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Running on Zero
Running on Zero
| """Curated, hand-written species lookup tables. | |
| Pure data plus one naming helper — no torch, no model, no I/O. Split out of | |
| bird_complete_local.py so the tables can be imported by the Gradio app, the | |
| FastAPI service and the test suite without loading a 79 MB checkpoint. | |
| Every table is keyed on the raw CUB folder name ("112.Artic_Tern"), never on | |
| the display name. See the note above display_name() for why that matters. | |
| Coverage is partial by design and the gap is tracked, not hidden: | |
| bird_core.py asserts that no key here is unreachable and prints the | |
| per-table coverage at startup. | |
| """ | |
| # ── Species naming ─────────────────────────────────────────── | |
| # Every lookup table below is keyed on the raw CUB folder name | |
| # ("112.Artic_Tern"), never on the display name. CUB ships several | |
| # misspelled folders — keying on the display name is how the old | |
| # MIGRATION_MAP["Arctic Tern"] entry became permanently unreachable. | |
| def display_name(folder_name): | |
| """'112.Artic_Tern' -> 'Artic Tern'. Presentation only, never a key.""" | |
| return folder_name.split(".", 1)[-1].replace("_", " ") | |
| # ── Habitat (keyed on CUB folder name from the model's class_names) ── | |
| # Coverage is partial: 15 CUB species have no entry yet. Keys were | |
| # previously written against a DIFFERENT 200-species list, so only | |
| # 27/200 lookups ever succeeded. Now matched by species name. | |
| HABITAT_MAP = { | |
| "001.Black_footed_Albatross": "USA, Japan, Hawaii (North Pacific Ocean — nests on Hawaiian Islands)", | |
| "002.Laysan_Albatross": "USA (Hawaii), Japan — breeds on Midway Atoll and Hawaiian Islands", | |
| "003.Sooty_Albatross": "South Atlantic & Indian Ocean — Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia", | |
| "004.Groove_billed_Ani": "Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela — tropical lowlands", | |
| "005.Crested_Auklet": "USA (Alaska), Russia — Bering Sea islands, Aleutian Islands", | |
| "006.Least_Auklet": "USA (Alaska), Russia — St. Lawrence Island, Pribilof Islands", | |
| "007.Parakeet_Auklet": "USA (Alaska), Russia — Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands", | |
| "008.Rhinoceros_Auklet": "USA (California, Oregon, Washington), Canada (British Columbia), Japan", | |
| "009.Brewer_Blackbird": "USA (western states), Canada — open farmlands of California, Oregon, Montana", | |
| "010.Red_winged_Blackbird": "USA, Canada, Mexico — widespread across North America, wetlands", | |
| "011.Rusty_Blackbird": "Canada (boreal forest), USA (eastern states in winter)", | |
| "012.Yellow_headed_Blackbird": "USA (western states), Canada (prairies), Mexico — Great Plains marshes", | |
| "013.Bobolink": "USA, Canada (breeds), Argentina, Bolivia (winters)", | |
| "014.Indigo_Bunting": "USA (eastern & central states), Mexico, Central America — common in Midwest", | |
| "015.Lazuli_Bunting": "USA (western states), Mexico — California, Arizona, Colorado shrublands", | |
| "016.Painted_Bunting": "USA (southern states — Texas, Florida, Louisiana), Mexico, Central America", | |
| "017.Cardinal": "USA (eastern & southern states), Canada (Ontario), Mexico — very common", | |
| "018.Spotted_Catbird": "Australia (Queensland, New South Wales) — rainforests of northeast Australia", | |
| "019.Gray_Catbird": "USA, Canada (breeds), Central America, Caribbean (winters)", | |
| "020.Yellow_breasted_Chat": "USA, Canada (breeds), Mexico, Central America (winters)", | |
| "021.Eastern_Towhee": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario) — common from Maine to Florida", | |
| "022.Chuck_will_Widow": "USA (southeastern states — Florida, Georgia, Texas), Caribbean (winters)", | |
| "023.Brandt_Cormorant": "USA (California, Oregon, Washington) — Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja", | |
| "024.Red_faced_Cormorant": "USA (Alaska), Russia — Aleutian Islands, Kodiak Island", | |
| "025.Pelagic_Cormorant": "USA (Pacific coast), Canada (British Columbia), Russia", | |
| "026.Bronzed_Cowbird": "USA (Texas, Arizona), Mexico, Central America", | |
| "027.Shiny_Cowbird": "South America (widespread), Caribbean — Argentina, Brazil, Colombia", | |
| "028.Brown_Creeper": "USA, Canada — found in mature forests across North America year-round", | |
| "029.American_Crow": "USA, Canada — one of the most intelligent and common birds in North America", | |
| "030.Fish_Crow": "USA (eastern & southeastern coastal states — New York to Texas)", | |
| "031.Black_billed_Cuckoo": "USA (eastern & central states), Canada (Ontario, Quebec), South America", | |
| "033.Yellow_billed_Cuckoo": "USA (widespread), Canada (Ontario), Mexico, Central America", | |
| "037.Acadian_Flycatcher": "USA (eastern states — Ohio, Virginia, Georgia, Texas), Central America", | |
| "038.Great_Crested_Flycatcher": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario), Mexico, Central America", | |
| "039.Least_Flycatcher": "USA (northeastern states), Canada (widespread), Mexico, Central America", | |
| "040.Olive_sided_Flycatcher": "USA (western states, Alaska), Canada (boreal), South America (winters)", | |
| "043.Yellow_bellied_Flycatcher": "Canada (boreal — Ontario to Newfoundland), USA (northeastern states)", | |
| "046.Gadwall": "USA, Canada (breeds), UK, Europe, Asia", | |
| "050.Eared_Grebe": "USA (western states), Canada (prairies), Mexico, Spain, Africa", | |
| "051.Horned_Grebe": "USA, Canada (breeds), UK, northern Europe", | |
| "052.Pied_billed_Grebe": "USA, Canada — most common grebe in North America", | |
| "053.Western_Grebe": "USA (western states), Canada (British Columbia, prairies)", | |
| "058.Pigeon_Guillemot": "USA (Alaska, California), Canada, Russia — North Pacific coastal cliffs", | |
| "059.California_Gull": "USA (California, Great Basin states), Canada", | |
| "060.Glaucous_winged_Gull": "USA (Alaska, Washington, Oregon), Canada (British Columbia)", | |
