ATTRIBUTIONS.md

BotPsy: On-Device Personal Assistant with a Sub-Billion-Parameter Agentic Language Model

Frontier cloud LLMs carry high operational costs that can fluctuate unexpectedly, and relying on such third-party models introduces vulnerabilities, as providers can modify, deny, or deprecate access at any time. Furthermore, proprietary models offer limited customization for specific workflows, while posing risks to privacy, data control, and transparency. Besides, not every task demands frontier-level intelligence: small, specialized agents can be equally capable on specific tasks and significantly cheaper to run, since many routine or smaller workloads can be processed efficiently on-device. As intelligence per parameter continues to improve rapidly, we aim to stand at the forefront of this shift toward performant, privacy-focused, self-hosted models.

Tether AI Research introduces BotPsy, a 0.8B-parameter model designed for function calling and agentic workflows, built on top of Qwen3.5-0.8B and suitable for on-device deployment. BotPsy is a "personal assistant" that uses tools to perform a variety of simple tasks for the user, in domains such as web search & research, travel & lifestyle, commerce & finance, business & customer operations, device & vehicle control, files & documents, calendar, and email & messaging. Due to its small parameter count, it is best suited to tasks of low to medium difficulty. BotPsy achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) tool-use and agentic performance for its size, outperforming every model of up to 1.2B parameters that we tested (Figures 1 and 2). Designed for secure on-device workflows, it provides exceptional instruction-following reliability and efficiency while keeping user data private. As a small model, BotPsy still makes mistakes and is not intended for high-stakes use; please read the Intended Use and Limitations section for more information.

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Figure 1: BotPsy-0.8B significantly outperforms its base model and leads five of the six tool-use and agentic benchmarks, including against Qwen3.5-2B-Think (2.5× its size); only on Claw-Eval does Qwen3.5-2B-Think edge ahead.

Figure 2: Knowledge: tool-use training preserved and improved BotPsy's general knowledge compared to similarly sized models, though overall knowledge still scales primarily with parameter count. Instruction following: BotPsy excels at following explicit instructions and multi-turn tasks, though its performance drops as instructions accumulate and lags in lower-resource languages.

Key Highlights

Benchmark results

• Twice the performance of its base model: BotPsy roughly doubles the agentic capability of Qwen3.5-0.8B-Think on key benchmarks: BFCL v4 rises from 23.4 to 44.0, ACEBench from 30.1 to 58.7, and τ-bench from 23.2 to 51.5 (mean of the retail, telecom and banking subsets).
• Best agent in its category: BotPsy outperforms leading models in the ≤1.2B-parameter weight class (Qwen3.5-0.8B-Think, LFM2.5-1.2B-Think, MiniCPM5-1B-Think) on all six tool-use and agentic benchmarks: BFCL v4, ACEBench, τ-bench, ToolSandbox, Claw-Eval and BrowseComp-Plus.
• Outperforms its larger sibling: BotPsy has the highest score of all models tested on five of the six benchmarks, beating Qwen3.5-2B-Think, a model 2.5× its size, on BFCL v4 (44.0 vs 37.7), ACEBench (58.7 vs 55.4), τ-bench (51.5 vs 46.5), ToolSandbox (64.6 vs 41.2) and BrowseComp-Plus (4.5 vs 2.8). Only on Claw-Eval does Qwen3.5-2B-Think lead (48.9 vs 46.5).

Model capabilities

• More reliable in multi-turn workflows: On τ²-bench, where the agent must hold a long customer conversation, follow a strict policy, and act on the customer's behalf, it scores 82.5 in telecom, ahead of Qwen3.5-2B-Think (69.3). On BFCL v4's multi-turn tasks, it rises from 7.5 to 46.1 over its base, nearly double Qwen3.5-2B-Think (23.8). Grouped by application, its multi-step scores lead all models tested in commerce and services (58.3 vs 47.4 for the next best, Qwen3.5-2B-Think) and in device and system management (46.1 vs 31.9).
• Knows when (not) to call tools: An agent that acts must also know when not to act. On BFCL v4's hallucination tests, which check that the model declines when no appropriate tool exists, BotPsy scores 86.1, the highest of all models tested. On ACEBench's special cases, where the request is incomplete, contains wrong parameters, or cannot be served by the given tools, it scores 51.3, up from 13.7 for its base model.
• Follows instructions while preserving knowledge: BotPsy specializes in tool use while preserving general skills. Instruction following improves sharply, with IFEval rising from 59.7 to 90.8 and IFBench from 22.0 to 55.9, the highest IFBench score of all models tested. General knowledge also improves, with GPQA Diamond rising from 33.2 to 38.1 and MMLU-Pro from 41.6 to 48.9. On all four benchmarks, BotPsy outperforms every other model of 1.2B parameters or fewer that we tested.

Safety, efficiency and deployment

• Safer than leading models in its category: In automated red-teaming across six harm categories, BotPsy produces unsafe responses 21% of the time, compared with 36% for its base model. This is the lowest rate of all models of up to 1.2B parameters (LFM2.5-1.2B-Think: 35%; MiniCPM5-1B-Think: 47%). Under prompt-injection attacks, which matter most for agents that read untrusted tool outputs, the unsafe rate drops from 46% for its base model to 31%.
• More efficient reasoning and less looping: On questions that all five models answer correctly, BotPsy reaches the answer with about 3× fewer reasoning tokens than its base model on GPQA Diamond (3,690 vs 11,563) and 2.7× fewer on MMLU-Pro (1,912 vs 5,105). Across all IFBench attempts, its rate of getting stuck in repetitive reasoning loops falls from 22.9% to 1.4%, and runs that hit the 32k-token limit fall from 28.3% to 0.2%. Shorter, more decisive reasoning should reduce latency on-device.
• Open-source and ready to use: BotPsy will be released with open weights under the Apache 2.0 license for research and educational use. It will be available in three precisions (bf16, Q8, Q4), as Hugging Face safetensors and as GGUF files for the QVAC SDK and llama.cpp.

