AI text detection: a control set that does not flatter detectors. Hugging Face. https://huggingface.co/datasets/textsightai/ai-text-detection-benchmark-2026
Who made this and why
TextSight builds AI detection tools. We assembled this corpus to answer an internal question — whether a detector small enough to run in a browser is good enough to publish — and the answer was mostly no. We published the corpus and the negative result rather than quietly picking a friendlier test set, because the alternative is what produced the 99% accuracy claims all over this category.
A companion tool that runs the evaluated model in your browser: huggingface.co/spaces/textsightai/free-ai-text-detector
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