| "061.Heermann_Gull": "USA (California coast), Mexico (Baja California)", | |
| "062.Herring_Gull": "USA, Canada, UK, northern Europe — widespread across North Atlantic", | |
| "063.Ivory_Gull": "Canada (Arctic), Russia (Arctic), Norway (Svalbard)", | |
| "064.Ring_billed_Gull": "USA, Canada — one of the most common gulls across North America", | |
| "065.Slaty_backed_Gull": "Russia (eastern Siberia), Japan, South Korea, China", | |
| "066.Western_Gull": "USA (California, Oregon, Washington) — Pacific coast only", | |
| "067.Anna_Hummingbird": "USA (California, Arizona, Oregon), Mexico (Baja) — Pacific coast year-round", | |
| "068.Ruby_throated_Hummingbird": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario), Mexico, Central America", | |
| "069.Rufous_Hummingbird": "USA (western states), Canada (British Columbia), Mexico", | |
| "070.Green_Violetear": "Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia — mountain forests", | |
| "071.Long_tailed_Jaeger": "Canada (Arctic), USA (Alaska), winters in South Atlantic", | |
| "072.Pomarine_Jaeger": "USA (Alaska), Canada (Arctic tundra)", | |
| "073.Blue_Jay": "USA (eastern & central states), Canada (Ontario, Quebec)", | |
| "074.Florida_Jay": "USA (Florida only) — found exclusively in Florida scrub habitat", | |
| "075.Green_Jay": "USA (southern Texas only), Mexico, Central America", | |
| "076.Dark_eyed_Junco": "USA, Canada — one of the most common birds in North America", | |
| "077.Tropical_Kingbird": "USA (southern Arizona, Texas), Mexico, Central America, South America", | |
| "078.Gray_Kingbird": "USA (Florida), Caribbean islands — Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico", | |
| "079.Belted_Kingfisher": "USA, Canada — found near rivers and lakes across all of North America", | |
| "080.Green_Kingfisher": "USA (southern Texas, Arizona), Mexico, Central America, South America", | |
| "081.Pied_Kingfisher": "Africa (sub-Saharan), India, Southeast Asia", | |
| "082.Ringed_Kingfisher": "USA (southern Texas), Mexico, Central America, South America", | |
| "083.White_breasted_Kingfisher": "India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines)", | |
| "084.Red_legged_Kittiwake": "USA (Alaska — Pribilof Islands) — very restricted range", | |
| "085.Horned_Lark": "USA, Canada — most widespread lark in North America", | |
| "086.Pacific_Loon": "USA (Alaska), Canada (Arctic) — winters along Pacific coast", | |
| "087.Mallard": "USA, Canada, UK, Europe, Asia — most widespread duck in the world", | |
| "088.Western_Meadowlark": "USA (western & central states), Canada (prairies), Mexico", | |
| "089.Hooded_Merganser": "USA, Canada — breeds in forested lakes from Alaska to Florida", | |
| "090.Red_breasted_Merganser": "USA, Canada, UK, northern Europe — circumpolar breeding range", | |
| "091.Mockingbird": "USA (all states), Canada (southern Ontario), Mexico, Caribbean", | |
| "092.Nighthawk": "USA, Canada (breeds), South America (winters)", | |
| "093.Clark_Nutcracker": "USA (western mountain states — Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, California)", | |
| "094.White_breasted_Nuthatch": "USA, Canada — common in deciduous forests across North America", | |
| "095.Baltimore_Oriole": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario), Mexico, Central America (winters)", | |
| "096.Hooded_Oriole": "USA (California, Arizona, Texas), Mexico", | |
| "097.Orchard_Oriole": "USA (eastern & central states), Canada, Mexico, Central America (winters)", | |
| "098.Scott_Oriole": "USA (Texas, Arizona, California), Mexico", | |
| "099.Ovenbird": "USA (eastern states), Canada — breeds from Georgia to Manitoba", | |
| "100.Brown_Pelican": "USA (coastal states — California, Florida, Texas), Mexico, Caribbean", | |
| "101.White_Pelican": "USA, Canada — breeds on lakes in Great Plains, winters on Gulf Coast", | |
| "102.Western_Wood_Pewee": "USA (western states), Canada (British Columbia), Mexico, South America", | |
| "103.Sayornis": "USA, Canada, Mexico — widespread flycatcher across North America", | |
| "104.American_Pipit": "USA (Alaska, mountain states), Canada (Arctic)", | |
| "105.Whip_poor_Will": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Mexico, Central America", | |
| "106.Horned_Puffin": "USA (Alaska), Russia, Canada — North Pacific", | |
| "107.Common_Raven": "USA (western states, Alaska), Canada, UK, northern Europe, Asia", | |
| "108.White_necked_Raven": "USA (Texas, Arizona), Mexico — Chihuahuan and Sonoran Desert", | |
| "109.American_Redstart": "USA (eastern states), Canada — breeds from Georgia to Nova Scotia", | |
| "110.Geococcyx": "USA (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California), Mexico", | |
| "111.Loggerhead_Shrike": "USA, Canada (southern Ontario) — widespread but declining", | |
| "112.Great_Grey_Shrike": "Canada (Arctic), Russia, northern Europe (Scandinavia, Finland)", | |
| "113.Baird_Sparrow": "USA (Montana, North Dakota), Canada (Manitoba, Saskatchewan)", | |
| "114.Black_throated_Sparrow": "USA (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California), Mexico", | |
| "115.Brewer_Sparrow": "USA (western states), Canada (British Columbia, Alberta), Mexico", | |
| "116.Chipping_Sparrow": "USA, Canada — one of the most common sparrows across North America", | |
| "117.Clay_colored_Sparrow": "USA (Great Plains states), Canada (prairies)", | |
| "118.House_Sparrow": "USA, Canada, UK, Europe, Australia, India — introduced worldwide", | |
| "119.Field_Sparrow": "USA (eastern & central states) — common from Texas to New England", | |
| "120.Fox_Sparrow": "USA (western states, Alaska), Canada", | |
| "121.Grasshopper_Sparrow": "USA (central & eastern states), Canada (Ontario), Mexico", | |
| "122.Harris_Sparrow": "USA (Great Plains — Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas in winter), Canada", | |
| "123.Henslow_Sparrow": "USA (Midwest — Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, New York) — rare and declining", | |
| "124.Le_Conte_Sparrow": "USA (Great Plains, Southeast), Canada (prairies)", | |