Broader Vision

Building upon the foundation of BotPsy, future development by Tether Data, S.A. de C.V. (“Tether AI Research”, “we”, “our”) will focus on expanding on-device agentic capabilities to seamlessly integrate with an even broader array of hardware and local services. Tether's Hypersearch will evolve to support more robust decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) queries, further ensuring private, encrypted web searches that completely bypass corporate trackers. QVAC Fabric local fine-tuning mechanisms will be optimized to adapt more deeply to individual user preferences, workflows, and specialized tool environments. Future iterations will allow the smartphone interface to smoothly delegate heavy computational tasks to home PCs or trusted secure P2P nodes during offline-online transitions. Privacy protocols will be continuously strengthened to guarantee that all personal data, credentials, and decisions remain strictly on local hardware. Collaborative features will be introduced to allow secure agent-to-agent communication across trusted local networks without compromising user confidentiality. Ultimately, these advancements will solidify BotPsy as a fully autonomous, highly capable personal AI ecosystem that keeps users entirely in control of their digital lives.

Copyright Complaints

We will take appropriate actions in response to notice of copyright infringement. If you believe your work has been used or copied in a manner that infringes upon your intellectual property rights, please email data-apps@tether.io identifying and describing both the copyrighted work and alleged infringing content to file a notice of infringement.

Methodology

BotPsy is based on Qwen3.5-0.8B and is post-trained in four sequential stages: Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Multi-teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD), and two rounds of Reinforcement Learning (RL). Each stage uses the previous stage's best checkpoint as its starting point and benefits from a different learning signal: imitation of reference trajectories, the token distributions of much larger teacher models, and rule-based tool-calling rewards (see Figure 3).

Figure 3: BotPsy training recipe. The student goes through four stages. Three specialist Qwen3.5-4B teachers, each RL-trained for one skill, guide it during the distillation stage.

Training procedure: four stages, three types of feedback

Our approach uses four stages of training, which learn from three types of signal: demonstrations, specialist teachers, and verifiable rewards.

Learning from demonstrations (SFT)

We first perform full-parameter supervised fine-tuning on tool-use conversations. These include multi-turn agent trajectories from simulated environments, replayed single, parallel and multi-step calls, and cases where no tool should be called.

Learning from teachers (MOPD)

Next, the student is trained with on-policy distillation (OPD): it generates its own responses, and a specialist teacher provides feedback on every token, using the per-token reverse KL divergence as the training signal. To build the teachers, we first RL-trained three Qwen3.5-4B models to specialize in tool use, general reasoning, and instruction following. During training, every prompt is routed to one of these teachers. This stage mainly aims to recover knowledge and instruction following, which degraded during the SFT stage, although the tool-use metrics also increase (see Figure 4).

Figure 4: Mean score of each capability group after each training stage. SFT boosts tool use but pushes knowledge and instruction following below the base model; distillation brings both back above base, and the RL stages add further gains on all three.

Learning from rules and environments (RL stages)

Finally, the model is trained with reinforcement learning using DAPO [1], learning only from rewards computed by rules and verifiers. The first round focuses on tool calling, accompanied by instruction following and STEM multiple-choice questions. As in Tool-N1 [2], the tool-calling reward first checks the reasoning and tool-call format. Instead of Tool-N1's binary correctness reward, however, it gives fine-grained partial credit in the spirit of ToolRL [3], matching the predicted tool names, argument names, and argument values against the ground truth.

The second round widens the training mix to general-domain verifiable tasks: math, code, knowledge (multiple-choice) questions, instruction following, structured outputs, and multi-step tool use in a simulated workplace environment. Although this mix contains no multi-turn conversations, it further improves multi-turn function calling.

Data composition

Each stage of training uses a different data mixture (Figure 5). The SFT stage focuses mainly on tool use and prepares the ground for the subsequent stages. The MOPD mixture combines tool-use, knowledge and instruction-following data, both to further improve function calling and to recover the general-domain regressions from the SFT stage. The first RL stage again focuses mainly on tool use, while the second RL stage shifts the balance toward general-domain data (instruction following, knowledge, math and code), keeping a smaller share of tool use.

Figure 5: Approximate training-data composition per stage, grouped by capability.

Results

Tool use & agents

BotPsy roughly doubles the tool-use performance of its Qwen3.5-0.8B base and is the strongest of the five models on five of the six agentic benchmarks: BFCL v4 (44.0 vs 23.4), ACEBench (58.7 vs 30.1), τ-bench (51.5 vs 23.2), BrowseComp-Plus (4.5 vs 1.9) and ToolSandbox (64.6 vs 30.5). On all five, it is also ahead of Qwen3.5-2B-Think, a model 2.5× its size (37.7, 55.4, 46.5, 2.8 and 41.2 respectively; see Table 1). On Claw-Eval, Qwen3.5-2B-Think leads (48.9 vs 46.5).

Benchmark	BotPsy-0.8B ours	Qwen3.5-0.8B-Think base · 1×	Qwen3.5-2B-Think 2.5×	LFM2.5-1.2B-Think 1.5×	MiniCPM5-1B-Think 1.25×
BFCL v4¹	44.0	23.4	37.7	28.1	22.8
ACEBench²	58.7	30.1	55.4	39.4	24.5
τ-bench³	51.5	23.2	46.5	6.5	28.8
Claw-Eval⁴	46.5	39.3	48.9	31.6	31.0
BrowseComp-Plus⁵	4.5	1.9	2.8	0.2	0.8
ToolSandbox⁶	64.6	30.5	41.2	45.7	28.1
Average	45.0	24.7	38.8	25.3	22.7

Table 1: Tool-use and agentic benchmarks (0–100, higher is better). Best score per row in bold, second best underlined; multipliers give parameter count relative to BotPsy-0.8B. The average is the unweighted mean of the six benchmarks. See Evaluation Footnotes for details of the evaluation setup.

