WildAI models

License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. The WildAI code, models and dataset are released under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license: you may use and adapt them for non-commercial purposes, with attribution, and must share adaptations under the same license.

The language models released with How Much Is an AI Token Worth? Scaling Laws for Wild AI-Generated Web Text, from 19.9M to 973M parameters, trained on controlled mixtures of human and wild AI-generated web text. Each model is in the subfolder named after it, with its own model card; load one by passing that name as subfolder, which downloads only that model:

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("pangram/WildAI-models", subfolder="19.9m-g001-control", trust_remote_code=True)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("pangram/WildAI-models", subfolder="19.9m-g001-control", trust_remote_code=True, dtype=torch.bfloat16)

inputs = tokenizer("The history of the printing press", return_tensors="pt")
output = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=40, do_sample=False)
print(tokenizer.decode(output[0], skip_special_tokens=True))

The tokenizer prepends <|bos|> to every text, as in training; pass add_special_tokens=False to skip it. The model predicts <|bos|> where a document ends, and generation stops there. Weights are stored in bfloat16, the precision the paper's losses were computed in; dtype=torch.float32 computes in float32 instead.

Models

Names are <size>-<group>-<arm>[-r<ratio>]. A group g001-g099 is one human-only control (control) and every model trained on exactly its human documents plus added AI text (ai), fresh human text (human) or its own human text repeated (repeat), with r added tokens per human token. f01-f19 are filtering pairs: a 2026 web mix (web-mix) and the same mix with its AI documents removed (ai-removed). In the tables, r is the realized AI-to-human token ratio and C4 the held-out loss in bits per byte.