| "125.Lincoln_Sparrow": "USA, Canada (breeds), Mexico, Central America (winters)", | |
| "126.Nelson_Sharp_tailed_Sparrow": "USA (Atlantic coast — Maine to Virginia), Canada (Maritime provinces)", | |
| "127.Savannah_Sparrow": "USA, Canada — one of the most widespread sparrows in North America", | |
| "128.Seaside_Sparrow": "USA (Atlantic & Gulf coast — Virginia to Texas)", | |
| "129.Song_Sparrow": "USA, Canada — extremely common and widespread across North America", | |
| "130.Tree_Sparrow": "Canada (Arctic, boreal), USA (northern states in winter)", | |
| "131.Vesper_Sparrow": "USA (western & central states), Canada (prairies), Mexico (winters)", | |
| "132.White_crowned_Sparrow": "USA, Canada — widespread migrant, breeds in Canada and mountain west", | |
| "133.White_throated_Sparrow": "USA (eastern states in winter), Canada (breeds)", | |
| "134.Cape_Glossy_Starling": "Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Somalia — East Africa savanna", | |
| "135.Bank_Swallow": "USA, Canada (breeds), South America (winters)", | |
| "136.Barn_Swallow": "USA, Canada (breeds), South America, Africa (winters)", | |
| "137.Cliff_Swallow": "USA, Canada (breeds), South America (winters)", | |
| "138.Tree_Swallow": "USA, Canada (breeds), Mexico, Central America (winters)", | |
| "139.Scarlet_Tanager": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario), South America (winters)", | |
| "140.Summer_Tanager": "USA (southern states — Georgia, Texas, Carolina), Mexico, South America", | |
| "141.Artic_Tern": "Canada, USA (Alaska), UK, Norway — longest migration on Earth", | |
| "142.Black_Tern": "USA (Midwest lakes), Canada, Europe", | |
| "143.Caspian_Tern": "USA (Great Lakes, Gulf Coast), Canada, Europe, Africa, Australia", | |
| "144.Common_Tern": "USA, Canada, UK, Europe — widespread across North Atlantic coasts", | |
| "145.Elegant_Tern": "USA (California coast), Mexico (Baja California)", | |
| "146.Forsters_Tern": "USA, Canada — breeds in Great Plains marshes, winters on both coasts", | |
| "147.Least_Tern": "USA (Atlantic & Gulf coast, river valleys), Mexico, Caribbean", | |
| "148.Green_tailed_Towhee": "USA (western mountain states — Colorado, Utah, California), Mexico", | |
| "149.Brown_Thrasher": "USA (eastern & central states), Canada (Ontario)", | |
| "150.Sage_Thrasher": "USA (Great Basin — Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, Oregon), Mexico (winters)", | |
| "151.Black_capped_Vireo": "USA (Texas, Oklahoma only), Mexico (winters) — endangered species", | |
| "152.Blue_headed_Vireo": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Central America", | |
| "153.Philadelphia_Vireo": "USA (northeastern states), Canada (Ontario to Alberta), Central America", | |
| "154.Red_eyed_Vireo": "USA, Canada — one of the most common breeding birds in eastern North America", | |
| "155.Warbling_Vireo": "USA, Canada (breeds), Mexico, Central America (winters)", | |
| "156.White_eyed_Vireo": "USA (southeastern & eastern states), Mexico, Central America (winters)", | |
| "157.Yellow_throated_Vireo": "USA (eastern states), Canada (Ontario), South America (winters)", | |
| "158.Bay_breasted_Warbler": "Canada (boreal — Ontario to Newfoundland), USA (eastern states)", | |
| "159.Black_and_white_Warbler": "USA (eastern states), Canada", | |
| "160.Black_throated_Blue_Warbler": "USA (eastern mountain states — Appalachians), Canada, Caribbean", | |
| "161.Blue_winged_Warbler": "USA (eastern states — Ohio, Indiana, New York), Mexico, Central America", | |
| "162.Canada_Warbler": "USA (northeastern states), Canada (Ontario to Nova Scotia), South America", | |
| "163.Cape_May_Warbler": "Canada (boreal — Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba), USA (eastern states)", | |
| "164.Cerulean_Warbler": "USA (Appalachians, Midwest), Canada (Ontario), South America (winters)", | |
| "165.Chestnut_sided_Warbler": "USA (northeastern states), Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Central America", | |
| "166.Golden_winged_Warbler": "USA (Appalachians, Great Lakes region), Canada, Central America", | |
| "167.Hooded_Warbler": "USA (eastern states — Georgia, Virginia, Tennessee), Mexico", | |
| "168.Kentucky_Warbler": "USA (southeastern states — Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas), Central America", | |
| "169.Magnolia_Warbler": "Canada (boreal — Ontario to Nova Scotia), USA (eastern states)", | |
| "170.Mourning_Warbler": "Canada (Ontario to Manitoba), USA (northeastern states), Central America", | |
| "171.Myrtle_Warbler": "USA, Canada — one of the most common warblers, breeds across Canada", | |
| "172.Nashville_Warbler": "USA (northeastern & western states), Canada, Mexico, Central America", | |
| "173.Orange_crowned_Warbler": "USA (western states), Canada (British Columbia, Alberta), Mexico", | |
| "174.Palm_Warbler": "Canada (boreal bogs — Ontario to Newfoundland), USA (Florida in winter)", | |
| "175.Pine_Warbler": "USA (southeastern states — Florida, Georgia, Texas, Carolina)", | |
| "176.Prairie_Warbler": "USA (eastern states — Michigan, Ohio, New Jersey, Florida), Caribbean", | |
| "177.Prothonotary_Warbler": "USA (southeastern states — Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia)", | |
| "178.Swainson_Warbler": "USA (southeastern states — Arkansas, Louisiana, South Carolina)", | |
| "179.Tennessee_Warbler": "Canada (boreal — Ontario to Alberta), USA (eastern states)", | |
| "180.Wilson_Warbler": "USA (western states, Alaska), Canada (widespread), Mexico", | |
| "181.Worm_eating_Warbler": "USA (eastern states — Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Georgia)", | |
| "182.Yellow_Warbler": "USA, Canada — most widespread warbler in North America", | |
| "183.Northern_Waterthrush": "USA (northeastern states), Canada (widespread boreal), Central America", | |
| "184.Louisiana_Waterthrush": "USA (eastern states — Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Kansas)", | |