Knowledge

Tool-use training did not cost general knowledge: GPQA Diamond rises from 33.2 to 38.1 and MMLU-Pro from 41.6 to 48.9, the best of the models at 1.2B parameters or below (LFM2.5-1.2B-Think: 35.0 and 39.4; MiniCPM5-1B-Think: 15.8 and 40.0). Knowledge still scales mainly with parameter count, and Qwen3.5-2B-Think scores well above (59.9 and 65.5). BotPsy is therefore designed to call tools for facts it does not know, not to serve as a knowledge model.

Benchmark	BotPsy-0.8B ours	Qwen3.5-0.8B-Think base · 1×	Qwen3.5-2B-Think 2.5×	LFM2.5-1.2B-Think 1.5×	MiniCPM5-1B-Think 1.25×
GPQA Diamond⁷	38.1	33.2	59.9	35.0	15.8
MMLU-Pro⁸	48.9	41.6	65.5	39.4	40.0

Table 2: General-knowledge benchmarks (0–100, higher is better). Best score per row in bold, second best underlined. See Evaluation Footnotes for details of the evaluation setup.

Instruction following

BotPsy is the best of the five at following explicit instructions: IFEval 90.8 (base 59.7; Qwen3.5-2B-Think 80.0) and IFBench 55.9 (base 22.0; Qwen3.5-2B-Think 40.9). On Multi-IF, which tests instruction following over three turns in eight languages, it scores 67.2, on par with Qwen3.5-2B-Think (66.9) and LFM2.5-1.2B-Think (68.2). It starts strongest (84.3 in turn 1, the highest of the five) but drops faster as instructions accumulate (51.0 in turn 3, vs 56.5 and 56.2 for those two models). Lower-resource languages remain a weakness: Hindi (24.5) and Russian (57.6) are far below the 72–80 reached in English, Chinese, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese.

Benchmark	BotPsy-0.8B ours	Qwen3.5-0.8B-Think base · 1×	Qwen3.5-2B-Think 2.5×	LFM2.5-1.2B-Think 1.5×	MiniCPM5-1B-Think 1.25×
IFEval⁹	90.8	59.7	80.0	85.6	78.4
IFBench⁹	55.9	22.0	40.9	33.9	40.6
Multi-IF¹⁰	67.2	43.2	66.9	68.2	53.4

Table 3: Instruction-following benchmarks (0–100, higher is better). Best score per row in bold, second best underlined. See Evaluation Footnotes for details of the evaluation setup.

Multi-turn conversations

The largest relative gains come in multi-turn, stateful interaction, where BotPsy leads four of the five multi-turn benchmarks (Figure 6). On BFCL v4 multi-turn it rises from 7.5 to 46.1, nearly double Qwen3.5-2B-Think (23.8), and on ACEBench Agent from 7.9 to 28.3 (Qwen3.5-2B-Think: 16.2). On τ²-bench it doubles its base in retail (67.8 vs 33.9, a narrow lead over Qwen3.5-2B-Think at 65.5) and reaches 82.5 in telecom, where the agent has to guide a user through troubleshooting over many turns (MiniCPM5-1B-Think: 74.0; Qwen3.5-2B-Think: 69.3). It is also the most reliable of the five at single calls (BFCL non-live: 83.0) and at not calling a tool when none fits (BFCL hallucination: 86.1).

Figure 6: Multi-turn agentic tasks: BFCL v4 multi-turn, ACEBench Agent, τ²-bench (retail, telecom) and τ³-bench (banking). BotPsy leads four of the five benchmarks; on τ³-banking, every model stays below 5.

Weak spots

BotPsy's weaker spots are open-ended search and a few areas where Qwen3.5-2B-Think still leads. BotPsy's BrowseComp-Plus score of 4.5 is the best of the five, but low in absolute terms, and on BFCL web search (14.0) and memory (16.3) it trails Qwen3.5-2B-Think (19.8 and 26.1). On Claw-Eval, BotPsy improves clearly on its base (46.5 vs 39.3) but remains slightly below Qwen3.5-2B-Think (48.9). On ACEBench's special cases (incomplete or erroneous requests), Qwen3.5-2B-Think is also ahead (58.0 vs 51.3), although BotPsy is far above its base there (13.7). τ³-banking is the one multi-turn benchmark where BotPsy does not lead: no model gets above 5 (BotPsy 4.1, unchanged from its base; Qwen3.5-2B-Think 4.8).

Where it works: app-level performance breakdown

BotPsy can handle a variety of use cases and scenarios. Figure 7 breaks the benchmark scenarios down by app group, separating simple scenarios (single turn, one tool call) from complex ones (multi-turn or multi-tool). The overall scores quoted in this section are averaged over all scenarios; the bottom row of Figure 7 is an unweighted mean of the seven groups, so its numbers differ.

Single tool calls work well everywhere

Simple scenarios score 70–79 in every app group with a meaningful sample (Communication & Social has only 6). Overall, BotPsy scores 75, about 21 points above its base model (54) and slightly above Qwen3.5-2B-Think (70).

Figure 7: Mean per-scenario score (0–100, higher is better) by app group, for simple (left) and complex (right) scenarios. n gives the number of simple / complex scenarios in each group; the bottom row is the unweighted mean of the seven groups.

The largest gains are in multi-step tasks

On complex scenarios, BotPsy scores 39.5 overall, against 17.9 for its base and 30.8 for Qwen3.5-2B-Think. The gain is largest in Communication & Social (61 vs 13 for the base), Commerce & Services (58 vs 27) and Device & System Management (46 vs 15). Qwen3.5-2B-Think is ahead only in Personal Productivity & Work (64 vs 58, 38 scenarios, mostly Claw-Eval), and MiniCPM5-1B-Think is marginally ahead in Communication & Social (61.5 vs 60.5). Multi-step tasks still score lower than single calls, which remains the main limit for harder tasks.