19.9M

Model Arm r Human tokens Training tokens C4
19.9m-g001-control control 0 57.7M 57.7M 1.4759
19.9m-g001-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0435 58.0M 60.6M 1.4611
19.9m-g001-ai-r0.1 ai 0.0875 58.3M 63.4M 1.4366
19.9m-g001-ai-r0.25 ai 0.224 58.9M 72.1M 1.3998
19.9m-g001-ai-r0.5 ai 0.456 59.4M 86.5M 1.3786
19.9m-g001-ai-r1 ai 0.953 59.1M 115.3M 1.3612
19.9m-g002-control control 0 57.7M 57.7M 1.4757
19.9m-g002-ai-r0.0227 ai 0.0227 57.7M 59.0M 1.4752
19.9m-g002-ai-r0.0459 ai 0.0459 57.6M 60.3M 1.4588
19.9m-g002-ai-r2.01 ai 2.01 57.7M 173.8M 1.3475
19.9m-g002-ai-r4.24 ai 4.24 57.7M 302.3M 1.3324
19.9m-g002-ai-r8.73 ai 8.73 57.7M 561.3M 1.3310
19.9m-g002-ai-r17.7 ai 17.7 57.7M 1.08B 1.3334
19.9m-g002-ai-r35.5 ai 35.5 57.7M 2.11B 1.3364
19.9m-g002-ai-r70.6 ai 70.6 57.7M 4.13B 1.3339
19.9m-g002-human-r0.025 human 0 59.0M 59.0M 1.4675
19.9m-g002-human-r0.05 human 0 60.6M 60.6M 1.4611
19.9m-g002-human-r4 human 0 288.4M 288.4M 1.2631
19.9m-g003-control control 0 57.7M 57.7M 1.4740
19.9m-g003-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0227 57.7M 59.0M 1.4596
19.9m-g003-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0459 57.6M 60.3M 1.4502
19.9m-g003-ai-r0.1 ai 0.0898 57.7M 62.9M 1.4360
19.9m-g003-ai-r2 ai 2.01 57.7M 173.8M 1.3407
19.9m-g003-ai-r8 ai 8.73 57.7M 561.3M 1.3289
19.9m-g003-human-r0.025 human 0 59.0M 59.0M 1.4614
19.9m-g003-human-r0.05 human 0 60.6M 60.6M 1.4494
19.9m-g004-control control 0 57.7M 57.7M 1.4785
19.9m-g004-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0227 57.7M 59.0M 1.4691
19.9m-g004-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0459 57.6M 60.3M 1.4603
19.9m-g004-ai-r0.1 ai 0.0898 57.7M 62.9M 1.4428
19.9m-g004-human-r0.025 human 0 59.0M 59.0M 1.4717
19.9m-g004-human-r0.05 human 0 60.6M 60.6M 1.4609
19.9m-g005-control control 0 94.1M 94.1M 1.3544
19.9m-g005-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0229 94.1M 96.2M 1.3486
19.9m-g005-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0456 94.0M 98.3M 1.3454
19.9m-g005-ai-r0.1 ai 0.0915 94.1M 102.8M 1.3404
19.9m-g005-ai-r0.25 ai 0.236 94.1M 116.4M 1.3357
19.9m-g005-ai-r0.5 ai 0.483 94.2M 139.7M 1.3293
19.9m-g005-ai-r1 ai 0.998 94.1M 188.0M 1.3216
19.9m-g005-ai-r2 ai 2.09 94.1M 291.0M 1.3132
19.9m-g005-ai-r4 ai 4.31 94.1M 499.9M 1.3149
19.9m-g005-ai-r8 ai 8.79 94.1M 921.2M 1.3177
19.9m-g005-ai-r16 ai 17.7 94.1M 1.76B 1.3238
19.9m-g005-ai-r32 ai 35.3 94.1M 3.41B 1.3268
19.9m-g005-ai-r64 ai 70.1 94.1M 6.69B 1.3298
19.9m-g005-human-r0.025 human 0 96.2M 96.2M 1.3482
19.9m-g005-human-r0.05 human 0 98.3M 98.3M 1.3444
19.9m-g005-human-r4 human 0 499.9M 499.9M 1.2458
19.9m-g006-control control 0 230.7M 230.7M 1.2743
19.9m-g006-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0496 230.8M 242.2M 1.2728
19.9m-g006-ai-r0.1 ai 0.0999 230.7M 253.8M 1.2714
19.9m-g006-ai-r0.25 ai 0.254 229.9M 288.4M 1.2729
19.9m-g006-ai-r0.5 ai 0.518 228.0M 346.0M 1.2761
19.9m-g006-ai-r1 ai 1.05 225.0M 461.4M 1.2786
19.9m-g007-control control 0 230.7M 230.7M 1.2750
19.9m-g007-ai-r0.0244 ai 0.0244 230.6M 236.2M 1.2746
19.9m-g007-ai-r0.0495 ai 0.0495 230.8M 242.2M 1.2738
19.9m-g007-ai-r2.13 ai 2.13 230.7M 721.9M 1.2802
19.9m-g007-ai-r4.32 ai 4.32 230.7M 1.23B 1.2898
19.9m-g007-ai-r8.71 ai 8.71 230.7M 2.24B 1.3019
19.9m-g007-ai-r17.5 ai 17.5 230.7M 4.26B 1.3116
19.9m-g007-ai-r34.7 ai 34.7 230.7M 8.24B 1.3185
19.9m-g007-ai-r69 ai 69 230.7M 16.15B 1.3237
19.9m-g007-human-r0.025 human 0 236.5M 236.5M 1.2750
19.9m-g007-human-r0.05 human 0 242.2M 242.2M 1.2708
19.9m-g007-human-r2 human 0 692.1M 692.1M 1.2302
19.9m-g007-human-r4 human 0 1.15B 1.15B 1.2193
19.9m-g008-control control 0 230.7M 230.7M 1.2712
19.9m-g008-ai-r2.13 ai 2.13 230.7M 721.9M 1.2793
19.9m-g008-ai-r4.32 ai 4.32 230.7M 1.23B 1.2904
19.9m-g008-ai-r17.5 ai 17.5 230.7M 4.26B 1.3120
19.9m-g009-control control 0 230.7M 230.7M 1.2768
19.9m-g009-ai-r2.13 ai 2.13 230.7M 721.9M 1.2816
19.9m-g009-ai-r4.32 ai 4.32 230.7M 1.23B 1.2905
19.9m-g009-ai-r17.5 ai 17.5 230.7M 4.26B 1.3110
19.9m-g010-control control 0 376.2M 376.2M 1.2530
19.9m-g010-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0255 376.3M 385.9M 1.2493
19.9m-g010-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0516 376.2M 395.6M 1.2486
19.9m-g010-ai-r0.1 ai 0.103 376.2M 415.0M 1.2506
19.9m-g010-ai-r0.25 ai 0.258 376.3M 473.4M 1.2499
19.9m-g010-ai-r0.5 ai 0.52 376.3M 571.7M 1.2532
19.9m-g010-ai-r1 ai 1.05 376.2M 769.9M 1.2590
19.9m-g010-ai-r2 ai 2.12 376.2M 1.17B 1.2702
19.9m-g010-ai-r4 ai 4.29 376.2M 1.99B 1.2823
19.9m-g010-ai-r8 ai 8.65 376.2M 3.63B 1.2953
19.9m-g010-ai-r16 ai 17.3 376.2M 6.88B 1.3057
