| --- |
| license: cc-by-nc-4.0 |
| viewer: false |
| task_categories: |
| - text-classification |
| - image-classification |
| size_categories: |
| - 1K<n<10K |
| tags: |
| - content-moderation |
| - safety |
| - multimodal |
| - bluesky |
| - social-media |
| - harm-detection |
| - benchmark |
| pretty_name: ModerationBench |
| configs: |
| - config_name: records |
| data_files: |
| - split: moderated |
| path: data/moderated/records.jsonl |
| - split: random |
| path: data/random/records.jsonl |
| - split: safe |
| path: data/safe/records.jsonl |
| - split: near_moderated |
| path: data/near_moderated/records.jsonl |
| - config_name: annotations |
| data_files: |
| - split: moderated |
| path: data/moderated/annotations.jsonl |
| - split: random |
| path: data/random/annotations.jsonl |
| - split: safe |
| path: data/safe/annotations.jsonl |
| - split: near_moderated |
| path: data/near_moderated/annotations.jsonl |
| - config_name: moderated_by_harm |
| data_files: |
| - split: graphic__self_harm |
| path: data/moderated/by_harm/graphic/self_harm.jsonl |
| - split: graphic__graphic_media |
| path: data/moderated/by_harm/graphic/graphic_media.jsonl |
| - split: behavioural__intolerant |
| path: data/moderated/by_harm/behavioural/intolerant.jsonl |
| - split: behavioural__rude |
| path: data/moderated/by_harm/behavioural/rude.jsonl |
| - split: behavioural__threat |
| path: data/moderated/by_harm/behavioural/threat.jsonl |
| - split: sexual__porn |
| path: data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/porn.jsonl |
| - split: sexual__sexual |
| path: data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/sexual.jsonl |
| - split: sexual__nudity |
| path: data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/nudity.jsonl |
| - split: sexual__sexual_figurative |
| path: data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/sexual_figurative.jsonl |
| --- |
| |
| # ModerationBench |
|
|
| A multimodal benchmark for evaluating **automated content-moderation systems** on real-world |
| social-media posts from [Bluesky](https://bsky.app). Each post is accompanied by |
| human-annotation label: Safe/Unsafe, covering **nine fine-grained harm categories** across three harm groups, |
| plus a safe class. |
| --- |
|
|
| ## Dataset Summary |
|
|
| | Split | Posts | Media files | |
| |---|---|---| |
| | `moderated` | 1,000 | 978 | |
| | `random` | 1,000 | 320 | |
| | `safe` | 1,000 | 0 | |
| | `near_moderated` | 988 | 654 | |
| | **Total** | **3,988** | **1,952** | |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## Splits |
| > ⚠️ **Content warning:** These splits may contain graphic, sexual, and self-harm imagery. Users can work with specific harm types (on moderated split, see below) to avoid certain content. |
|
|
| ### `moderated` — Platform-moderated posts |
| Posts that were flagged and actioned by the Bluesky moderation system. Covers all nine |
| harm categories with roughly balanced label distribution. |
|
|
| > See [**Working with specific harm categories**](#load-a-specific-harm-category-by_harm) |
| > below for how to load individual label subsets without loading the full split. |
|
|
| | Label | Group | Count | |
| |---|---|---| |
| | safe | safe | 163 | |
| | porn | sexual | 111 | |
| | sexual_figurative | sexual | 106 | |
| | nudity | sexual | 104 | |
| | self_harm | graphic | 102 | |
| | threat | behavioural | 99 | |
| | sexual | sexual | 95 | |
| | graphic_media | graphic | 89 | |
| | intolerant | behavioural | 74 | |
| | rude | behavioural | 57 | |
| |
| > Each label has a dedicated pre-split file under `data/moderated/by_harm/`. |
| > See the [Usage](#usage) section for loading examples. |
|
|
| ### `random` — Random firehose sample |
| 1 000 posts sampled uniformly from the public Bluesky firehose (Mar-Dec 2025). Used as |
| a realistic class-imbalanced baseline (≈97 % safe). Platform labels are |
| sparse. |
|
|
| ### `safe` — Curated safe posts |
| 1 000 posts curated from verified individuals and organizations accounts and where all human annotators unanimously agreed the content is safe. |
|
|
| ### `near_moderated` — Semantically similar firehose posts |
| 988 posts from the public firehose that are semantically similar to pilot-moderated posts |
| (retrieved via embedding nearest-neighbour search). ≈35 % flagged as unsafe. |
| |
| --- |
| |
| ## Harm Taxonomy |
| |
| | Category | Group | Description | |
| |---|---|---| |
| | `self_harm` | graphic | Depictions of self-injury or suicide | |
| | `graphic_media` | graphic | Gore, violence, or disturbing imagery | |
| | `intolerant` | behavioural | Hate speech targeting protected characteristics | |
| | `rude` | behavioural | Harassment, insults, or abusive language | |
| | `threat` | behavioural | Explicit or implied threats of harm | |
| | `porn` | sexual | Explicit sexual content | |
| | `sexual` | sexual | Suggestive sexual content (not explicit) | |
| | `nudity` | sexual | Non-sexual nudity | |
| | `sexual_figurative` | sexual | Sexual content in art / figurative media | |
| | `safe` | safe | No policy violation detected | |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## Data Structure |
|
|
| Each split contains: |
|
|
| ``` |
| data/ |
| {split}/ |
| records.jsonl ← one post per line |