| "185.Bohemian_Waxwing": "Canada (boreal — British Columbia to Manitoba), USA (northern states)", | |
| "186.Cedar_Waxwing": "USA, Canada — very common, found across all of North America year-round", | |
| "187.American_Three_toed_Woodpecker": "USA (Alaska, mountain west), Canada (boreal)", | |
| "188.Pileated_Woodpecker": "USA (eastern states, Pacific Northwest), Canada", | |
| "189.Red_bellied_Woodpecker": "USA (eastern states) — very common from Florida to New York to Texas", | |
| "190.Red_cockaded_Woodpecker": "USA (southeastern states — North Carolina to Texas) — endangered", | |
| "191.Red_headed_Woodpecker": "USA (eastern & central states), Canada (Ontario, Manitoba)", | |
| "192.Downy_Woodpecker": "USA, Canada — smallest and most common woodpecker in North America", | |
| "193.Bewick_Wren": "USA (western & southern states — California, Texas, Oregon), Mexico", | |
| "194.Cactus_Wren": "USA (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas), Mexico — Sonoran Desert", | |
| "195.Carolina_Wren": "USA (eastern & southeastern states)", | |
| "196.House_Wren": "USA, Canada (breeds), South America (winters)", | |
| "197.Marsh_Wren": "USA, Canada — freshwater marshes across North America", | |
| "198.Rock_Wren": "USA (western states — Colorado, Utah, California, Arizona), Mexico", | |
| "199.Winter_Wren": "USA (Pacific Northwest, Appalachians), Canada, UK, Europe, Asia", | |
| "200.Common_Yellowthroat": "USA, Canada — one of the most widespread warblers in North America", | |
| } | |
| # ── Look-alike species ─────────────────────────────────────── | |
| # Partial by design: only visually confusable pairs. | |
| SIMILAR_SPECIES = { | |
| "001.Black_footed_Albatross": ("Laysan Albatross", "check the face — Black-footed has a dark face, Laysan has a white face"), | |
| "002.Laysan_Albatross": ("Black footed Albatross", "check the face — Laysan has a white face, Black-footed has a dark face"), | |
| "014.Indigo_Bunting": ("Lazuli Bunting", "check the breast — Indigo is all blue, Lazuli has a rusty-orange breast"), | |
| "029.American_Crow": ("Common Raven", "check the size & tail — Crow is smaller with fan tail, Raven has wedge tail"), | |
| "062.Herring_Gull": ("Ring billed Gull", "check the bill — Herring Gull has a red spot, Ring-billed has a black ring"), | |
| "064.Ring_billed_Gull": ("Herring Gull", "check the bill — Ring-billed has a black ring, Herring has a red spot"), | |
| "068.Ruby_throated_Hummingbird": ("Rufous Hummingbird", "check the back — Ruby-throated is green-backed, Rufous has orange-brown back"), | |
| "069.Rufous_Hummingbird": ("Ruby throated Hummingbird", "check the back — Rufous is orange-brown, Ruby-throated is metallic green"), | |
| "073.Blue_Jay": ("Florida Jay", "check the crest — Blue Jay has a crest, Florida Jay has no crest"), | |
| "095.Baltimore_Oriole": ("Orchard Oriole", "check the color — Baltimore is bright orange, Orchard is darker chestnut"), | |
| "129.Song_Sparrow": ("Savannah Sparrow", "check the breast — Song Sparrow has a central spot, Savannah has streaks"), | |
| "136.Barn_Swallow": ("Cliff Swallow", "check the tail — Barn Swallow has a deep forked tail, Cliff has a square tail"), | |
| "137.Cliff_Swallow": ("Barn Swallow", "check the tail — Cliff has a square tail, Barn Swallow has a deep fork"), | |
| "139.Scarlet_Tanager": ("Summer Tanager", "check the wings — Scarlet has black wings, Summer Tanager is all red"), | |
| "186.Cedar_Waxwing": ("Bohemian Waxwing", "check the belly — Cedar has a yellow belly, Bohemian has rusty undertail"), | |
| "192.Downy_Woodpecker": ("Pileated Woodpecker", "check the size — Downy is sparrow-sized, Pileated is crow-sized"), | |
| } | |
| # ── Migration ──────────────────────────────────────────────── | |
| MIGRATION_MAP = { | |
| "001.Black_footed_Albatross": "Year-round in North Pacific Ocean. Breeds on Hawaiian Islands (Dec–Jul), roams Pacific rest of year", | |
| "002.Laysan_Albatross": "Year-round in North Pacific. Breeds on Midway Atoll & Hawaii (Nov–Jul), roams North Pacific rest of year", | |
| "003.Sooty_Albatross": "Year-round in South Atlantic & Indian Ocean. Breeds on Tristan da Cunha & South Georgia islands", | |
| "004.Groove_billed_Ani": "Year-round resident in Mexico & Central America. Some move to southern Texas in summer (Apr–Sep)", | |
| "005.Crested_Auklet": "Breeds on Aleutian Islands & Bering Sea (May–Aug) → winters in open North Pacific Ocean", | |
| "006.Least_Auklet": "Breeds on St. Lawrence & Pribilof Islands Alaska (Jun–Aug) → winters in North Pacific", | |
| "007.Parakeet_Auklet": "Breeds on Alaskan & Russian islands (May–Aug) → winters in open North Pacific Ocean", | |
| "008.Rhinoceros_Auklet": "Breeds on Pacific coast islands (Apr–Aug) → winters offshore in North Pacific", | |
| "009.Brewer_Blackbird": "Year-round in western USA. Northern Canada birds migrate south to California & Mexico (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "010.Red_winged_Blackbird": "Year-round across most of USA. Northern Canada birds migrate south to southern USA (Oct–Apr)", | |
| "011.Rusty_Blackbird": "Breeds in Alaska & boreal Canada (May–Aug) → winters in southeastern USA (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "012.Yellow_headed_Blackbird": "Breeds in Great Plains marshes USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & southwestern USA", | |
| "013.Bobolink": "Breeds in USA & Canada prairies (May–Aug) → migrates 12,000 miles to Argentina & Bolivia (Sep–Apr). One of the longest migrations of any songbird", | |
| "014.Indigo_Bunting": "Breeds in eastern & central USA (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico, Cuba & Central America (Sep–Apr). Navigates by stars at night", | |
| "015.Lazuli_Bunting": "Breeds in western USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in western Mexico (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "016.Painted_Bunting": "Breeds in southern USA — Texas, Louisiana, Florida (Apr–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & Central America", | |