19.9m-g010-ai-r32 ai 34.4 376.2M 13.33B 1.3154
19.9m-g010-human-r0.025 human 0 385.9M 385.9M 1.2483
19.9m-g010-human-r0.05 human 0 395.6M 395.6M 1.2473
19.9m-g010-human-r2 human 0 1.17B 1.17B 1.2190
19.9m-g010-human-r4 human 0 1.99B 1.99B 1.2113
19.9m-g011-control control 0 461.4M 461.4M 1.2419
19.9m-g011-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0512 460.8M 484.4M 1.2415
19.9m-g011-ai-r0.1 ai 0.103 460.3M 507.5M 1.2414
19.9m-g011-ai-r0.25 ai 0.26 457.7M 576.7M 1.2465
19.9m-g011-ai-r0.5 ai 0.522 454.8M 692.1M 1.2491
19.9m-g011-ai-r1 ai 1.05 450.2M 922.7M 1.2551
19.9m-g012-control control 0 692.1M 692.1M 1.2306
19.9m-g012-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0505 691.7M 726.7M 1.2312
19.9m-g012-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 691.1M 761.3M 1.2313
19.9m-g012-ai-r0.25 ai 0.256 688.8M 865.1M 1.2349
19.9m-g012-ai-r0.5 ai 0.515 685.2M 1.04B 1.2395
19.9m-g012-ai-r1 ai 1.04 678.9M 1.38B 1.2471
19.9m-g013-control control 0 692.1M 692.1M 1.2306
19.9m-g013-ai-r2.1 ai 2.1 692.0M 2.15B 1.2607
19.9m-g013-ai-r4.25 ai 4.25 692.0M 3.63B 1.2754
19.9m-g013-ai-r8.57 ai 8.57 692.0M 6.62B 1.2902
19.9m-g013-ai-r17.2 ai 17.2 692.1M 12.57B 1.3021
19.9m-g013-human-r2 human 0 2.08B 2.08B 1.2105
19.9m-g014-control control 0 692.1M 692.1M 1.2296
19.9m-g014-ai-r0.25 ai 0.256 688.5M 865.1M 1.2341
19.9m-g014-ai-r1 ai 1.04 678.9M 1.38B 1.2473
19.9m-g015-control control 0 752.4M 752.4M 1.2282
19.9m-g015-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0509 752.4M 790.6M 1.2284
19.9m-g015-ai-r0.1 ai 0.102 752.3M 828.9M 1.2294
19.9m-g015-ai-r0.25 ai 0.256 752.4M 944.8M 1.2321
19.9m-g015-ai-r0.5 ai 0.513 752.3M 1.14B 1.2375
19.9m-g015-ai-r1 ai 1.04 752.3M 1.53B 1.2488
19.9m-g016-control control 0 922.7M 922.7M 1.2243
19.9m-g016-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0503 922.5M 968.9M 1.2251
19.9m-g016-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 922.0M 1.02B 1.2251
19.9m-g016-ai-r0.25 ai 0.255 919.2M 1.15B 1.2285
19.9m-g016-ai-r0.5 ai 0.513 915.1M 1.38B 1.2342
19.9m-g016-ai-r1 ai 1.03 907.2M 1.85B 1.2424
19.9m-g017-control control 0 1.09B 1.09B 1.2206
19.9m-g017-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0505 1.09B 1.15B 1.2213
19.9m-g017-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.09B 1.20B 1.2217
19.9m-g017-ai-r0.25 ai 0.254 1.09B 1.37B 1.2253
19.9m-g017-ai-r0.5 ai 0.511 1.09B 1.65B 1.2314
19.9m-g017-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.09B 2.21B 1.2406
19.9m-g017-ai-r2 ai 2.09 1.09B 3.37B 1.2547
19.9m-g017-ai-r4 ai 4.23 1.09B 5.70B 1.2713
19.9m-g017-ai-r8 ai 8.53 1.09B 10.38B 1.2863
19.9m-g017-ai-r16 ai 17.1 1.09B 19.77B 1.3005
19.9m-g017-human-r2 human 0 3.37B 3.37B 1.2050
19.9m-g018-control control 0 1.15B 1.15B 1.2198
19.9m-g018-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0503 1.15B 1.21B 1.2204
19.9m-g018-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.15B 1.27B 1.2216
19.9m-g018-ai-r0.25 ai 0.254 1.15B 1.44B 1.2249
19.9m-g018-ai-r0.5 ai 0.512 1.14B 1.73B 1.2307
19.9m-g018-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.14B 2.31B 1.2401
19.9m-g019-control control 0 1.45B 1.45B 1.2158
19.9m-g019-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0504 1.45B 1.53B 1.2158
19.9m-g019-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.45B 1.60B 1.2171
19.9m-g019-ai-r0.25 ai 0.253 1.45B 1.82B 1.2216
19.9m-g019-ai-r0.5 ai 0.509 1.45B 2.19B 1.2281
19.9m-g019-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.45B 2.95B 1.2378
19.9m-g020-control control 0 1.74B 1.74B 1.2130
19.9m-g020-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0503 1.74B 1.83B 1.2142
19.9m-g020-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.74B 1.92B 1.2152
19.9m-g020-ai-r0.25 ai 0.253 1.74B 2.18B 1.2187
19.9m-g020-ai-r0.5 ai 0.508 1.74B 2.63B 1.2254
19.9m-g020-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.74B 3.53B 1.2354
19.9m-f01-ai-removed filtered 0 179.0M 179.0M 1.2878
19.9m-f01-web-mix natural 0.285 179.6M 230.7M 1.2862
19.9m-f02-ai-removed filtered 0 358.4M 358.4M 1.2509
19.9m-f02-web-mix natural 0.296 356.1M 461.4M 1.2532
19.9m-f03-ai-removed filtered 0 537.4M 537.4M 1.2369
19.9m-f03-web-mix natural 0.295 534.2M 692.1M 1.2404
19.9m-f04-ai-removed filtered 0 716.7M 716.7M 1.2290
19.9m-f04-web-mix natural 0.294 712.9M 922.7M 1.2355
19.9m-f05-ai-removed filtered 0 896.0M 896.0M 1.2246
19.9m-f05-web-mix natural 0.293 892.0M 1.15B 1.2319
19.9m-g010-repeat-r1 repeat 0 376.2M 769.9M 1.2301
19.9m-g010-repeat-r4 repeat 0 376.2M 1.99B 1.2174
19.9m-g010-repeat-r8 repeat 0 376.2M 3.63B 1.2135