Multi-step information retrieval is the weak spot

Complex Information Retrieval & Research scenarios score 15 (single calls: 79). Most are BrowseComp-Plus deep-research questions, which stay hard for every model in this size range (base: 9; Qwen3.5-2B-Think: 14).

Inference efficiency

BotPsy reaches correct answers with much less reasoning than its base, and with fewer turns on multi-turn agent tasks. This aligns with our explicit focus on reasoning efficiency throughout training. All comparisons below are made on the same questions or tasks (those that all five models answered correctly or solved), so differences in difficulty do not drive the numbers. Reasoning tokens are counted with each model's own tokenizer.

Figure 8: Accuracy against reasoning tokens per correct answer on GPQA Diamond, MMLU-Pro, IFEval and IFBench. Tokens are measured on questions all five models answer correctly; accuracy is over all questions. Top-left is better; the dashed line is the Pareto frontier.

Shorter reasoning, with higher accuracy. Compared with its base, BotPsy uses 1.4–3.1× fewer reasoning tokens per correct answer on GPQA Diamond (3,690 vs 11,563), MMLU-Pro (1,912 vs 5,105), IFEval (3,148 vs 4,433) and IFBench (4,204 vs 11,576), while scoring higher on all four (Figure 8). It is not the shortest model everywhere: LFM2.5-1.2B-Think writes shorter reasoning on MMLU-Pro, IFEval and IFBench, and MiniCPM5-1B-Think on IFEval and IFBench, but at lower accuracy than BotPsy on each.

Figure 9: Pass rate against assistant turns per solved task on τ²-bench retail and telecom. Turns are measured on tasks all five models solve; pass rate is over all tasks. Top-left is better; the dashed line is the Pareto frontier.

Fewer turns than the base on multi-turn agent tasks. On τ²-bench tasks that all five models solve, BotPsy needs fewer assistant turns than its base (Figure 9):

• τ²-retail: 10.7 turns, against 11.7 for the base (9% fewer) and 10.6 for Qwen3.5-2B-Think.
• τ²-telecom: 13.1 turns, against 17.6 for the base (26% fewer) and 13.8 for Qwen3.5-2B-Think (5% fewer).

It does this while passing 2.0× (retail) and 2.6× (telecom) as many tasks as the base. MiniCPM5-1B-Think uses fewer turns on retail (8.7), but passes only 9.9% of retail tasks.

Intended Use and Limitations

BotPsy has been developed to advance the state of the art and to support research and educational uses. Models developed based on our work could be suitable for tasks in domains such as device & system management (settings, files & documents, clocks & alarms), personal productivity & work (calendar & tasks, email, collaboration tools), communication (messaging), information retrieval & research (web search, weather, news), media & lifestyle (video, music, recipes & fitness, photos) and commerce & services (maps & travel, finance, shopping & delivery). Due to its small parameter count, it is best suited to tasks of low to medium difficulty.

BotPsy has been primarily trained and tested in English, which is the recommended language. It has also been evaluated on Multi-IF, which covers seven additional languages (Chinese, French, Hindi, Italian, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish): it performs well in most of them, but scores much lower in Hindi and Russian. BotPsy is a small language model, and it makes mistakes. It is not intended for safety-critical or high-stakes automated decisions, or for applications involving money, personal information, health and other sensitive topics.

References

[1] Yu, Qiying, et al. "DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scale." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (2025): 113222–113244.

[2] Zhang, Shaokun, et al. "Nemotron-Research-Tool-N1: Exploring Tool-Using Language Models with Reinforced Reasoning." International Conference on Learning Representations (2026).

[3] Qian, Cheng, et al. "ToolRL: Reward is All Tool Learning Needs." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (2025).

Evaluation Footnotes

• All scores are percentages (higher is better).
• All models were evaluated in thinking (reasoning) mode.
• All benchmarks that use an external API were run on November 3, 2026.
• ¹ BFCL v4: overall score calculated using the official weighted formula (40% Agentic, 30% Multi-Turn, 10% Live, 10% Non-Live, and 10% Hallucination), averaged over 3 runs.
• ² ACEBench: overall accuracy. All models were evaluated in function-calling (FC) mode; mean of 2 runs.
• ³ τ-bench: average of τ²-bench (retail, telecom) and τ³-bench (banking), excluding airline; mean of 3 runs.
• ⁴ Claw-Eval: official average task score, where each task scores safety × (0.8 × completion + 0.2 × robustness); mean of 3 runs.
• ⁵ BrowseComp-Plus: accuracy, with a maximum of 30 steps for all models.
• ⁶ ToolSandbox: mean similarity score over 8 settings.
• ⁷ GPQA Diamond: accuracy over all 198 questions, mean of 3 runs, thinking enabled.
• ⁸ MMLU-Pro: accuracy.
• ⁹ IFEval, IFBench: prompt-level strict accuracy.
• ¹⁰ Multi-IF: average of 3 runs.

Licensing Information: This model which was trained as described above is licensed by Tether Data, S.A. de C.V. under the Apache 2.0 license. As described above, this model is a version of the Qwen3.5-0.8B (Thinking) model (https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.5-0.8B) which is licensed under the Apache 2.0 license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/apache-2.0/).

As described above, the Qwen3.5-4B model (https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.5-4B) which is licensed under the Apache 2.0 license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/apache-2.0/) was put through three different reinforcement learning processes to create three versions of the model and each of those three versions of the model were then used as a teacher model.

Only subsets of some of the datasets listed below were used.