| "017.Cardinal": "Year-round resident across eastern & southern USA. Does not migrate", | |
| "018.Spotted_Catbird": "Year-round resident in Queensland & New South Wales, Australia. Short local movements only", | |
| "019.Gray_Catbird": "Breeds in USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "020.Yellow_breasted_Chat": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "021.Eastern_Towhee": "Year-round in southeastern USA. Northern birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "022.Chuck_will_Widow": "Breeds in southeastern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "023.Brandt_Cormorant": "Year-round on Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja California. Short local movements", | |
| "024.Red_faced_Cormorant": "Year-round resident on Aleutian Islands & Kodiak, Alaska. Does not migrate", | |
| "025.Pelagic_Cormorant": "Year-round on Pacific coast. Some northernmost birds move south slightly in winter", | |
| "026.Bronzed_Cowbird": "Year-round in Mexico & Central America. Moves into southern Texas & Arizona (Mar–Sep)", | |
| "027.Shiny_Cowbird": "Year-round across South America & Caribbean. Expanding northward into USA", | |
| "028.Brown_Creeper": "Year-round in mature forests across North America. Mountain birds move to lower elevations in winter", | |
| "029.American_Crow": "Year-round across most of USA. Northern birds may move south in harsh winters. Highly intelligent", | |
| "030.Fish_Crow": "Year-round on Atlantic & Gulf coasts eastern USA. Short local movements only", | |
| "031.Black_billed_Cuckoo": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in South America — Colombia to Bolivia (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "033.Yellow_billed_Cuckoo": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in South America (Aug–Apr). Famous for calling just before rainstorms", | |
| "037.Acadian_Flycatcher": "Breeds in eastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Colombia, Ecuador & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "038.Great_Crested_Flycatcher": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & South America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "039.Least_Flycatcher": "Breeds in northeastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "040.Olive_sided_Flycatcher": "Breeds in western USA, Alaska & boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Andes of South America — Peru, Bolivia (Sep–May). One of the longest Flycatcher migrations", | |
| "043.Yellow_bellied_Flycatcher": "Breeds in boreal Canada & northeastern USA (Jun–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–May)", | |
| "046.Gadwall": "Breeds in Great Plains USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters across southern USA, Mexico & Caribbean (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "050.Eared_Grebe": "Breeds on western USA & Canada lakes (May–Aug) → winters on Pacific coast & Gulf of Mexico (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "051.Horned_Grebe": "Breeds in Alaska, Canada & northern Europe (May–Aug) → winters on both USA coasts (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "052.Pied_billed_Grebe": "Year-round across most of USA. Northern birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "053.Western_Grebe": "Breeds on inland lakes western USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters on Pacific coast (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "058.Pigeon_Guillemot": "Year-round on North Pacific coast. Short offshore movements in winter", | |
| "059.California_Gull": "Breeds inland at Great Basin lakes (Apr–Aug) → winters on California & Pacific coast (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "060.Glaucous_winged_Gull": "Year-round on Pacific Northwest coast. Some move south to California in winter", | |
| "061.Heermann_Gull": "Breeds on Isla Raza Mexico (Jan–Jun) → moves north to California & Oregon coast (Jul–Nov) — reverse migration", | |
| "062.Herring_Gull": "Breeds in Canada & northern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters across all USA coasts (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "063.Ivory_Gull": "Year-round in high Arctic. Moves south only when sea ice forces it — rarely seen in USA", | |
| "064.Ring_billed_Gull": "Breeds in Canada & northern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters across all of USA (Sep–Mar). Very common in parking lots!", | |
| "065.Slaty_backed_Gull": "Year-round in eastern Russia & Japan. Rare winter visitor to Alaska & Pacific coast", | |
| "066.Western_Gull": "Year-round on California, Oregon & Washington coast. Does not migrate far", | |
| "067.Anna_Hummingbird": "Year-round on Pacific coast — one of very few hummingbirds that does not migrate south. Stays in California & Oregon all winter", | |
| "068.Ruby_throated_Hummingbird": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → crosses Gulf of Mexico non-stop to winter in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr). Incredible 500-mile non-stop ocean crossing", | |
| "069.Rufous_Hummingbird": "Breeds in Pacific Northwest & Alaska (Apr–Jul) → migrates south through Rocky Mountains to winter in Mexico (Aug–Mar). Longest migration of any hummingbird — 3,900 miles", | |
| "070.Green_Violetear": "Year-round resident in mountain forests of Mexico & Central America. Short altitudinal movements only", | |
| "071.Long_tailed_Jaeger": "Breeds on Arctic tundra Canada & Alaska (Jun–Aug) → migrates over ocean to winter in South Atlantic (Sep–May)", | |
| "072.Pomarine_Jaeger": "Breeds on Arctic tundra (Jun–Aug) → winters off coasts of South America & West Africa (Sep–May). Rarely seen inland", | |
| "073.Blue_Jay": "Year-round across eastern USA. Some northern birds migrate south in large flocks in autumn — not all individuals migrate", | |
| "074.Florida_Jay": "Year-round resident in Florida scrub only. Does not migrate at all — one of the most sedentary birds in North America", | |
| "075.Green_Jay": "Year-round resident in southern Texas & Central America. Does not migrate", | |