| annotations.jsonl ← one annotation per line (keyed by post id) |
| by_harm/ ← (moderated only) merged records+annotations per label |
| graphic/ |
| self_harm.jsonl |
| graphic_media.jsonl |
| behavioural/ |
| intolerant.jsonl |
| rude.jsonl |
| threat.jsonl |
| sexual/ |
| porn.jsonl |
| sexual.jsonl |
| nudity.jsonl |
| sexual_figurative.jsonl |
| media/ |
| {split}/ |
| images/ ← JPEG/PNG/WEBP image files |
| videos/ ← MP4/MOV video files |
| ``` |
|
|
| ### `records.jsonl` schema |
|
|
| ```json |
| { |
| "id": "post_XXXXXXXX", // sha256-derived 8-char post ID |
| "split": "moderated", |
| "text": "...", // post text |
| "date": "2025-06...", |
| "lang": "en", // ISO 639-1 language code (or 'und' if undetermined) |
| "media": [ |
| { |
| "type": "image", |
| "hf_path": "data/media/moderated/images/bafkrei....jpeg", |
| "hf_url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/usermodbench/ModerationBench/resolve/main/...", |
| "filename": "bafkrei....jpeg" |
| } |
| ] |
| } |
| ``` |
|
|
| ### `annotations.jsonl` schema |
|
|
| ```json |
| { |
| "id": "post_XXXXXXXX", |
| "split": "moderated", |
| "is_harmful": true, |
| "primary_harm": "porn", |
| "harm_group": "sexual", |
| "annotator_id": "majority_vote", |
| "confidence": 1.0, // fraction of annotators who agreed with majority |
| "agreed": true // true = unanimous agreement |
| } |
| ``` |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## Annotation Methodology |
|
|
| - **Annotators:** Three trained annotators per post |
| - **Protocol:** Each annotator independently labelled posts as *Safe* or *Unsafe*; if |
| unsafe, they selected one or more harm categories from the taxonomy above. |
| - **Aggregation:** Majority vote across annotators. The `agreed` field is `true` when |
| the majority was unanimous. The `confidence` field is the fraction of annotators who |
| agreed with the final label. |
| - **Tiebreaking :** When the two primary annotators disagreed, one of |
| two tiebreaker annotators was called in. `agreed = false` for tiebroken rows. |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## Privacy & Ethics |
|
|
| - Post URIs are removed; posts are identified only by their pseudonymous `post_XXXXXXXX` ID. |
| - This dataset is released under **CC BY-NC 4.0** — non-commercial use only. |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## Usage |
|
|
| ### Load a full split |
|
|
| ```python |
| from datasets import load_dataset |
| |
| # Records and annotations for the moderated split |
| rec = load_dataset( |
| "usermodbench/ModerationBench", |
| data_files={"train": "data/moderated/records.jsonl"}, |
| split="train", |
| ) |
| ann = load_dataset( |
| "usermodbench/ModerationBench", |
| data_files={"train": "data/moderated/annotations.jsonl"}, |
| split="train", |
| ) |
| |
| import pandas as pd |
| df = pd.DataFrame(rec).merge(pd.DataFrame(ann), on="id") |
| print(df[["id", "text", "primary_harm", "confidence"]].head()) |
| ``` |
|
|
| ### Load a specific harm category (`by_harm/`) |
| |
| The `moderated` split ships pre-split files under `data/moderated/by_harm/<group>/<label>.jsonl`. |
| Each row is a merged record + annotation (no separate join needed). |
|
|
| Available paths: |
| - `data/moderated/by_harm/graphic/self_harm.jsonl` |
| - `data/moderated/by_harm/graphic/graphic_media.jsonl` |
| - `data/moderated/by_harm/behavioural/intolerant.jsonl` |
| - `data/moderated/by_harm/behavioural/rude.jsonl` |
| - `data/moderated/by_harm/behavioural/threat.jsonl` |
| - `data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/porn.jsonl` |
| - `data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/sexual.jsonl` |
| - `data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/nudity.jsonl` |
| - `data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/sexual_figurative.jsonl` |
|
|
| ```python |
| from datasets import load_dataset |
| |
| # Load a single harm category |
| self_harm = load_dataset( |
| "usermodbench/ModerationBench", |
| data_files={"train": "data/moderated/by_harm/graphic/self_harm.jsonl"}, |
| split="train", |
| ) |
| print(f"self_harm posts: {len(self_harm)}") |
| |
| # Load an entire harm group (all sexual content categories) |
| import glob |
| sexual_files = [ |
| "data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/porn.jsonl", |
| "data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/sexual.jsonl", |
| "data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/nudity.jsonl", |
| "data/moderated/by_harm/sexual/sexual_figurative.jsonl", |
| ] |
| sexual = load_dataset( |
| "usermodbench/ModerationBench", |
| data_files={"train": sexual_files}, |
| split="train", |
| ) |
| print(f"All sexual-group posts: {len(sexual)}") |
| print(sexual[0]) |
| ``` |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## Metadata |
|
|
| Machine-readable metadata for this dataset is available: |
|
|
| - **Manually curated Croissant 1.0 JSON-LD** with RAI annotations: |
| [`metadata/croissant.json`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/usermodbench/ModerationBench/blob/main/metadata/croissant.jsonld) |
|
|
| The Croissant file conforms to [MLCommons Croissant 1.0](http://mlcommons.org/croissant/1.0) |
| and includes `rai:` fields covering data limitations, sensitive information, |
| intended use cases, and provenance. |
|
|