One version of the teacher model used the following datasets:

1. Nemotron-RL-Agentic-Conversational-Tool-Use-Pivot-v1 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-Agentic-Conversational-Tool-Use-Pivot-v1) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
2. Tool N1 dataset (https://github.com/NVlabs/Tool-N1) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://github.com/NVlabs/Tool-N1/blob/master/LICENSE);
3. SuperGPQA dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/m-a-p/SuperGPQA) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/);
4. Nemotron-RL-instruction_following dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-instruction_following) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/);
5. xlam-irrelevance-7.5k dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/MadeAgents/xlam-irrelevance-7.5k) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
6. When2Call dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/When2Call) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
7. ToolRL dataset (https://github.com/qiancheng0/ToolRL) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://github.com/qiancheng0/ToolRL?tab=Apache-2.0-1-ov-file); and
8. Nemotron-RL-Agentic-Function-Calling-Pivot-v1 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-Agentic-Function-Calling-Pivot-v1) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/).

One version of the teacher model used the following datasets:

1. Nemotron-RL-knowledge-mcqa dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-knowledge-mcqa) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/); and
2. SuperGPQA dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/m-a-p/SuperGPQA) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/).

One version of the teacher model used the following datasets:

1. Nemotron-RL-instruction_following dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-instruction_following) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
2. Nemotron-RL-Instruction-Following-Calendar-v2 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-Instruction-Following-Calendar-v2) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/); and
3. Nemotron-RL-instruction_following-structured_outputs dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-instruction_following-structured_outputs) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/).

As described above the model was fine tuned using the teacher models described above and the following datasets:

1. AReaL_tau2 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/inclusionAI/AReaL-tau2-data) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/apache-2.0.md);
2. EnvFactory-SFT-FILTERED dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/LARK-Lab/EnvFactory-SFT-FILTERED) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/apache-2.0.md);
3. xlam-function-calling-60k dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/Salesforce/xlam-function-calling-60k) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
4. glaive-function-calling-v2 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/glaiveai/glaive-function-calling-v2) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/apache-2.0.md);
5. ToolACE dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/Team-ACE/ToolACE) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/apache-2.0.md);
6. When2call_v2 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/When2Call) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode);
7. Nemotron-SFT-Agentic-v2 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-SFT-Agentic-v2) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/cc-by-4.0.md);
8. Infinity-Instruct dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/BAAI/Infinity-Instruct) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/cc-by-sa-4.0.md);
9. toolbench_v1 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/tuandunghcmut/toolbench-v1) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/apache-2.0.md);
10. ToolMind dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/Nanbeige/ToolMind) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/apache-2.0.md);
11. Toucan-1.5M dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/Agent-Ark/Toucan-1.5M) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/apache-2.0.md);
12. an unpublished synthetic dataset generated by Tether Data using Qwen3.5-9B (https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B) and Qwen3.6-27B (https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.6-27B), both of which are licensed under the Apache-2.0 license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/apache-2.0/) and τ²-Bench made available under the MIT license (https://github.com/eligotts/tau2-bench?tab=License-1-ov-file);
13. xlam-irrelevance-7.5k dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/MadeAgents/xlam-irrelevance-7.5k) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/cc-by-4.0.md);
14. ultrachat_200k dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceH4/ultrachat_200k) made available under the MIT license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/mit.md);
15. smoltalk2 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceTB/smoltalk2) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/apache-2.0.md);
16. UltraData-SFT-2605 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/openbmb/UltraData-SFT-2605) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/apache-2.0/);
17. Nemotron-RL-Agentic-Conversational-Tool-Use-Pivot-v1 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-Agentic-Conversational-Tool-Use-Pivot-v1) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
18. Tool N1 dataset (https://github.com/NVlabs/Tool-N1) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://github.com/NVlabs/Tool-N1/blob/master/LICENSE);
19. IF_multi_constraints_upto5 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/IF_multi_constraints_upto5) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/);
20. SuperGPQA dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/m-a-p/SuperGPQA) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/);
21. Nemotron-RL-instruction_following dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-instruction_following) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/);
22. xlam_irrelevance-7.5K dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/MadeAgents/xlam-irrelevance-7.5k) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
23. Calendar-Scheduling-Dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-Instruction-Following-Calendar-v2) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
24. When2Call dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/When2Call) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
25. ToolRL dataset (https://github.com/qiancheng0/ToolRL) made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://github.com/NVlabs/Tool-N1/blob/master/LICENSE);
26. Nemotron-RL-Agentic-Function-Calling-Pivot-v1 dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-Agentic-Function-Calling-Pivot-v1) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
27. DAPO-Math-17k dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/BytedTsinghua-SIA/DAPO-Math-17k) dataset made available under the Apache 2.0 license (https://github.com/NVlabs/Tool-N1/blob/master/LICENSE);
28. Skywork-OR1-RL-Data dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/Skywork/Skywork-OR1-RL-Data) made accessible on Huggingface at the foregoing link;
29. Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/);
30. Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/) which are a modified subset of the Nemotron-RL-knowledge-mcqa dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-knowledge-mcqa) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/);
31. Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/) which are a subset of the Nemotron-RL-coding-competitive_coding dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-coding-competitive_coding) made available under the CC-BY-SA 4.0 (Creative Commons Share Attribution Alike 4.0 International) (https://huggingface.co/datasets/choosealicense/licenses/blob/main/markdown/cc-by-sa-4.0.md);
32. Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/) which are a subset of the Nemotron-RL-instruction_following dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-instruction_following) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/);
33. Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/) which are a subset of the Nemotron-RL-agent-workplace_assistant dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-agent-workplace_assistant) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/); and
34. Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-3-Nano-RL-Training-Blend) made available under the ODC-BY (Open Data Commons Attribution License v1.0) license (https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/) which are a subset of the Nemotron-RL-instruction_following-structured_outputs dataset (https://huggingface.co/datasets/nvidia/Nemotron-RL-instruction_following-structured_outputs) made available under the CC-BY 4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International) license (https://choosealicense.com/licenses/cc-by-4.0/).