| "076.Dark_eyed_Junco": "Breeds in Canada & mountain USA (May–Aug) → winters across all of USA (Oct–Apr). Called the snowbird — their arrival signals winter coming", | |
| "077.Tropical_Kingbird": "Year-round in Mexico & Central America. Moves into southern Arizona & Texas (Apr–Sep)", | |
| "078.Gray_Kingbird": "Breeds in Florida & Caribbean (Apr–Aug) → winters in northern South America (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "079.Belted_Kingfisher": "Year-round across most of USA near water. Northern Canada birds move south in winter", | |
| "080.Green_Kingfisher": "Year-round resident in southern Texas, Mexico & Central America. Does not migrate", | |
| "081.Pied_Kingfisher": "Year-round resident across Africa & South Asia. Does not migrate", | |
| "082.Ringed_Kingfisher": "Year-round in southern Texas, Mexico & South America. Does not migrate", | |
| "083.White_breasted_Kingfisher": "Year-round resident across India & Southeast Asia. Does not migrate", | |
| "084.Red_legged_Kittiwake": "Breeds on Pribilof Islands Alaska (May–Aug) → winters in North Pacific Ocean. Rarely seen on land outside breeding season", | |
| "085.Horned_Lark": "Year-round across open areas of USA & Canada. Northern birds move south in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "086.Pacific_Loon": "Breeds on Arctic lakes Canada & Alaska (Jun–Aug) → winters along Pacific coast from Alaska to California (Sep–May)", | |
| "087.Mallard": "Year-round in most of USA. Northern Canada & Alaska birds migrate south to USA & Mexico in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "088.Western_Meadowlark": "Year-round across western & central USA. Northern Canada birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "089.Hooded_Merganser": "Breeds in forested lakes USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in southern USA & Mexico (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "090.Red_breasted_Merganser": "Breeds in Arctic & boreal Canada (May–Aug) → winters on both USA coasts (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "091.Mockingbird": "Year-round across USA & Mexico. Northern birds may move slightly south in harsh winters", | |
| "092.Nighthawk": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → migrates to South America (Bolivia, Argentina) for winter (Sep–Apr). One of the longest migrations among North American birds", | |
| "093.Clark_Nutcracker": "Year-round in western mountain USA. Short altitudinal movements — moves to lower elevations in winter", | |
| "094.White_breasted_Nuthatch": "Year-round resident across North America. Does not migrate", | |
| "095.Baltimore_Oriole": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Central America & northern South America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "096.Hooded_Oriole": "Breeds in southwestern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Mexico (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "097.Orchard_Oriole": "Breeds in eastern & central USA (May–Aug) → winters in Central America & northern South America (Aug–Apr). Leaves very early — one of first migrants to depart", | |
| "098.Scott_Oriole": "Breeds in desert southwest USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Mexico (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "099.Ovenbird": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean, Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "100.Brown_Pelican": "Year-round on USA coasts. Some northern birds move south in winter. Florida birds stay year-round", | |
| "101.White_Pelican": "Breeds on inland lakes Great Plains (Apr–Aug) → winters on Gulf Coast & Pacific coast (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "102.Western_Wood_Pewee": "Breeds in western USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in South America (Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador) (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "103.Sayornis": "Year-round in southwestern USA & Mexico. Northern birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "104.American_Pipit": "Breeds on Arctic tundra & mountain tops (Jun–Aug) → winters across southern USA & Mexico (Sep–May)", | |
| "105.Whip_poor_Will": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "106.Horned_Puffin": "Breeds on Alaskan sea cliffs (May–Aug) → winters in open North Pacific Ocean far from shore (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "107.Common_Raven": "Year-round resident. Does not migrate. Stays in same territory year-round", | |
| "108.White_necked_Raven": "Year-round resident in desert southwest USA & Mexico. Does not migrate", | |
| "109.American_Redstart": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean, Mexico & South America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "110.Geococcyx": "Year-round resident in desert southwest USA & Mexico. Does not migrate", | |
| "111.Loggerhead_Shrike": "Year-round in southern USA. Northern birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "112.Great_Grey_Shrike": "Year-round in northern Europe & Russia. Irruptive — moves south into Europe in some winters", | |
| "113.Baird_Sparrow": "Breeds in Great Plains USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Texas, New Mexico & Mexico (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "114.Black_throated_Sparrow": "Year-round in desert southwest USA & Mexico. Some move to lower elevations in winter", | |
| "115.Brewer_Sparrow": "Breeds in Great Basin USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & southwestern USA (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "116.Chipping_Sparrow": "Breeds across USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in southern USA & Mexico (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "117.Clay_colored_Sparrow": "Breeds in Great Plains Canada & USA (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "118.House_Sparrow": "Year-round resident worldwide. Does not migrate — introduced species stays put all year", | |
