python_doc_md/Advanced/c-api/concrete.md

Concrete Objects Layer {#concrete}

The functions in this chapter are specific to certain Python object types. Passing them an object of the wrong type is not a good idea; if you receive an object from a Python program and you are not sure that it has the right type, you must perform a type check first; for example, to check that an object is a dictionary, use PyDict_Check{.interpreted-text role="c:func"}. The chapter is structured like the "family tree" of Python object types.

:::: warning ::: title Warning :::

While the functions described in this chapter carefully check the type of the objects which are passed in, many of them do not check for NULL being passed instead of a valid object. Allowing NULL to be passed in can cause memory access violations and immediate termination of the interpreter. ::::

Fundamental Objects {#fundamental}

This section describes Python type objects and the singleton object None.

::: toctree type.rst none.rst :::

Numeric Objects {#numericobjects}

::: index pair: object; numeric :::

::: toctree long.rst bool.rst float.rst complex.rst :::

Sequence Objects {#sequenceobjects}

::: index pair: object; sequence :::

Generic operations on sequence objects were discussed in the previous chapter; this section deals with the specific kinds of sequence objects that are intrinsic to the Python language.

::: toctree bytes.rst bytearray.rst unicode.rst tuple.rst list.rst :::

Container Objects {#mapobjects}

::: index pair: object; mapping :::

::: toctree dict.rst set.rst :::

Function Objects {#otherobjects}

::: toctree function.rst method.rst cell.rst code.rst :::

Other Objects

::: toctree file.rst module.rst iterator.rst descriptor.rst slice.rst memoryview.rst picklebuffer.rst weakref.rst capsule.rst frame.rst gen.rst coro.rst contextvars.rst typehints.rst :::

C API for extension modules

::: toctree curses.rst datetime.rst :::