tic26/VTOS-Bench

VTOS Benchmarks

Two small benchmarks used in VTOS: Learning to Orchestrate Vision Tools by Co-Searching Solutions and Observers (EMNLP 2026). Code: https://github.com/jinchaogjc/VTOS. Each benchmark has a 60 / 20 / 100 train / val / test split.

Subset	Task	Items	Images	Source
lvis_count/	object counting	180	180	LVIS (images from COCO)
plantseg_ood/	plant-disease segmentation	180	180	PlantSeg

Layout

lvis_count/
  benchmark_train.json   benchmark_val.json   benchmark_test.json
  images/lvis_count_001.jpg ... lvis_count_180.jpg
plantseg_ood/
  benchmark_train.json   benchmark_val.json   benchmark_test.json
  images/<plant>_<disease>_<id>.jpg

Each JSON file is a list of items. image_path is relative to the subset's images/ directory. Every image is referenced by exactly one item.

Fields

Coordinates are normalized to [0, 1]. Bounding boxes are [x_top_left, y_top_left, width, height] (FiftyOne convention).

lvis_count

Field	Description
task_id	item identifier
image_path	file name under images/
question	counting question
target_class	LVIS category to count
count	ground-truth count (= number of boxes)
density_tier	density bucket
bounding_boxes	one box per target instance
meta_info.source_image_id	sample id in the FiftyOne LVIS export
meta_info.source_filepath	file path in that export; the file name is the COCO image id

plantseg_ood

Field	Description
task_id	item identifier
image_path	file name under images/
question	localization question
plant	host plant
target_class	disease name
mask_ratio	fraction of image area covered by the disease mask
difficulty_tier	difficulty bucket
bounding_boxes	one box per region
segmentations	one polygon per region, list of [x, y] points
meta_info	n_bboxes, n_polygons, source_filepath in the FiftyOne PlantSeg export

Sources and licenses

Subset	License	Images
lvis_count/	CC BY 4.0	COCO images; copyright remains with the image owners, use subject to the Flickr Terms of Use
plantseg_ood/	CC BY-NC 4.0 (non-commercial use only)	from PlantSeg, same license

lvis_count. Annotations are taken from LVIS, licensed CC BY 4.0 (https://www.lvisdataset.org/dataset). LVIS images come from COCO. The COCO Consortium does not own the image copyrights; use of the images must follow the Flickr Terms of Use (https://cocodataset.org/#termsofuse). Per-image Flickr licenses were not verified for this subset. Local copy obtained from the FiftyOne LVIS export. Image files were renamed to lvis_count_XXX.jpg; image content is unmodified.

plantseg_ood. Taken from PlantSeg (Wei et al., 2024). Zenodo lists v1 (2024-08, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13293891) as CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 and the latest version, v7 (2025-11, https://zenodo.org/records/17719108), as CC BY-NC 4.0. This subset is distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0 and is for non-commercial use only. Local copy obtained from Voxel51/PlantSeg-Test on Hugging Face; which Zenodo version that export is based on could not be verified. Bounding boxes match the FiftyOne export for 177 of 180 items. GPS metadata was removed from three images; pixel data of all images is unmodified.

Citation

If you use these benchmarks, please cite:

@misc{ge2026vtos,
  title={{VTOS}: Learning to Orchestrate Vision Tools by Co-Searching Solutions and Observers},
  author={Ge, Jinchao and Liu, Lingqiao and Zhao, Shuwen and Wang, Lei},
  year={2026},
  eprint={2606.20728},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CV},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.20728}
}