| "119.Field_Sparrow": "Year-round in eastern USA. Northern birds move south slightly in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "120.Fox_Sparrow": "Breeds in Alaska & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in western & southern USA (Oct–Apr)", | |
| "121.Grasshopper_Sparrow": "Breeds in eastern & central USA (May–Aug) → winters in southern USA, Caribbean & Central America", | |
| "122.Harris_Sparrow": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Great Plains USA — Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "123.Henslow_Sparrow": "Breeds in Midwest USA (May–Aug) → winters in southeastern USA — Florida, Georgia, Carolina (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "124.Le_Conte_Sparrow": "Breeds in northern Great Plains Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in southeastern USA (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "125.Lincoln_Sparrow": "Breeds in Canada & mountain USA (May–Aug) → winters in southern USA & Mexico (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "126.Nelson_Sharp_tailed_Sparrow": "Breeds in Canadian prairies & Atlantic coast marshes (Jun–Aug) → winters on Atlantic & Gulf coast (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "127.Savannah_Sparrow": "Breeds across USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in southern USA, Mexico & Caribbean (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "128.Seaside_Sparrow": "Year-round resident in Atlantic & Gulf coast salt marshes. Does not migrate far", | |
| "129.Song_Sparrow": "Year-round across most of USA. Northern Canada birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "130.Tree_Sparrow": "Breeds in Arctic Canada & Alaska (Jun–Aug) → winters across northern USA (Oct–Apr)", | |
| "131.Vesper_Sparrow": "Breeds in western & central USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in southern USA & Mexico (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "132.White_crowned_Sparrow": "Breeds in Arctic Canada & Alaska (Jun–Aug) → winters across southern USA & Mexico (Oct–Apr)", | |
| "133.White_throated_Sparrow": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in eastern & southern USA (Oct–Apr). Very common winter bird feeder visitor", | |
| "134.Cape_Glossy_Starling": "Year-round resident in East Africa. Short local movements following rainfall & food", | |
| "135.Bank_Swallow": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → migrates to South America — Peru, Bolivia, Brazil (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "136.Barn_Swallow": "Breeds across USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → migrates to Argentina & southern Brazil (Sep–Mar). One of the most widespread migrants in the world", | |
| "137.Cliff_Swallow": "Breeds across USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in Argentina (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "138.Tree_Swallow": "Breeds in USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in Florida, Gulf Coast & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "139.Scarlet_Tanager": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Colombia, Ecuador & Peru (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "140.Summer_Tanager": "Breeds in southern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Mexico, Central & South America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "141.Artic_Tern": "Breeds in Arctic Canada, Alaska & UK (Jun–Aug) → migrates to Antarctic (Sep–May). Longest migration on Earth — up to 70,000 km per year, seeing more daylight than any other creature", | |
| "142.Black_Tern": "Breeds in Midwest freshwater marshes USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters off West Africa & northern South America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "143.Caspian_Tern": "Breeds on Great Lakes & Gulf Coast (Apr–Aug) → winters on Gulf Coast, Caribbean & northern South America (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "144.Common_Tern": "Breeds on North Atlantic coasts USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters off West Africa & South America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "145.Elegant_Tern": "Breeds on Isla Raza Mexico (Apr–Jul) → moves north to California coast (Jul–Oct) then winters off Peru & Chile", | |
| "146.Forsters_Tern": "Breeds in Great Plains marshes USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters on both USA coasts & Caribbean (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "147.Least_Tern": "Breeds on USA beaches & river sandbars (May–Aug) → winters off northern South America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "148.Green_tailed_Towhee": "Breeds in western mountain USA (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & southwestern USA desert (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "149.Brown_Thrasher": "Year-round in southeastern USA. Northern birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "150.Sage_Thrasher": "Breeds in Great Basin USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Chihuahuan Desert (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "151.Black_capped_Vireo": "Breeds in Texas & Oklahoma (Apr–Aug) → winters in western Mexico (Sep–Mar). Endangered species", | |
| "152.Blue_headed_Vireo": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "153.Philadelphia_Vireo": "Breeds in Canada & northeastern USA (Jun–Aug) → winters in Central America (Sep–May)", | |
| "154.Red_eyed_Vireo": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Amazon basin South America (Sep–Apr). Sings more than almost any other bird — up to 20,000 songs per day", | |
| "155.Warbling_Vireo": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "156.White_eyed_Vireo": "Breeds in eastern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "157.Yellow_throated_Vireo": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Colombia, Venezuela & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "158.Bay_breasted_Warbler": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Panama & northern South America (Sep–May)", | |