35.8M

Model Arm r Human tokens Training tokens C4
35.8m-g021-control control 0 115.9M 115.9M 1.2682
35.8m-g021-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0461 116.3M 121.6M 1.2644
35.8m-g021-ai-r0.1 ai 0.0926 116.6M 127.4M 1.2616
35.8m-g021-ai-r0.25 ai 0.239 117.0M 145.0M 1.2514
35.8m-g021-ai-r0.5 ai 0.485 117.0M 173.8M 1.2439
35.8m-g021-ai-r1 ai 1.01 115.7M 232.0M 1.2355
35.8m-g022-control control 0 115.9M 115.9M 1.2678
35.8m-g022-ai-r0.0234 ai 0.0234 115.8M 118.5M 1.2666
35.8m-g022-ai-r0.0465 ai 0.0465 116.0M 121.4M 1.2654
35.8m-g022-ai-r2.1 ai 2.1 115.8M 359.1M 1.2300
35.8m-g022-ai-r4.31 ai 4.31 115.9M 615.5M 1.2261
35.8m-g022-ai-r8.76 ai 8.76 115.9M 1.13B 1.2255
35.8m-g022-ai-r17.6 ai 17.6 115.9M 2.15B 1.2263
35.8m-g022-ai-r35 ai 35 115.9M 4.18B 1.2275
35.8m-g022-ai-r69.6 ai 69.6 115.9M 8.18B 1.2290
35.8m-g022-human-r0.025 human 0 118.8M 118.8M 1.2654
35.8m-g022-human-r0.05 human 0 121.6M 121.6M 1.2624
35.8m-g022-human-r4 human 0 579.9M 579.9M 1.1584
35.8m-g023-control control 0 168.8M 168.8M 1.2305
35.8m-g023-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0238 168.7M 172.8M 1.2291
35.8m-g023-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0478 168.9M 176.9M 1.2271
35.8m-g023-ai-r0.1 ai 0.0969 168.7M 185.1M 1.2249
35.8m-g023-ai-r0.25 ai 0.247 168.8M 210.5M 1.2207
35.8m-g023-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 168.8M 254.3M 1.2164
35.8m-g023-ai-r1 ai 1.04 168.8M 344.5M 1.2141
35.8m-g023-ai-r2 ai 2.12 168.8M 527.4M 1.2117
35.8m-g023-ai-r4 ai 4.33 168.8M 899.7M 1.2106
35.8m-g023-ai-r8 ai 8.74 168.8M 1.64B 1.2160
35.8m-g023-ai-r16 ai 17.5 168.8M 3.13B 1.2190
35.8m-g023-ai-r32 ai 34.9 168.8M 6.06B 1.2232
35.8m-g023-ai-r64 ai 69.1 168.8M 11.84B 1.2262
35.8m-g023-human-r0.025 human 0 172.8M 172.8M 1.2296
35.8m-g023-human-r0.05 human 0 176.9M 176.9M 1.2285
35.8m-g023-human-r4 human 0 899.7M 899.7M 1.1431
35.8m-g024-control control 0 464.0M 464.0M 1.1665
35.8m-g024-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0511 463.4M 487.1M 1.1652
35.8m-g024-ai-r0.1 ai 0.102 463.2M 510.4M 1.1654
35.8m-g024-ai-r0.25 ai 0.256 461.5M 579.9M 1.1652
35.8m-g024-ai-r0.5 ai 0.519 458.3M 696.0M 1.1676
35.8m-g024-ai-r1 ai 1.05 453.7M 928.0M 1.1708
35.8m-g025-control control 0 464.0M 464.0M 1.1674
35.8m-g025-ai-r0.0256 ai 0.0256 463.9M 475.8M 1.1675
35.8m-g025-ai-r0.0514 ai 0.0514 464.0M 487.8M 1.1666
35.8m-g025-ai-r2.11 ai 2.11 464.0M 1.44B 1.1778
35.8m-g025-ai-r4.28 ai 4.28 464.0M 2.45B 1.1867
35.8m-g025-ai-r8.61 ai 8.61 464.0M 4.46B 1.1977
35.8m-g025-ai-r17.2 ai 17.2 464.0M 8.46B 1.2073
35.8m-g025-ai-r34.4 ai 34.4 464.0M 16.42B 1.2144
35.8m-g025-human-r0.025 human 0 475.5M 475.5M 1.1663
35.8m-g025-human-r0.05 human 0 487.1M 487.1M 1.1649
35.8m-g025-human-r2 human 0 1.39B 1.39B 1.1314
35.8m-g025-human-r4 human 0 2.32B 2.32B 1.1220
35.8m-g026-control control 0 675.5M 675.5M 1.1532
35.8m-g026-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0255 675.6M 692.8M 1.1526
35.8m-g026-ai-r0.05 ai 0.051 675.4M 709.9M 1.1523
35.8m-g026-ai-r0.1 ai 0.102 675.7M 744.5M 1.1511
35.8m-g026-ai-r0.25 ai 0.256 675.6M 848.6M 1.1523
35.8m-g026-ai-r0.5 ai 0.514 675.5M 1.02B 1.1548
35.8m-g026-ai-r1 ai 1.04 675.5M 1.38B 1.1600
35.8m-g026-ai-r2 ai 2.1 675.5M 2.10B 1.1703
35.8m-g026-ai-r4 ai 4.25 675.5M 3.55B 1.1812
35.8m-g026-ai-r8 ai 8.57 675.5M 6.47B 1.1923
35.8m-g026-ai-r16 ai 17.2 675.5M 12.27B 1.2028
35.8m-g026-ai-r32 ai 34.4 675.5M 23.92B 1.2118
35.8m-g026-human-r0.025 human 0 692.8M 692.8M 1.1518
35.8m-g026-human-r0.05 human 0 709.9M 709.9M 1.1509
35.8m-g026-human-r2 human 0 2.10B 2.10B 1.1237
35.8m-g026-human-r4 human 0 3.55B 3.55B 1.1135
35.8m-g027-control control 0 928.0M 928.0M 1.1416
35.8m-g027-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0502 927.8M 974.4M 1.1423
35.8m-g027-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 927.3M 1.02B 1.1419
35.8m-g027-ai-r0.25 ai 0.255 924.4M 1.16B 1.1452
35.8m-g027-ai-r0.5 ai 0.512 920.4M 1.39B 1.1474
35.8m-g027-ai-r1 ai 1.03 912.8M 1.86B 1.1546
35.8m-g028-control control 0 1.35B 1.35B 1.1326
35.8m-g028-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0505 1.35B 1.42B 1.1327
35.8m-g028-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.35B 1.49B 1.1330
35.8m-g028-ai-r0.25 ai 0.253 1.35B 1.69B 1.1357
35.8m-g028-ai-r0.5 ai 0.509 1.35B 2.04B 1.1397
35.8m-g028-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.35B 2.74B 1.1469
35.8m-g029-control control 0 1.39B 1.39B 1.1318
35.8m-g029-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0503 1.39B 1.46B 1.1316
35.8m-g029-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.39B 1.53B 1.1320
35.8m-g029-ai-r0.25 ai 0.254 1.39B 1.74B 1.1354
35.8m-g029-ai-r0.5 ai 0.51 1.38B 2.09B 1.1388
35.8m-g029-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.37B 2.78B 1.1470
35.8m-g030-control control 0 1.39B 1.39B 1.1313
35.8m-g030-ai-r2.08 ai 2.08 1.39B 4.29B 1.1571
35.8m-g030-ai-r4.21 ai 4.21 1.39B 7.26B 1.1709
35.8m-g030-ai-r8.51 ai 8.51 1.39B 13.23B 1.1851
35.8m-g030-human-r2 human 0 4.18B 4.18B 1.1128
35.8m-g031-control control 0 1.39B 1.39B 1.1325
35.8m-g031-ai-r0.25 ai 0.253 1.39B 1.74B 1.1348
35.8m-g031-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.37B 2.78B 1.1461
35.8m-g032-control control 0 1.86B 1.86B 1.1259
35.8m-g032-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0502 1.86B 1.95B 1.1260
35.8m-g032-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 1.86B 2.04B 1.1259
35.8m-g032-ai-r0.25 ai 0.253 1.85B 2.32B 1.1295
35.8m-g032-ai-r0.5 ai 0.509 1.85B 2.78B 1.1338
35.8m-g032-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.83B 3.71B 1.1428
35.8m-g033-control control 0 1.96B 1.96B 1.1240
35.8m-g033-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0503 1.96B 2.06B 1.1248
35.8m-g033-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.96B 2.16B 1.1253
35.8m-g033-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 1.96B 2.45B 1.1287
35.8m-g033-ai-r0.5 ai 0.508 1.96B 2.95B 1.1331
35.8m-g033-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.96B 3.97B 1.1418
35.8m-g033-ai-r2 ai 2.08 1.96B 6.03B 1.1536
35.8m-g033-ai-r4 ai 4.21 1.96B 10.20B 1.1686
35.8m-g033-ai-r8 ai 8.5 1.96B 18.61B 1.1833
35.8m-g033-human-r2 human 0 6.03B 6.03B 1.1072
35.8m-g034-control control 0 2.32B 2.32B 1.1219
35.8m-g034-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0502 2.32B 2.44B 1.1218
35.8m-g034-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 2.32B 2.55B 1.1221
35.8m-g034-ai-r0.25 ai 0.253 2.32B 2.90B 1.1251
35.8m-g034-ai-r0.5 ai 0.508 2.31B 3.48B 1.1294
35.8m-g034-ai-r1 ai 1.02 2.29B 4.64B 1.1401
35.8m-g035-control control 0 2.61B 2.61B 1.1183
35.8m-g035-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0502 2.61B 2.74B 1.1196
35.8m-g035-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 2.61B 2.87B 1.1217
35.8m-g035-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 2.61B 3.27B 1.1238
35.8m-g035-ai-r0.5 ai 0.507 2.61B 3.94B 1.1285
35.8m-g035-ai-r1 ai 1.02 2.61B 5.28B 1.1370
35.8m-g036-control control 0 3.13B 3.13B 1.1163
35.8m-g036-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0501 3.13B 3.29B 1.1168
35.8m-g036-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 3.13B 3.45B 1.1190
35.8m-g036-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 3.13B 3.92B 1.1203
35.8m-g036-ai-r0.5 ai 0.507 3.13B 4.72B 1.1257
35.8m-g036-ai-r1 ai 1.02 3.13B 6.33B 1.1350
35.8m-f06-ai-removed filtered 0 360.4M 360.4M 1.1792
35.8m-f06-web-mix natural 0.297 357.8M 464.0M 1.1761
35.8m-f07-ai-removed filtered 0 720.9M 720.9M 1.1492
35.8m-f07-web-mix natural 0.294 717.4M 928.0M 1.1508
35.8m-f08-ai-removed filtered 0 1.08B 1.08B 1.1379
35.8m-f08-web-mix natural 0.292 1.08B 1.39B 1.1409
35.8m-f09-ai-removed filtered 0 1.44B 1.44B 1.1310
35.8m-f09-web-mix natural 0.292 1.44B 1.86B 1.1352
35.8m-f10-ai-removed filtered 0 1.80B 1.80B 1.1262
35.8m-f10-web-mix natural 0.291 1.80B 2.32B 1.1295
35.8m-g026-repeat-r1 repeat 0 675.5M 1.38B 1.1334
35.8m-g026-repeat-r4 repeat 0 675.5M 3.55B 1.1203
35.8m-g026-repeat-r8 repeat 0 675.5M 6.47B 1.1156