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b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

   1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided
      it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the
      violation; or

   2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

 For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any
 right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations
 of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

=======================================================================

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative Commons" or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

ODC-By 1.0

Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By) v1.0

https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/

Preamble

The Open Data Commons Attribution License is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Database subject only to the attribution requirements set out in Section 4.

Databases can contain a wide variety of types of content (images, audiovisual material, and sounds all in the same database, for example), and so this license only governs the rights over the Database, and not the contents of the Database individually. Licensors may therefore wish to use this license together with another license for the contents.

Sometimes the contents of a database, or the database itself, can be covered by other rights not addressed here (such as private contracts, trademark over the name, or privacy rights / data protection rights over information in the contents), and so you are advised that you may have to consult other documents or clear other rights before doing activities not covered by this License.

The Licensor (as defined below)

and

You (as defined below)

agree as follows:

1.0 Definitions of Capitalised Words

“Collective Database” – Means this Database in unmodified form as part of a collection of independent databases in themselves that together are assembled into a collective whole. A work that constitutes a Collective Database will not be considered a Derivative Database.

“Convey” – As a verb, means Using the Database, a Derivative Database, or the Database as part of a Collective Database in any way that enables a Person to make or receive copies of the Database or a Derivative Database. Conveying does not include interaction with a user through a computer network, or creating and Using a Produced Work, where no transfer of a copy of the Database or a Derivative Database occurs.

“Contents” – The contents of this Database, which includes the information, independent works, or other material collected into the Database. For example, the contents of the Database could be factual data or works such as images, audiovisual material, text, or sounds.

“Database” – A collection of material (the Contents) arranged in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by electronic or other means offered under the terms of this License.

“Database Directive” – Means Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended or succeeded.

“Database Right” – Means rights resulting from the Chapter III (“sui generis”) rights in the Database Directive (as amended and as transposed by member states), which includes the Extraction and Re-utilisation of the whole or a Substantial part of the Contents, as well as any similar rights available in the relevant jurisdiction under Section 10.4.

“Derivative Database” – Means a database based upon the Database, and includes any translation, adaptation, arrangement, modification, or any other alteration of the Database or of a Substantial part of the Contents. This includes, but is not limited to, Extracting or Re-utilising the whole or a Substantial part of the Contents in a new Database.

“Extraction” – Means the permanent or temporary transfer of all or a Substantial part of the Contents to another medium by any means or in any form.

“License” – Means this license agreement and is both a license of rights such as copyright and Database Rights and an agreement in contract.

“Licensor” – Means the Person that offers the Database under the terms of this License.

“Person” – Means a natural or legal person or a body of persons corporate or incorporate.

“Produced Work” – a work (such as an image, audiovisual material, text, or sounds) resulting from using the whole or a Substantial part of the Contents (via a search or other query) from this Database, a Derivative Database, or this Database as part of a Collective Database.

“Publicly” – means to Persons other than You or under Your control by either more than 50% ownership or by the power to direct their activities (such as contracting with an independent consultant).

“Re-utilisation” – means any form of making available to the public all or a Substantial part of the Contents by the distribution of copies, by renting, by online or other forms of transmission.

“Substantial” – Means substantial in terms of quantity or quality or a combination of both. The repeated and systematic Extraction or Re-utilisation of insubstantial parts of the Contents may amount to the Extraction or Re-utilisation of a Substantial part of the Contents.

“Use” – As a verb, means doing any act that is restricted by copyright or Database Rights whether in the original medium or any other; and includes without limitation distributing, copying, publicly performing, publicly displaying, and preparing derivative works of the Database, as well as modifying the Database as may be technically necessary to use it in a different mode or format.

“You” – Means a Person exercising rights under this License who has not previously violated the terms of this License with respect to the Database, or who has received express permission from the Licensor to exercise rights under this License despite a previous violation.

Words in the singular include the plural and vice versa.

2.0 What this License covers

2.1. Legal effect of this document. This License is:

a. A license of applicable copyright and neighbouring rights;

b. A license of the Database Right; and

c. An agreement in contract between You and the Licensor.

2.2 Legal rights covered. This License covers the legal rights in the Database, including:

a. Copyright. Any copyright or neighbouring rights in the Database. The copyright licensed includes any individual elements of the Database, but does not cover the copyright over the Contents independent of this Database. See Section 2.4 for details. Copyright law varies between jurisdictions, but is likely to cover: the Database model or schema, which is the structure, arrangement, and organisation of the Database, and can also include the Database tables and table indexes; the data entry and output sheets; and the Field names of Contents stored in the Database;

b. Database Rights. Database Rights only extend to the Extraction and Re-utilisation of the whole or a Substantial part of the Contents. Database Rights can apply even when there is no copyright over the Database. Database Rights can also apply when the Contents are removed from the Database and are selected and arranged in a way that would not infringe any applicable copyright; and

c. Contract. This is an agreement between You and the Licensor for access to the Database. In return you agree to certain conditions of use on this access as outlined in this License.

2.3 Rights not covered.

a. This License does not apply to computer programs used in the making or operation of the Database;

b. This License does not cover any patents over the Contents or the Database; and

c. This License does not cover any trademarks associated with the Database.

2.4 Relationship to Contents in the Database. The individual items of the Contents contained in this Database may be covered by other rights, including copyright, patent, data protection, privacy, or personality rights, and this License does not cover any rights (other than Database Rights or in contract) in individual Contents contained in the Database.

For example, if used on a Database of images (the Contents), this License would not apply to copyright over individual images, which could have their own separate licenses, or one single license covering all of the rights over the images.

3.0 Rights granted

3.1 Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, the Licensor grants to You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, terminable (but only under Section 9) license to Use the Database for the duration of any applicable copyright and Database Rights. These rights explicitly include commercial use, and do not exclude any field of endeavour. To the extent possible in the relevant jurisdiction, these rights may be exercised in all media and formats whether now known or created in the future.