| "159.Black_and_white_Warbler": "Breeds in eastern USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & South America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "160.Black_throated_Blue_Warbler": "Breeds in Appalachian mountains & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean — Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "161.Blue_winged_Warbler": "Breeds in eastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "162.Canada_Warbler": "Breeds in northeastern USA & Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Colombia, Ecuador & Peru (Sep–May)", | |
| "163.Cape_May_Warbler": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Caribbean islands (Sep–May)", | |
| "164.Cerulean_Warbler": "Breeds in Appalachians & Midwest USA (May–Aug) → winters in Andes of Colombia, Ecuador & Peru (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "165.Chestnut_sided_Warbler": "Breeds in northeastern USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "166.Golden_winged_Warbler": "Breeds in Appalachians & Great Lakes (May–Aug) → winters in Central America & Venezuela (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "167.Hooded_Warbler": "Breeds in eastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "168.Kentucky_Warbler": "Breeds in southeastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Central America & northern South America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "169.Magnolia_Warbler": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & Central America (Sep–May)", | |
| "170.Mourning_Warbler": "Breeds in Canada & northeastern USA (Jun–Aug) → winters in Costa Rica, Colombia & Venezuela (Sep–May)", | |
| "171.Myrtle_Warbler": "Breeds across Canada (May–Aug) → winters across all of USA — one of the most widespread warblers in winter (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "172.Nashville_Warbler": "Breeds in northeastern & western USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "173.Orange_crowned_Warbler": "Breeds in western USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in southern USA & Mexico (Sep–Mar)", | |
| "174.Palm_Warbler": "Breeds in boreal bogs Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Florida & Caribbean (Sep–Apr). Often seen walking on ground wagging its tail", | |
| "175.Pine_Warbler": "Year-round in southeastern USA pine forests. Northern birds move to southern USA in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "176.Prairie_Warbler": "Breeds in eastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Florida, Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "177.Prothonotary_Warbler": "Breeds in southeastern USA swamps (Apr–Aug) → winters in Colombia, Venezuela & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "178.Swainson_Warbler": "Breeds in southeastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & Yucatan Mexico (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "179.Tennessee_Warbler": "Breeds in boreal Canada (Jun–Aug) → winters in Costa Rica, Colombia & Venezuela (Sep–May)", | |
| "180.Wilson_Warbler": "Breeds in western USA, Alaska & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "181.Worm_eating_Warbler": "Breeds in eastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "182.Yellow_Warbler": "Breeds across all of USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in Mexico, Central & South America (Sep–Apr). Most widespread warbler in North America", | |
| "183.Northern_Waterthrush": "Breeds in boreal Canada & northeastern USA (May–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & northern South America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "184.Louisiana_Waterthrush": "Breeds in eastern USA (Apr–Aug) → winters in Caribbean & Central America (Aug–Apr). One of earliest spring migrants to arrive", | |
| "185.Bohemian_Waxwing": "Breeds in boreal Canada & Alaska (Jun–Aug) → irruptive winter visitor to northern USA (Oct–Mar). Appears in large flocks unpredictably following berry crops", | |
| "186.Cedar_Waxwing": "Year-round across USA but nomadic — follows fruit & berry crops. Northern birds move south in winter. Travels in flocks", | |
| "187.American_Three_toed_Woodpecker": "Year-round in Rocky Mountains, Cascades & boreal Canada. Short movements to lower elevations in winter", | |
| "188.Pileated_Woodpecker": "Year-round resident across eastern USA & Pacific Northwest. Does not migrate", | |
| "189.Red_bellied_Woodpecker": "Year-round resident in eastern USA. Does not migrate", | |
| "190.Red_cockaded_Woodpecker": "Year-round resident in southeastern USA pine forests. Does not migrate. Endangered species", | |
| "191.Red_headed_Woodpecker": "Year-round in eastern USA. Northern birds may move south in winter following acorn crops", | |
| "192.Downy_Woodpecker": "Year-round resident across North America. Does not migrate — stays in same territory all year", | |
| "193.Bewick_Wren": "Year-round in western & southern USA & Mexico. Does not migrate", | |
| "194.Cactus_Wren": "Year-round resident in Sonoran Desert USA & Mexico. Does not migrate", | |
| "195.Carolina_Wren": "Year-round resident in eastern USA. Does not migrate — very sensitive to cold winters", | |
| "196.House_Wren": "Breeds across USA & Canada (Apr–Aug) → winters in southern USA, Mexico & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| "197.Marsh_Wren": "Year-round on both coasts USA. Interior birds migrate south in winter (Oct–Mar)", | |
| "198.Rock_Wren": "Year-round in western USA rocky areas. Mountain birds move to lower elevations in winter", | |
| "199.Winter_Wren": "Breeds in Pacific Northwest, Appalachians & boreal Canada (May–Aug) → winters across eastern USA (Oct–Apr)", | |
| "200.Common_Yellowthroat": "Breeds across USA & Canada (May–Aug) → winters in southern USA, Caribbean & Central America (Sep–Apr)", | |
| } | |