86.2M

Model Arm r Human tokens Training tokens C4
86.2m-g037-control control 0 325.6M 325.6M 1.1378
86.2m-g037-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0511 325.2M 341.8M 1.1343
86.2m-g037-ai-r0.1 ai 0.102 325.5M 358.6M 1.1323
86.2m-g037-ai-r0.25 ai 0.258 323.8M 407.4M 1.1276
86.2m-g037-ai-r0.5 ai 0.519 321.8M 488.6M 1.1220
86.2m-g037-ai-r1 ai 1.05 318.2M 651.7M 1.1151
86.2m-g038-control control 0 325.6M 325.6M 1.1380
86.2m-g038-ai-r2.12 ai 2.12 325.6M 1.02B 1.1073
86.2m-g038-ai-r4.3 ai 4.3 325.6M 1.73B 1.1057
86.2m-g038-ai-r8.66 ai 8.66 325.6M 3.15B 1.1069
86.2m-g038-ai-r17.3 ai 17.3 325.6M 5.97B 1.1093
86.2m-g038-ai-r34.5 ai 34.5 325.6M 11.55B 1.1117
86.2m-g038-human-r4 human 0 1.63B 1.63B 1.0458
86.2m-g039-control control 0 406.8M 406.8M 1.1200
86.2m-g039-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0255 406.9M 417.3M 1.1182
86.2m-g039-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0516 406.8M 427.8M 1.1174
86.2m-g039-ai-r0.1 ai 0.103 406.9M 448.8M 1.1154
86.2m-g039-ai-r0.25 ai 0.258 406.8M 511.7M 1.1108
86.2m-g039-ai-r0.5 ai 0.519 406.9M 618.1M 1.1058
86.2m-g039-ai-r1 ai 1.05 406.7M 832.0M 1.1031
86.2m-g039-ai-r2 ai 2.12 406.9M 1.27B 1.0972
86.2m-g039-ai-r4 ai 4.28 406.8M 2.15B 1.0984
86.2m-g039-ai-r8 ai 8.63 406.8M 3.92B 1.1017
86.2m-g039-ai-r16 ai 17.3 406.9M 7.44B 1.1051
86.2m-g039-ai-r32 ai 34.4 406.8M 14.42B 1.1084
86.2m-g039-human-r0.025 human 0 417.3M 417.3M 1.1180
86.2m-g039-human-r0.05 human 0 427.8M 427.8M 1.1160
86.2m-g039-human-r4 human 0 2.15B 2.15B 1.0371
86.2m-g040-control control 0 1.30B 1.30B 1.0541
86.2m-g040-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0504 1.30B 1.37B 1.0528
86.2m-g040-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.30B 1.43B 1.0529
86.2m-g040-ai-r0.25 ai 0.253 1.30B 1.63B 1.0522
86.2m-g040-ai-r0.5 ai 0.51 1.30B 1.96B 1.0540
86.2m-g040-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.29B 2.61B 1.0556
86.2m-g040-ai-r2.08 ai 2.08 1.27B 3.91B 1.0634
86.2m-g040-ai-r4.22 ai 4.22 1.25B 6.52B 1.0713
86.2m-g041-control control 0 1.30B 1.30B 1.0535
86.2m-g041-ai-r2.08 ai 2.08 1.30B 4.02B 1.0622
86.2m-g041-ai-r4.22 ai 4.22 1.30B 6.80B 1.0710
86.2m-g041-ai-r8 ai 8.51 1.30B 12.40B 1.0811
86.2m-g041-human-r2 human 0 3.91B 3.91B 1.0218
86.2m-g042-control control 0 1.30B 1.30B 1.0536
86.2m-g042-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.29B 2.61B 1.0560
86.2m-g043-control control 0 1.30B 1.30B 1.0538
86.2m-g043-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.29B 2.61B 1.0555
86.2m-g044-control control 0 1.63B 1.63B 1.0456
86.2m-g044-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0252 1.63B 1.67B 1.0453
86.2m-g044-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0503 1.63B 1.71B 1.0450
86.2m-g044-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.63B 1.79B 1.0449
86.2m-g044-ai-r0.25 ai 0.253 1.63B 2.04B 1.0456
86.2m-g044-ai-r0.5 ai 0.509 1.63B 2.45B 1.0474
86.2m-g044-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.63B 3.30B 1.0505
86.2m-g044-ai-r2 ai 2.08 1.63B 5.01B 1.0582
86.2m-g044-ai-r4 ai 4.21 1.63B 8.48B 1.0677
86.2m-g044-ai-r8 ai 8.51 1.63B 15.47B 1.0788
86.2m-g044-human-r0.025 human 0 1.67B 1.67B 1.0449
86.2m-g044-human-r0.05 human 0 1.71B 1.71B 1.0443
86.2m-g044-human-r2 human 0 5.01B 5.01B 1.0172
86.2m-g045-control control 0 2.61B 2.61B 1.0312
86.2m-g045-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0501 2.61B 2.74B 1.0311
86.2m-g045-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 2.61B 2.87B 1.0306
86.2m-g045-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 2.60B 3.26B 1.0330
86.2m-g045-ai-r0.5 ai 0.507 2.60B 3.91B 1.0346
86.2m-g045-ai-r1 ai 1.02 2.58B 5.22B 1.0410
86.2m-g046-control control 0 3.25B 3.25B 1.0266
86.2m-g046-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0501 3.25B 3.42B 1.0263
86.2m-g046-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 3.25B 3.58B 1.0263
86.2m-g046-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 3.25B 4.07B 1.0281
86.2m-g046-ai-r0.5 ai 0.507 3.25B 4.90B 1.0309
86.2m-g046-ai-r1 ai 1.02 3.25B 6.58B 1.0368
86.2m-g047-control control 0 3.91B 3.91B 1.0221
86.2m-g047-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 3.91B 4.11B 1.0220
86.2m-g047-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 3.91B 4.30B 1.0221
86.2m-g047-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 3.91B 4.89B 1.0242
86.2m-g047-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 3.90B 5.87B 1.0273
86.2m-g047-ai-r1 ai 1.02 3.87B 7.82B 1.0342
86.2m-g047-ai-r2.07 ai 2.07 3.82B 11.74B 1.0445
86.2m-g047-ai-r4.2 ai 4.2 3.76B 19.56B 1.0567
86.2m-g048-control control 0 3.91B 3.91B 1.0212
86.2m-g048-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 3.91B 4.89B 1.0235
86.2m-g048-ai-r1 ai 1.02 3.87B 7.82B 1.0348
86.2m-g049-control control 0 4.72B 4.72B 1.0189
86.2m-g049-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 4.72B 4.95B 1.0189
86.2m-g049-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 4.72B 5.19B 1.0185
86.2m-g049-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 4.72B 5.90B 1.0211
86.2m-g049-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 4.72B 7.10B 1.0244
86.2m-g049-ai-r1 ai 1.02 4.72B 9.53B 1.0311
86.2m-g049-ai-r2 ai 2.07 4.72B 14.48B 1.0414
86.2m-g049-ai-r4 ai 4.2 4.72B 24.52B 1.0549
86.2m-g050-control control 0 5.22B 5.22B 1.0163
86.2m-g050-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 5.22B 5.48B 1.0168
86.2m-g050-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 5.22B 5.74B 1.0166
86.2m-g050-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 5.21B 6.52B 1.0194
86.2m-g050-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 5.20B 7.82B 1.0228
86.2m-g050-ai-r1 ai 1.02 5.16B 10.43B 1.0294
86.2m-g051-control control 0 6.29B 6.29B 1.0137
86.2m-g051-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 6.29B 6.60B 1.0135
86.2m-g051-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 6.29B 6.92B 1.0148
86.2m-g051-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 6.29B 7.87B 1.0169
86.2m-g051-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 6.29B 9.47B 1.0205
86.2m-g051-ai-r1 ai 1.02 6.29B 12.71B 1.0278
86.2m-g052-control control 0 6.52B 6.52B 1.0128
86.2m-g052-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 6.52B 6.85B 1.0131
86.2m-g052-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 6.52B 7.17B 1.0130
86.2m-g052-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 6.51B 8.15B 1.0161
86.2m-g052-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 6.50B 9.78B 1.0196
86.2m-g052-ai-r1 ai 1.02 6.45B 13.04B 1.0270
86.2m-g053-control control 0 7.54B 7.54B 1.0097
86.2m-g053-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0499 7.54B 7.92B 1.0109
86.2m-g053-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 7.54B 8.30B 1.0116
86.2m-g053-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 7.54B 9.44B 1.0140
86.2m-g053-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 7.54B 11.35B 1.0182
86.2m-g053-ai-r1 ai 1.02 7.54B 15.24B 1.0262
86.2m-f11-ai-removed filtered 0 253.2M 253.2M 1.1609
86.2m-f11-web-mix natural 0.294 251.6M 325.6M 1.1473
86.2m-f12-ai-removed filtered 0 1.01B 1.01B 1.0643
86.2m-f12-web-mix natural 0.293 1.01B 1.30B 1.0616
86.2m-f13-ai-removed filtered 0 2.03B 2.03B 1.0387
86.2m-f13-web-mix natural 0.291 2.02B 2.61B 1.0397
86.2m-f14-ai-removed filtered 0 3.04B 3.04B 1.0278
86.2m-f14-web-mix natural 0.29 3.03B 3.91B 1.0297
86.2m-f15-ai-removed filtered 0 4.05B 4.05B 1.0214
86.2m-f15-web-mix natural 0.29 4.05B 5.22B 1.0243
86.2m-f16-ai-removed filtered 0 5.07B 5.07B 1.0171
86.2m-f16-web-mix natural 0.289 5.06B 6.52B 1.0208

