README.md

---
license: other
license_name: dinov3-license
license_link: https://ai.meta.com/resources/models-and-libraries/dinov3-license
pipeline_tag: image-classification
library_name: pytorch
base_model: facebook/dinov3-vitl16-pretrain-lvd1689m
base_model_relation: finetune
tags:
- image-classification
- content-moderation
- nsfw-detection
- dinov3
metrics:
- accuracy
extra_gated_prompt: >-
  Blue-Eye is a content-moderation model. By downloading it you agree to use it under the DINOv3
  License and not to use it to monitor or make decisions about individual people.
extra_gated_button_content: Agree and download
---

<p align="center">
  <img src="assets/logo.png" width="140" alt="Blue-Eye logo">
</p>

# Model Card for Blue-Eye

Blue-Eye is an image classifier for content moderation. Given an image, it predicts whether the content
is **safe**, **suggestive** or **explicit**, together with a probability for each class. On a benchmark
of 3,000 real photographs it reaches **88.9% accuracy**, ahead of AWS Rekognition, Gemini 3.1 Pro,
Google Cloud Vision and the open-source NSFW detectors it was compared with. It handles both photographs
and anime/illustration.

![Overall accuracy on 3,000 real photographs](assets/accuracy.png)

## Model Details

Blue-Eye is a DINOv3 ViT-L/16 vision transformer fine-tuned end to end for three-class content
classification. The model takes a 512x512 RGB image and returns three class probabilities.

### Model Description

- **Developed by:** Pranshu Patel
- **Model type:** Vision Transformer image classifier
- **Fine-tuned from:** [facebook/dinov3-vitl16-pretrain-lvd1689m](https://huggingface.co/facebook/dinov3-vitl16-pretrain-lvd1689m)
- **Classes:** `safe` (0), `suggestive` (1), `explicit` (2)
- **Parameters:** 303M
- **License:** [DINOv3 License](https://ai.meta.com/resources/models-and-libraries/dinov3-license)

### Model Sources

- **Repository:** https://github.com/prnshu-p/Blue-Eye

## Uses

### Direct Use

Blue-Eye is built for moderating sexual content in images:

- filtering explicit or suggestive images out of feeds, search results and timelines
- blurring images or adding content warnings
- age-gating content on platforms that allow adult material
- prioritising images for human moderators
- curating image datasets before training other models

The class definitions follow a nudity and sexual-content rubric:

- **safe:** no sexualised content, including swimwear, fitness, medical images, breastfeeding and
  non-sexual art
- **suggestive:** sexualised but not explicit, such as posed lingerie shots or bare buttocks
- **explicit:** exposed genitalia, sexual acts or full nudity

### Downstream Use

The default prediction is the highest-probability class. Platforms with a stricter or looser policy can
set their own threshold on `p(explicit)` or `p(suggestive) + p(explicit)`, tuned on their own data. The
model can also be fine-tuned further on a platform's own labels.

### Out-of-Scope Use

Blue-Eye covers sexual content only; violence, gore and other policy areas are out of scope. It does not
estimate age and is not a tool for detecting child sexual abuse material, for which dedicated
hash-matching services should be used. It should not be used to monitor or make decisions about
individual people.

## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

The boundary between suggestive and its neighbouring classes is the most subjective part of the task,
for people and models alike, and it is where most disagreements occur. Performance across demographic
groups was not part of this evaluation.

### Recommendations

Validate the model on images representative of your own platform before deployment, and keep a human
review step for actions that affect user accounts.

## How to Get Started with the Model

```bash
pip install torch "transformers>=4.56" safetensors pillow numpy huggingface_hub
```

```python
import sys
from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download

path = snapshot_download("pp1618/Blue-Eye")
sys.path.insert(0, path)

from inference import classify

for result in classify(["photo.jpg", "drawing.png"], model=path):
    print(result["label"], result["probabilities"])
```

From the command line:

```bash
python inference.py photo.jpg folder_of_images/ --model pp1618/Blue-Eye --device cuda
```

On GPUs with bfloat16 support, add `--precision bf16` (or `precision="bf16"` in Python) for faster
inference with practically identical predictions.