The rights granted cover, for example:

a. Extraction and Re-utilisation of the whole or a Substantial part of the Contents;

b. Creation of Derivative Databases;

c. Creation of Collective Databases;

d. Creation of temporary or permanent reproductions by any means and in any form, in whole or in part, including of any Derivative Databases or as a part of Collective Databases; and

e. Distribution, communication, display, lending, making available, or performance to the public by any means and in any form, in whole or in part, including of any Derivative Database or as a part of Collective Databases.

3.2 Compulsory license schemes. For the avoidance of doubt:

a. Non-waivable compulsory license schemes. In those jurisdictions in which the right to collect royalties through any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, the Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect such royalties for any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License;

b. Waivable compulsory license schemes. In those jurisdictions in which the right to collect royalties through any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme can be waived, the Licensor waives the exclusive right to collect such royalties for any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License; and,

c. Voluntary license schemes. The Licensor waives the right to collect royalties, whether individually or, in the event that the Licensor is a member of a collecting society that administers voluntary licensing schemes, via that society, from any exercise by You of the rights granted under this License.

3.3 The right to release the Database under different terms, or to stop distributing or making available the Database, is reserved. Note that this Database may be multiple-licensed, and so You may have the choice of using alternative licenses for this Database. Subject to Section 10.4, all other rights not expressly granted by Licensor are reserved.

4.0 Conditions of Use

4.1 The rights granted in Section 3 above are expressly made subject to Your complying with the following conditions of use. These are important conditions of this License, and if You fail to follow them, You will be in material breach of its terms.

4.2 Notices. If You Publicly Convey this Database, any Derivative Database, or the Database as part of a Collective Database, then You must:

a. Do so only under the terms of this License;

b. Include a copy of this License or its Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) with the Database or Derivative Database, including both in the Database or Derivative Database and in any relevant documentation;

c. Keep intact any copyright or Database Right notices and notices that refer to this License; and

d. If it is not possible to put the required notices in a particular file due to its structure, then You must include the notices in a location (such as a relevant directory) where users would be likely to look for it.

4.3 Notice for using output (Contents). Creating and Using a Produced Work does not require the notice in Section 4.2. However, if you Publicly Use a Produced Work, You must include a notice associated with the Produced Work reasonably calculated to make any Person that uses, views, accesses, interacts with, or is otherwise exposed to the Produced Work aware that Content was obtained from the Database, Derivative Database, or the Database as part of a Collective Database, and that it is available under this License.

a. Example notice. The following text will satisfy notice under Section 4.3:

Contains information from DATABASE NAME which is made available

under the ODC Attribution License.

DATABASE NAME should be replaced with the name of the Database and a hyperlink to the location of the Database. “ODC Attribution License” should contain a hyperlink to the URI of the text of this License. If hyperlinks are not possible, You should include the plain text of the required URI’s with the above notice.

4.4 Licensing of others. You may not sublicense the Database. Each time You communicate the Database, the whole or Substantial part of the Contents, or any Derivative Database to anyone else in any way, the Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Database on the same terms and conditions as this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License, but You may enforce any rights that You have over a Derivative Database. You are solely responsible for any modifications of a Derivative Database made by You or another Person at Your direction. You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License.

5.0 Moral rights

5.1 Moral rights. This section covers moral rights, including any rights to be identified as the author of the Database or to object to treatment that would otherwise prejudice the author’s honour and reputation, or any other derogatory treatment:

a. For jurisdictions allowing waiver of moral rights, Licensor waives all moral rights that Licensor may have in the Database to the fullest extent possible by the law of the relevant jurisdiction under Section 10.4;

b. If waiver of moral rights under Section 5.1 a in the relevant jurisdiction is not possible, Licensor agrees not to assert any moral rights over the Database and waives all claims in moral rights to the fullest extent possible by the law of the relevant jurisdiction under Section 10.4; and

c. For jurisdictions not allowing waiver or an agreement not to assert moral rights under Section 5.1 a and b, the author may retain their moral rights over certain aspects of the Database.

Please note that some jurisdictions do not allow for the waiver of moral rights, and so moral rights may still subsist over the Database in some jurisdictions.

6.0 Fair dealing, Database exceptions, and other rights not affected

6.1 This License does not affect any rights that You or anyone else may independently have under any applicable law to make any use of this Database, including without limitation:

a. Exceptions to the Database Right including: Extraction of Contents from non-electronic Databases for private purposes, Extraction for purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research, and Extraction or Re-utilisation for public security or an administrative or judicial procedure.

b. Fair dealing, fair use, or any other legally recognised limitation or exception to infringement of copyright or other applicable laws.

6.2 This License does not affect any rights of lawful users to Extract and Re-utilise insubstantial parts of the Contents, evaluated quantitatively or qualitatively, for any purposes whatsoever, including creating a Derivative Database (subject to other rights over the Contents, see Section 2.4). The repeated and systematic Extraction or Re-utilisation of insubstantial parts of the Contents may however amount to the Extraction or Re-utilisation of a Substantial part of the Contents.

7.0 Warranties and Disclaimer

7.1 The Database is licensed by the Licensor “as is” and without any warranty of any kind, either express, implied, or arising by statute, custom, course of dealing, or trade usage. Licensor specifically disclaims any and all implied warranties or conditions of title, non-infringement, accuracy or completeness, the presence or absence of errors, fitness for a particular purpose, merchantability, or otherwise. Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties, so this exclusion may not apply to You.

8.0 Limitation of liability

8.1 Subject to any liability that may not be excluded or limited by law, the Licensor is not liable for, and expressly excludes, all liability for loss or damage however and whenever caused to anyone by any use under this License, whether by You or by anyone else, and whether caused by any fault on the part of the Licensor or not. This exclusion of liability includes, but is not limited to, any special, incidental, consequential, punitive, or exemplary damages such as loss of revenue, data, anticipated profits, and lost business. This exclusion applies even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

8.2 If liability may not be excluded by law, it is limited to actual and direct financial loss to the extent it is caused by proved negligence on the part of the Licensor.