135M

Model Arm r Human tokens Training tokens C4
135m-g054-control control 0 550.5M 550.5M 1.0742
135m-g054-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.00256 550.1M 551.6M 1.0742
135m-g054-ai-r0.005 ai 0.00507 550.3M 553.1M 1.0730
135m-g054-ai-r0.01 ai 0.0102 550.2M 555.7M 1.0738
135m-g054-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0257 550.0M 564.1M 1.0734
135m-g054-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0512 549.6M 577.8M 1.0723
135m-g054-ai-r0.1 ai 0.103 549.3M 605.6M 1.0706
135m-g054-ai-r0.25 ai 0.257 547.2M 687.9M 1.0657
135m-g054-ai-r0.5 ai 0.517 544.4M 825.8M 1.0609
135m-g054-ai-r1 ai 1.04 539.3M 1.10B 1.0555
135m-g054-ai-r2 ai 2.11 550.5M 1.71B 1.0512
135m-g054-ai-r4 ai 4.26 550.5M 2.90B 1.0517
135m-g054-ai-r8 ai 8.59 550.5M 5.28B 1.0536
135m-g054-ai-r16 ai 17.2 550.5M 10.01B 1.0574
135m-g054-human-r0.0025 human 0 551.6M 551.6M 1.0736
135m-g054-human-r0.005 human 0 553.1M 553.1M 1.0736
135m-g054-human-r0.01 human 0 555.7M 555.7M 1.0740
135m-g054-human-r0.025 human 0 564.1M 564.1M 1.0730
135m-g054-human-r0.05 human 0 577.8M 577.8M 1.0717
135m-g054-human-r8 human 0 4.95B 4.95B 0.9800
135m-g055-control control 0 550.5M 550.5M 1.0718
135m-g055-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0254 550.1M 564.1M 1.0715
135m-g055-ai-r0.05 ai 0.051 549.7M 577.8M 1.0702
135m-g055-human-r0.025 human 0 564.1M 564.1M 1.0708
135m-g055-human-r0.05 human 0 577.8M 577.8M 1.0693
135m-g056-control control 0 550.5M 550.5M 1.0757
135m-g056-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0255 550.1M 564.1M 1.0744
135m-g056-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0511 549.7M 577.8M 1.0729
135m-g056-human-r0.025 human 0 564.1M 564.1M 1.0737
135m-g056-human-r0.05 human 0 577.8M 577.8M 1.0716
135m-g057-control control 0 638.6M 638.6M 1.0643
135m-g057-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.00254 638.5M 640.2M 1.0643
135m-g057-ai-r0.005 ai 0.00504 638.5M 641.7M 1.0633
135m-g057-ai-r0.01 ai 0.0101 638.4M 644.9M 1.0628
135m-g057-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0256 638.5M 654.8M 1.0609
135m-g057-ai-r0.05 ai 0.051 638.5M 671.1M 1.0612
135m-g057-ai-r0.1 ai 0.102 638.4M 703.6M 1.0593
135m-g057-ai-r0.25 ai 0.256 638.6M 802.2M 1.0559
135m-g057-ai-r0.5 ai 0.515 638.7M 967.3M 1.0509
135m-g057-ai-r1 ai 1.04 638.5M 1.30B 1.0473
135m-g057-ai-r2 ai 2.1 638.5M 1.98B 1.0458
135m-g057-ai-r4 ai 4.26 638.6M 3.36B 1.0472
135m-g057-ai-r8 ai 8.58 638.6M 6.11B 1.0509
135m-g057-ai-r16 ai 17.2 638.6M 11.60B 1.0557
135m-g057-ai-r32 ai 34.4 638.6M 22.60B 1.0595
135m-g057-human-r0.0025 human 0 640.2M 640.2M 1.0629
135m-g057-human-r0.005 human 0 641.7M 641.7M 1.0628
135m-g057-human-r0.01 human 0 644.9M 644.9M 1.0622
135m-g057-human-r0.025 human 0 654.8M 654.8M 1.0621
135m-g057-human-r0.05 human 0 671.1M 671.1M 1.0605
135m-g057-human-r0.5 human 0 957.9M 957.9M 1.0385
135m-g057-human-r8 human 0 6.11B 6.11B 0.9755
135m-g058-control control 0 2.20B 2.20B 1.0016
135m-g058-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.00248 2.20B 2.21B 1.0014
135m-g058-ai-r0.005 ai 0.00503 2.20B 2.21B 1.0015
135m-g058-ai-r0.01 ai 0.0101 2.20B 2.22B 1.0015
135m-g058-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0251 2.20B 2.26B 1.0009
135m-g058-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0502 2.20B 2.31B 1.0011
135m-g058-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 2.20B 2.42B 1.0008
135m-g058-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 2.20B 2.75B 1.0009
135m-g058-ai-r0.5 ai 0.508 2.19B 3.30B 1.0021
135m-g058-ai-r1 ai 1.02 2.17B 4.40B 1.0061
135m-g058-ai-r2 ai 2.08 2.20B 6.77B 1.0117
135m-g058-ai-r2.07 ai 2.07 2.15B 6.61B 1.0126
135m-g058-ai-r4 ai 4.2 2.20B 11.46B 1.0210
135m-g058-ai-r4.2 ai 4.2 2.12B 11.01B 1.0214
135m-g058-human-r0.0025 human 0 2.21B 2.21B 1.0013
135m-g058-human-r0.005 human 0 2.21B 2.21B 1.0015
135m-g058-human-r0.01 human 0 2.22B 2.22B 1.0011
135m-g058-human-r0.025 human 0 2.26B 2.26B 1.0005
135m-g058-human-r0.05 human 0 2.31B 2.31B 1.0000
135m-g058-human-r4 human 0 11.01B 11.01B 0.9659
135m-g059-control control 0 2.20B 2.20B 1.0022
135m-g059-ai-r0.25 ai 0.253 2.20B 2.75B 1.0010
135m-g059-ai-r1 ai 1.03 2.17B 4.40B 1.0063
135m-g060-control control 0 2.20B 2.20B 1.0018
135m-g060-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0247 2.20B 2.26B 1.0016
135m-g060-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0494 2.20B 2.31B 1.0013
135m-g060-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 2.20B 2.75B 1.0008
135m-g060-ai-r1 ai 1.03 2.17B 4.40B 1.0054
135m-g060-human-r0.025 human 0 2.26B 2.26B 1.0010
135m-g060-human-r0.05 human 0 2.31B 2.31B 1.0004
135m-g061-control control 0 2.20B 2.20B 1.0023
135m-g061-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0247 2.20B 2.26B 1.0013
135m-g061-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0494 2.20B 2.31B 1.0011
135m-g061-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 2.20B 2.75B 1.0008
135m-g061-ai-r1 ai 1.02 2.18B 4.40B 1.0056
135m-g061-human-r0.025 human 0 2.26B 2.26B 1.0003
135m-g061-human-r0.05 human 0 2.31B 2.31B 0.9999
135m-g062-control control 0 2.20B 2.20B 1.0013
135m-g062-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 2.20B 2.75B 1.0009
135m-g062-ai-r1 ai 1.02 2.18B 4.40B 1.0055
135m-g063-control control 0 2.55B 2.55B 0.9970
135m-g063-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.0025 2.55B 2.56B 0.9968
135m-g063-ai-r0.005 ai 0.00501 2.55B 2.57B 0.9967
135m-g063-ai-r0.01 ai 0.01 2.55B 2.58B 0.9967
135m-g063-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0251 2.55B 2.62B 0.9965
135m-g063-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0502 2.55B 2.68B 0.9963
135m-g063-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 2.55B 2.81B 0.9961
135m-g063-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 2.55B 3.20B 0.9968
135m-g063-ai-r0.5 ai 0.507 2.55B 3.85B 0.9985
135m-g063-ai-r1 ai 1.02 2.55B 5.17B 1.0022
135m-g063-ai-r2 ai 2.07 2.55B 7.85B 1.0090
135m-g063-ai-r4 ai 4.2 2.55B 13.29B 1.0187
135m-g063-ai-r8 ai 8.5 2.55B 24.27B 1.0291
135m-g063-human-r0.0025 human 0 2.56B 2.56B 0.9967
135m-g063-human-r0.005 human 0 2.57B 2.57B 0.9966
135m-g063-human-r0.01 human 0 2.58B 2.58B 0.9966
135m-g063-human-r0.025 human 0 2.62B 2.62B 0.9959
135m-g063-human-r0.05 human 0 2.68B 2.68B 0.9951
135m-g063-human-r0.5 human 0 3.83B 3.83B 0.9856
135m-g063-human-r4 human 0 13.29B 13.29B 0.9629
135m-g064-control control 0 4.40B 4.40B 0.9826
135m-g064-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0249 4.40B 4.51B 0.9823
135m-g064-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 4.40B 4.62B 0.9822
135m-g064-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 4.40B 4.84B 0.9826
135m-g064-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 4.40B 5.51B 0.9842
135m-g064-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 4.39B 6.61B 0.9869
135m-g064-ai-r1 ai 1.02 4.36B 8.81B 0.9920
135m-g064-human-r0.025 human 0 4.51B 4.51B 0.9817
135m-g064-human-r0.05 human 0 4.62B 4.62B 0.9814
135m-g065-control control 0 5.11B 5.11B 0.9795
135m-g065-ai-r0.025 ai 0.025 5.11B 5.24B 0.9792
135m-g065-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 5.11B 5.36B 0.9793
135m-g065-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 5.11B 5.62B 0.9798
135m-g065-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 5.11B 6.39B 0.9810
135m-g065-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 5.11B 7.69B 0.9839
135m-g065-ai-r1 ai 1.02 5.11B 10.32B 0.9891
135m-g065-human-r0.025 human 0 5.24B 5.24B 0.9789
135m-g065-human-r0.05 human 0 5.36B 5.36B 0.9777
135m-g065-human-r0.5 human 0 7.66B 7.66B 0.9716
135m-g066-control control 0 6.61B 6.61B 0.9740
135m-g066-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 6.61B 6.94B 0.9743
135m-g066-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 6.61B 7.27B 0.9744
135m-g066-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 6.60B 8.26B 0.9766
135m-g066-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 6.58B 9.91B 0.9794
135m-g066-ai-r1 ai 1.02 6.54B 13.21B 0.9856
135m-g066-human-r0.25 human 0 8.26B 8.26B 0.9701
135m-g067-control control 0 7.40B 7.40B 0.9718
135m-g067-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0499 7.40B 7.77B 0.9720
135m-g067-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 7.40B 8.14B 0.9729
135m-g067-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 7.40B 9.26B 0.9746
135m-g067-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 7.40B 11.15B 0.9781
135m-g067-ai-r1 ai 1.02 7.40B 14.96B 0.9837
135m-g067-human-r0.25 human 0 9.26B 9.26B 0.9678
135m-g068-control control 0 8.81B 8.81B 0.9690
135m-g068-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 8.81B 9.25B 0.9690
135m-g068-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 8.81B 9.69B 0.9694
135m-g068-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 8.80B 11.01B 0.9718
135m-g068-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 8.78B 13.21B 0.9754
135m-g068-ai-r1 ai 1.02 8.72B 17.62B 0.9818
135m-g068-human-r0.25 human 0 11.01B 11.01B 0.9655
135m-g069-control control 0 9.87B 9.87B 0.9673
135m-g069-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0499 9.87B 10.36B 0.9673
135m-g069-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 9.87B 10.86B 0.9682
135m-g069-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 9.87B 12.35B 0.9704
135m-g069-ai-r0.5 ai 0.505 9.87B 14.86B 0.9738
135m-g069-ai-r1 ai 1.02 9.87B 19.94B 0.9805
135m-g069-human-r0.25 human 0 12.35B 12.35B 0.9637
135m-g070-control control 0 11.01B 11.01B 0.9658
135m-g070-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 11.01B 11.56B 0.9657
135m-g070-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 11.01B 12.11B 0.9662
135m-g070-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 11.00B 13.76B 0.9688
135m-g070-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 10.97B 16.52B 0.9722
135m-g070-ai-r1 ai 1.02 10.90B 22.02B 0.9790
135m-g070-human-r0.25 human 0 13.76B 13.76B 0.9623
135m-g071-control control 0 11.84B 11.84B 0.9649
135m-g071-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0499 11.84B 12.43B 0.9648
135m-g071-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 11.84B 13.02B 0.9650
135m-g071-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 11.84B 14.81B 0.9679
135m-g071-ai-r0.5 ai 0.505 11.84B 17.82B 0.9715
135m-g071-ai-r1 ai 1.02 11.84B 23.92B 0.9781
135m-g071-human-r0.25 human 0 14.81B 14.81B 0.9615