## Training Details

### Training Data

About 2.6 million web images covering real photographs and anime/illustration, labelled into the three
classes using a commercial content-moderation service, source content ratings and model-assisted
relabelling. Evaluation images were removed from the training data.

### Training Procedure

Training ran in three progressive fine-tuning stages starting from the DINOv3 ViT-L/16 checkpoint:

1. about 1.0M real photographs
2. about 1.0M images combining anime/illustration with real photographs
3. about 650k class-balanced images

**Training regime:** 2 epochs per stage at 512x512, AdamW with a one-cycle schedule, label smoothing
0.05, random resized crops, horizontal flips and colour jitter, float32 master weights with bfloat16
mixed precision.

## Evaluation

### Testing Data and Metrics

The Blue-Eye benchmark contains 3,000 real photographs (1,480 safe, 513 suggestive, 1,007 explicit),
including 525 non-sexual, skin-heavy images such as swimwear, fitness and medical photos. Every system
below was evaluated on the same images with the same three-class labels; commercial services were
queried in August 2026 and their outputs mapped to the three classes. Google Cloud Vision counts an
image as explicit when `adult` is VERY_LIKELY and as suggestive when `racy` is VERY_LIKELY; AWS
Rekognition uses its default 50% confidence. The metric is three-class accuracy.

### Results

| System | Type | Accuracy |
|---|---|---:|
| **Blue-Eye** | open weights | **88.9%** |
| AWS Rekognition | commercial API | 87.3% |
| Gemini 3.1 Pro | commercial model | 86.4% |
| Gemini 3.7 Flash | commercial model | 84.1% |
| Google Cloud Vision SafeSearch | commercial API | 83.5% |
| TostAI/nsfw-image-detection-large | open weights | 79.2% |
| Marqo/nsfw-image-detection-384 | open weights | 73.8% |
| Falconsai/nsfw_image_detection | open weights | 70.9% |
| NudeNet | open weights | 70.4% |
| Freepik/nsfw_image_detector | open weights | 67.6% |
| AdamCodd/vit-base-nsfw-detector | open weights | 62.1% |

Many open-source detectors are binary, so they were also compared on the two binary tasks:

| System | Safe vs not safe | Explicit vs rest |
|---|---:|---:|
| **Blue-Eye** | **92.2%** | **95.1%** |
| Marqo/nsfw-image-detection-384 | 86.4% | 78.3% |
| TostAI/nsfw-image-detection-large | 85.7% | 90.1% |
| Falconsai/nsfw_image_detection | 83.3% | 75.6% |
| Freepik/nsfw_image_detector | 82.6% | 71.8% |
| AdamCodd/vit-base-nsfw-detector | 78.6% | 62.7% |
| NudeNet | 76.9% | 87.5% |

Blue-Eye results across domains:

| Evaluation set | Images | Accuracy |
|---|---:|---:|
| Real photographs | 4,000 | 91.4% |
| Anime / illustration | 2,000 | 87.2% |
| All | 6,000 | 90.0% |

Per-class recall on the 3,000 real photographs: safe 89.5%, suggestive 75.4%, explicit 94.8%.

## Technical Specifications

### Model Architecture

- **Backbone:** DINOv3 ViT-L/16: 24 layers, embedding dimension 1024, 16 heads, 4 register tokens, RoPE
- **Pooling:** class token concatenated with the mean of the remaining output tokens (2048 features)
- **Head:** LayerNorm followed by a linear layer to 3 classes
- **Input:** RGB, shorter edge resized to 537 (bicubic), centre crop to 512x512, ImageNet normalisation
- **Weights:** float32 safetensors; the head always runs in float32, including under bfloat16 inference

### Compute Infrastructure

- **Hardware:** Google Cloud TPU v5e
- **Software:** PyTorch, Hugging Face Transformers

## License

Blue-Eye is a derivative of DINOv3 and is released under the
[DINOv3 License](https://ai.meta.com/resources/models-and-libraries/dinov3-license). The full text is in
`LICENSE`. Commercial use is permitted under its terms.

## Citation

**BibTeX**

```bibtex
@misc{patel2026blueeye,
  title  = {Blue-Eye: a content-safety image classifier},
  author = {Patel, Pranshu},
  year   = {2026},
  url    = {https://huggingface.co/pp1618/Blue-Eye}
}
```