9.0 Termination of Your rights under this License

9.1 Any breach by You of the terms and conditions of this License automatically terminates this License with immediate effect and without notice to You. For the avoidance of doubt, Persons who have received the Database, the whole or a Substantial part of the Contents, Derivative Databases, or the Database as part of a Collective Database from You under this License will not have their licenses terminated provided their use is in full compliance with this License or a license granted under Section 4.8 of this License. Sections 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10 will survive any termination of this License.

9.2 If You are not in breach of the terms of this License, the Licensor will not terminate Your rights under it.

9.3 Unless terminated under Section 9.1, this License is granted to You for the duration of applicable rights in the Database.

9.4 Reinstatement of rights. If you cease any breach of the terms and conditions of this License, then your full rights under this License will be reinstated:

a. Provisionally and subject to permanent termination until the 60th day after cessation of breach;

b. Permanently on the 60th day after cessation of breach unless otherwise reasonably notified by the Licensor; or

c. Permanently if reasonably notified by the Licensor of the violation, this is the first time You have received notice of violation of this License from the Licensor, and You cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

9.5 Notwithstanding the above, Licensor reserves the right to release the Database under different license terms or to stop distributing or making available the Database. Releasing the Database under different license terms or stopping the distribution of the Database will not withdraw this License (or any other license that has been, or is required to be, granted under the terms of this License), and this License will continue in full force and effect unless terminated as stated above.

10.0 General

10.1 If any provision of this License is held to be invalid or unenforceable, that must not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of the terms and conditions of this License and each remaining provision of this License shall be valid and enforced to the fullest extent permitted by law.

10.2 This License is the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the rights granted here over the Database. It replaces any earlier understandings, agreements or representations with respect to the Database.

10.3 If You are in breach of the terms of this License, You will not be entitled to rely on the terms of this License or to complain of any breach by the Licensor.

10.4 Choice of law. This License takes effect in and will be governed by the laws of the relevant jurisdiction in which the License terms are sought to be enforced. If the standard suite of rights granted under applicable copyright law and Database Rights in the relevant jurisdiction includes additional rights not granted under this License, these additional rights are granted in this License in order to meet the terms of this License.

MIT License (τ²-Bench)

Copyright (c) 2025 Sierra Research

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

MIT License

Copyright (c) [year] [fullname]

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

CC BY-SA 4.0

Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

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Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related information available on an "as-is" basis. Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the fullest extent possible.

Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

 Considerations for licensors: Our public licenses are
 intended for use by those authorized to give the public
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 irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand the terms
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 Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before
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 wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors

 Considerations for the public: By using one of our public
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 the licensor's permission is not necessary for any reason--for
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 Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to
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Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 -- Definitions.

a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.

b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. BY-SA Compatible License means a license listed at creativecommons.org/compatiblelicenses, approved by Creative Commons as essentially the equivalent of this Public License.

d. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

e. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

f. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

g. License Elements means the license attributes listed in the name of a Creative Commons Public License. The License Elements of this Public License are Attribution and ShareAlike.

h. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.

i. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

j. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.

k. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

l. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

m. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 -- Scope.

a. License grant.

   1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License,
      the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free,
      non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to
      exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

        a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or
           in part; and

        b. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material.

   2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where
      Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public
      License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with
      its terms and conditions.

   3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section
      6(a).

   4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The
      Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in
      all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created,
      and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The
      Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or
      authority to forbid You from making technical modifications
      necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including
      technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective
      Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License,
      simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)
      (4) never produces Adapted Material.

   5. Downstream recipients.

        a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every
           recipient of the Licensed Material automatically
           receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the
           Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this
           Public License.

        b. Additional offer from the Licensor -- Adapted Material.
           Every recipient of Adapted Material from You
           automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to
           exercise the Licensed Rights in the Adapted Material
           under the conditions of the Adapter's License You apply.

        c. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose
           any additional or different terms or conditions on, or
           apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the
           Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the
           Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed
           Material.

   6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or
      may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You
      are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected
      with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by,
      the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as
      provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. Other rights.

   1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not
      licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity,
      privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to
      the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to
      assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited
      extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed
      Rights, but not otherwise.

   2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this
      Public License.

   3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to
      collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed
      Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society
      under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory
      licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly
      reserves any right to collect such royalties.

Section 3 -- License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

a. Attribution.

   1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified
      form), You must:

        a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor
           with the Licensed Material:

             i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed
                Material and any others designated to receive
                attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by
                the Licensor (including by pseudonym if
                designated);

            ii. a copyright notice;

           iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

            iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of
                warranties;

             v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the
                extent reasonably practicable;

        b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and
           retain an indication of any previous modifications; and

        c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this
           Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or
           hyperlink to, this Public License.

   2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any
      reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in
      which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be
      reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or
      hyperlink to a resource that includes the required
      information.

   3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the
      information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent
      reasonably practicable.

b. ShareAlike.

 In addition to the conditions in Section 3(a), if You Share
 Adapted Material You produce, the following conditions also apply.

   1. The Adapter's License You apply must be a Creative Commons
      license with the same License Elements, this version or
      later, or a BY-SA Compatible License.

   2. You must include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, the
      Adapter's License You apply. You may satisfy this condition
      in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and
      context in which You Share Adapted Material.

   3. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms
      or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological
      Measures to, Adapted Material that restrict exercise of the
      rights granted under the Adapter's License You apply.

Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material, including for purposes of Section 3(b); and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 -- Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

   1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided
      it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the
      violation; or

   2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

 For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any
 right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations
 of this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 -- Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

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