268M

Model Arm r Human tokens Training tokens C4
268m-g072-control control 0 1.17B 1.17B 0.9968
268m-g072-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.0025 1.17B 1.18B 0.9969
268m-g072-ai-r0.005 ai 0.00501 1.17B 1.18B 0.9968
268m-g072-ai-r0.01 ai 0.0101 1.17B 1.19B 0.9963
268m-g072-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0253 1.17B 1.20B 0.9959
268m-g072-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0506 1.17B 1.23B 0.9952
268m-g072-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.17B 1.29B 0.9937
268m-g072-ai-r0.25 ai 0.254 1.17B 1.47B 0.9908
268m-g072-ai-r0.5 ai 0.511 1.17B 1.76B 0.9886
268m-g072-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.16B 2.35B 0.9861
268m-g072-human-r0.0025 human 0 1.18B 1.18B 0.9970
268m-g072-human-r0.005 human 0 1.18B 1.18B 0.9966
268m-g072-human-r0.01 human 0 1.19B 1.19B 0.9964
268m-g072-human-r0.025 human 0 1.20B 1.20B 0.9954
268m-g072-human-r0.05 human 0 1.23B 1.23B 0.9941
268m-g072-human-r0.25 human 0 1.47B 1.47B 0.9849
268m-g072-human-r1 human 0 2.35B 2.35B 0.9634
268m-g073-control control 0 1.17B 1.17B 0.9960
268m-g073-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0253 1.17B 1.20B 0.9948
268m-g073-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0506 1.17B 1.23B 0.9939
268m-g073-human-r0.025 human 0 1.20B 1.20B 0.9943
268m-g073-human-r0.05 human 0 1.23B 1.23B 0.9933
268m-g074-control control 0 1.17B 1.17B 0.9968
268m-g074-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0253 1.17B 1.20B 0.9957
268m-g074-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0506 1.17B 1.23B 0.9946
268m-g074-human-r0.025 human 0 1.20B 1.20B 0.9952
268m-g074-human-r0.05 human 0 1.23B 1.23B 0.9940
268m-g075-control control 0 1.27B 1.27B 0.9926
268m-g075-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.0025 1.27B 1.27B 0.9926
268m-g075-ai-r0.005 ai 0.005 1.27B 1.27B 0.9923
268m-g075-ai-r0.01 ai 0.0101 1.27B 1.28B 0.9921
268m-g075-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0252 1.27B 1.30B 0.9917
268m-g075-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0506 1.27B 1.33B 0.9912
268m-g075-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 1.27B 1.39B 0.9899
268m-g075-ai-r0.25 ai 0.253 1.27B 1.59B 0.9869
268m-g075-ai-r0.5 ai 0.509 1.27B 1.91B 0.9846
268m-g075-ai-r1 ai 1.03 1.27B 2.57B 0.9824
268m-g075-ai-r2 ai 2.08 1.27B 3.91B 0.9823
268m-g075-ai-r4 ai 4.22 1.27B 6.61B 0.9840
268m-g075-human-r0.0025 human 0 1.27B 1.27B 0.9927
268m-g075-human-r0.005 human 0 1.27B 1.27B 0.9924
268m-g075-human-r0.01 human 0 1.28B 1.28B 0.9921
268m-g075-human-r0.025 human 0 1.30B 1.30B 0.9913
268m-g075-human-r0.05 human 0 1.33B 1.33B 0.9901
268m-g075-human-r0.25 human 0 1.59B 1.59B 0.9812
268m-g075-human-r1 human 0 2.57B 2.57B 0.9595
268m-g076-control control 0 4.70B 4.70B 0.9396
268m-g076-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.00249 4.70B 4.71B 0.9395
268m-g076-ai-r0.005 ai 0.00501 4.70B 4.72B 0.9395
268m-g076-ai-r0.01 ai 0.01 4.70B 4.74B 0.9396
268m-g076-ai-r0.025 ai 0.025 4.70B 4.82B 0.9392
268m-g076-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 4.70B 4.93B 0.9392
268m-g076-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 4.70B 5.17B 0.9388
268m-g076-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 4.69B 5.87B 0.9394
268m-g076-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 4.68B 7.05B 0.9410
268m-g076-ai-r1 ai 1.02 4.65B 9.40B 0.9446
268m-g076-human-r0.0025 human 0 4.71B 4.71B 0.9394
268m-g076-human-r0.005 human 0 4.72B 4.72B 0.9396
268m-g076-human-r0.01 human 0 4.74B 4.74B 0.9394
268m-g076-human-r0.025 human 0 4.82B 4.82B 0.9387
268m-g076-human-r0.05 human 0 4.93B 4.93B 0.9385
268m-g076-human-r0.25 human 0 5.87B 5.87B 0.9337
268m-g077-control control 0 4.70B 4.70B 0.9400
268m-g077-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 4.69B 5.87B 0.9394
268m-g077-ai-r1 ai 1.02 4.65B 9.40B 0.9452
268m-g078-control control 0 4.70B 4.70B 0.9398
268m-g078-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0248 4.70B 4.82B 0.9398
268m-g078-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0497 4.70B 4.93B 0.9394
268m-g078-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 4.69B 5.87B 0.9395
268m-g078-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 4.68B 7.05B 0.9407
268m-g078-ai-r1 ai 1.02 4.65B 9.40B 0.9444
268m-g078-human-r0.025 human 0 4.82B 4.82B 0.9393
268m-g078-human-r0.05 human 0 4.93B 4.93B 0.9387
268m-g079-control control 0 4.70B 4.70B 0.9396
268m-g079-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0248 4.70B 4.82B 0.9397
268m-g079-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0497 4.70B 4.93B 0.9390
268m-g079-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 4.69B 5.87B 0.9397
268m-g079-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 4.68B 7.05B 0.9408
268m-g079-ai-r1 ai 1.02 4.65B 9.40B 0.9445
268m-g079-human-r0.025 human 0 4.82B 4.82B 0.9393
268m-g079-human-r0.05 human 0 4.93B 4.93B 0.9384
268m-g080-control control 0 4.70B 4.70B 0.9401
268m-g080-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 4.69B 5.87B 0.9396
268m-g080-ai-r1 ai 1.02 4.65B 9.40B 0.9449
268m-g081-control control 0 5.07B 5.07B 0.9378
268m-g081-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.0025 5.07B 5.08B 0.9377
268m-g081-ai-r0.005 ai 0.005 5.07B 5.09B 0.9375
268m-g081-ai-r0.01 ai 0.01 5.07B 5.12B 0.9374
268m-g081-ai-r0.025 ai 0.025 5.07B 5.19B 0.9375
268m-g081-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 5.07B 5.32B 0.9370
268m-g081-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 5.07B 5.58B 0.9371
268m-g081-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 5.07B 6.34B 0.9374
268m-g081-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 5.07B 7.63B 0.9394
268m-g081-ai-r1 ai 1.02 5.07B 10.24B 0.9429
268m-g081-ai-r2 ai 2.07 5.07B 15.55B 0.9491
268m-g081-ai-r4 ai 4.2 5.07B 26.35B 0.9579
268m-g081-human-r0.0025 human 0 5.08B 5.08B 0.9375
268m-g081-human-r0.005 human 0 5.09B 5.09B 0.9375
268m-g081-human-r0.01 human 0 5.12B 5.12B 0.9374
268m-g081-human-r0.025 human 0 5.19B 5.19B 0.9369
268m-g081-human-r0.05 human 0 5.32B 5.32B 0.9363
268m-g081-human-r0.25 human 0 6.34B 6.34B 0.9321
268m-g082-control control 0 9.40B 9.40B 0.9232
268m-g082-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0249 9.40B 9.63B 0.9231
268m-g082-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0499 9.40B 9.87B 0.9228
268m-g082-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 9.39B 10.33B 0.9234
268m-g082-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 9.39B 11.74B 0.9248
268m-g082-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 9.36B 14.09B 0.9272
268m-g082-ai-r1 ai 1.02 9.30B 18.79B 0.9326
268m-g082-human-r0.025 human 0 9.63B 9.63B 0.9225
268m-g082-human-r0.05 human 0 9.87B 9.87B 0.9223
268m-g082-human-r0.25 human 0 11.74B 11.74B 0.9192
268m-g082-human-r1 human 0 18.79B 18.79B 0.9116
268m-g083-control control 0 10.14B 10.14B 0.9218
268m-g083-ai-r0.025 ai 0.025 10.14B 10.39B 0.9216
268m-g083-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0499 10.14B 10.64B 0.9221
268m-g083-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 10.14B 11.15B 0.9223
268m-g083-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 10.14B 12.68B 0.9233
268m-g083-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 10.14B 15.26B 0.9262
268m-g083-ai-r1 ai 1.02 10.14B 20.48B 0.9316
268m-g083-human-r0.025 human 0 10.39B 10.39B 0.9214
268m-g083-human-r0.05 human 0 10.64B 10.64B 0.9207
268m-g083-human-r0.25 human 0 12.68B 12.68B 0.9178
268m-g083-human-r1 human 0 20.48B 20.48B 0.9103
268m-g084-control control 0 14.09B 14.09B 0.9157
268m-g084-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 14.09B 14.80B 0.9159
268m-g084-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 14.09B 15.50B 0.9163
268m-g084-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 14.08B 17.62B 0.9178
268m-g084-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 14.04B 21.14B 0.9211
268m-g084-ai-r1 ai 1.02 13.95B 28.19B 0.9267
268m-g084-human-r0.25 human 0 17.62B 17.62B 0.9124
268m-g085-control control 0 14.69B 14.69B 0.9154
268m-g085-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0499 14.69B 15.42B 0.9154
268m-g085-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 14.69B 16.16B 0.9159
268m-g085-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 14.69B 18.38B 0.9177
268m-g085-ai-r0.5 ai 0.505 14.69B 22.12B 0.9205
268m-g085-ai-r1 ai 1.02 14.69B 29.68B 0.9264
268m-g085-human-r0.25 human 0 18.38B 18.38B 0.9116
268m-g086-control control 0 18.79B 18.79B 0.9115
268m-g086-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 18.79B 19.73B 0.9117
268m-g086-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 18.79B 20.67B 0.9121
268m-g086-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 18.77B 23.49B 0.9139
268m-g086-ai-r0.5 ai 0.505 18.72B 28.19B 0.9172
268m-g086-ai-r1 ai 1.02 18.60B 37.58B 0.9233
268m-g086-human-r0.25 human 0 23.49B 23.49B 0.9084
268m-g087-control control 0 19.59B 19.59B 0.9110
268m-g087-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0499 19.59B 20.57B 0.9112
268m-g087-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 19.59B 21.55B 0.9119
268m-g087-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 19.59B 24.51B 0.9132
268m-g087-ai-r0.5 ai 0.505 19.59B 29.49B 0.9167
268m-g087-ai-r1 ai 1.02 19.59B 39.58B 0.9227
268m-g087-human-r0.25 human 0 24.51B 24.51B 0.9083
268m-g088-control control 0 23.49B 23.49B 0.9087
268m-g088-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 23.49B 24.66B 0.9086
268m-g088-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 23.49B 25.84B 0.9095
268m-g088-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 23.47B 29.36B 0.9111
268m-g088-ai-r0.5 ai 0.505 23.40B 35.23B 0.9145
268m-g088-ai-r1 ai 1.02 23.25B 46.98B 0.9210
268m-g088-human-r0.1 human 0 25.84B 25.84B 0.9072

477M

Model Arm r Human tokens Training tokens C4
477m-g089-control control 0 2.18B 2.18B 0.9509
477m-g089-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.0025 2.18B 2.18B 0.9508
477m-g089-ai-r0.025 ai 0.025 2.17B 2.23B 0.9502
477m-g089-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 2.18B 2.28B 0.9489
477m-g089-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 2.18B 2.39B 0.9480
477m-g089-ai-r0.25 ai 0.25 2.18B 2.72B 0.9449
477m-g089-ai-r0.5 ai 0.5 2.18B 3.26B 0.9423
477m-g089-ai-r1 ai 1 2.18B 4.35B 0.9405
477m-g089-human-r0.0025 human 0 2.18B 2.18B 0.9508
477m-g089-human-r0.025 human 0 2.23B 2.23B 0.9495
477m-g089-human-r0.05 human 0 2.28B 2.28B 0.9481
477m-g090-control control 0 2.25B 2.25B 0.9486
477m-g090-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.0025 2.25B 2.26B 0.9485
477m-g090-ai-r0.025 ai 0.0251 2.25B 2.31B 0.9477
477m-g090-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0502 2.25B 2.36B 0.9470
477m-g090-ai-r0.1 ai 0.101 2.25B 2.48B 0.9461
477m-g090-ai-r0.25 ai 0.252 2.25B 2.82B 0.9429
477m-g090-ai-r0.5 ai 0.508 2.25B 3.39B 0.9407
477m-g090-ai-r1 ai 1.02 2.25B 4.56B 0.9387
477m-g090-human-r0.0025 human 0 2.26B 2.26B 0.9483
477m-g090-human-r0.025 human 0 2.31B 2.31B 0.9480
477m-g090-human-r0.05 human 0 2.36B 2.36B 0.9469
477m-g091-control control 0 8.70B 8.70B 0.8973
477m-g091-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.0025 8.70B 8.72B 0.8971
477m-g091-ai-r0.025 ai 0.025 8.70B 8.92B 0.8971
477m-g091-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 8.70B 9.14B 0.8967
477m-g091-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 8.70B 9.57B 0.8967
477m-g091-ai-r0.25 ai 0.25 8.70B 10.88B 0.8969
477m-g091-ai-r0.5 ai 0.5 8.70B 13.05B 0.8984
477m-g091-ai-r1 ai 1 8.70B 17.41B 0.9017
477m-g091-human-r0.0025 human 0 8.72B 8.72B 0.8973
477m-g091-human-r0.025 human 0 8.92B 8.92B 0.8968
477m-g091-human-r0.05 human 0 9.14B 9.14B 0.8959
477m-g092-control control 0 9.01B 9.01B 0.8965
477m-g092-ai-r0.0025 ai 0.0025 9.01B 9.03B 0.8964
477m-g092-ai-r0.025 ai 0.025 9.01B 9.23B 0.8961
477m-g092-ai-r0.05 ai 0.0499 9.01B 9.46B 0.8958
477m-g092-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 9.01B 9.91B 0.8959
477m-g092-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 9.01B 11.27B 0.8960
477m-g092-ai-r0.5 ai 0.506 9.01B 13.56B 0.8973
477m-g092-ai-r1 ai 1.02 9.01B 18.20B 0.9004
477m-g092-human-r0.0025 human 0 9.03B 9.03B 0.8965
477m-g092-human-r0.025 human 0 9.23B 9.23B 0.8956
477m-g092-human-r0.05 human 0 9.46B 9.46B 0.8952
477m-g093-control control 0 17.41B 17.41B 0.8817
477m-g093-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 17.41B 18.28B 0.8817
477m-g093-ai-r0.25 ai 0.25 17.41B 21.76B 0.8830
477m-g093-ai-r1 ai 1 17.41B 34.81B 0.8899
477m-g094-control control 0 18.01B 18.01B 0.8811
477m-g094-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 18.01B 18.91B 0.8808
477m-g094-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 18.01B 19.82B 0.8814
477m-g094-ai-r0.25 ai 0.251 18.01B 22.54B 0.8820
477m-g094-ai-r0.5 ai 0.505 18.01B 27.12B 0.8854
477m-g094-ai-r1 ai 1.02 18.01B 36.40B 0.8894
477m-g095-control control 0 26.11B 26.11B 0.8750
477m-g095-ai-r0.25 ai 0.25 26.11B 32.64B 0.8764
477m-g095-ai-r0.5 ai 0.5 26.11B 39.16B 0.8800
477m-g095-ai-r1 ai 1 26.11B 52.22B 0.8848
477m-g096-control control 0 34.81B 34.81B 0.8705
477m-g096-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 34.81B 36.55B 0.8707
477m-g096-ai-r0.25 ai 0.25 34.81B 43.52B 0.8725
477m-g096-ai-r0.5 ai 0.5 34.81B 52.22B 0.8755

973M

Model Arm r Human tokens Training tokens C4
973m-g097-control control 0 4.59B 4.59B 0.8949
973m-g098-control control 0 18.37B 18.37B 0.8510
973m-g098-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 18.37B 19.29B 0.8508
973m-g098-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 18.37B 20.21B 0.8505
973m-g098-ai-r0.25 ai 0.25 18.37B 22.96B 0.8510
973m-g098-ai-r0.5 ai 0.5 18.37B 27.55B 0.8527
973m-g098-ai-r1 ai 1 18.37B 36.74B 0.8553
973m-g099-control control 0 36.74B 36.74B 0.8377
973m-g099-ai-r0.05 ai 0.05 36.74B 38.57B 0.8377
973m-g099-ai-r0.1 ai 0.1 36.74B 40.41B 0.8378
973m-g099-ai-r0.25 ai 0.25 36.74B 45.92B 0.8385
973m-g099-ai-r0.5 ai 0.5 36.74B 55.10B 0.8409
973m-f17-ai-removed filtered 0 3.57B 3.57B 0.9064
973m-f17-web-mix natural 0.287 3.57B 4.59B 0.9010
973m-f18-ai-removed filtered 0 14.27B 14.27B 0.8576
973m-f18-web-mix natural 0.287 14.27B 18.37B 0.8566
973m-f19-ai-removed filtered 0 28.54B 28.54B 0.8420
973m-f19-web-mix natural 0.287 28.54B 36.74B 0.8432

License

License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. The WildAI code, models and dataset are released under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license: you may use and adapt them for non-commercial purposes, with attribution, and must share adaptations under the same license. The full text is in LICENSE.

Citation

@article{russell2026wildai,
  title   = {How Much Is an AI Token Worth? Scaling Laws for Wild AI-Generated Web Text},
  author  = {Russell, Jenna and Glickenhaus, Ben and Thai, Katherine and Wieting, John and Iyyer, Mohit and Spero, Max and Emi, Bradley},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2609.40295},
  year    = {2026},
  url     = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.40295}
}
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