Text Generation
fastText
Burmese
wikilangs
nlp
tokenizer
embeddings
n-gram
markov
wikipedia
feature-extraction
sentence-similarity
tokenization
n-grams
markov-chain
text-mining
babelvec
vocabulous
vocabulary
monolingual
family-tibetoburman_burmese
Instructions to use wikilangs/my with libraries, inference providers, notebooks, and local apps. Follow these links to get started.
- Libraries
- fastText
How to use wikilangs/my with fastText:
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download import fasttext model = fasttext.load_model(hf_hub_download("wikilangs/my", "model.bin")) - Notebooks
- Google Colab
- Kaggle
| language: my | |
| language_name: Burmese | |
| language_family: tibetoburman_burmese | |
| tags: | |
| - wikilangs | |
| - nlp | |
| - tokenizer | |
| - embeddings | |
| - n-gram | |
| - markov | |
| - wikipedia | |
| - feature-extraction | |
| - sentence-similarity | |
| - tokenization | |
| - n-grams | |
| - markov-chain | |
| - text-mining | |
| - fasttext | |
| - babelvec | |
| - vocabulous | |
| - vocabulary | |
| - monolingual | |
| - family-tibetoburman_burmese | |
| license: mit | |
| library_name: wikilangs | |
| pipeline_tag: text-generation | |
| datasets: | |
| - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly | |
| dataset_info: | |
| name: wikipedia-monthly | |
| description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages | |
| metrics: | |
| - name: best_compression_ratio | |
| type: compression | |
| value: 5.618 | |
| - name: best_isotropy | |
| type: isotropy | |
| value: 0.6934 | |
| - name: vocabulary_size | |
| type: vocab | |
| value: 0 | |
| generated: 2026-01-10 | |
| # Burmese - Wikilangs Models | |
| ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study | |
| This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Burmese** Wikipedia data. | |
| We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings. | |
| ## 📋 Repository Contents | |
| ### Models & Assets | |
| - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k) | |
| - N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram) | |
| - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) | |
| - Subword N-gram and Markov chains | |
| - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned) | |
| - Language Vocabulary | |
| - Language Statistics | |
|  | |
| ### Analysis and Evaluation | |
| - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation) | |
| - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation) | |
| - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation) | |
| - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis) | |
| - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation) | |
| - [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental) | |
| - [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations) | |
| - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide) | |
| - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index) | |
| --- | |
| ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### Results | |
| | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens | | |
| |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------| | |
| | **8k** | 4.094x | 4.09 | 0.0581% | 1,838,036 | | |
| | **16k** | 4.637x | 4.64 | 0.0658% | 1,622,639 | | |
| | **32k** | 5.147x | 5.15 | 0.0731% | 1,461,988 | | |
| | **64k** | 5.618x 🏆 | 5.62 | 0.0797% | 1,339,281 | | |
| ### Tokenization Examples | |
| Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size: | |
| **Sample 1:** `လက်ပန်ကွင်းရွာ၊ လက်ပန်ကွင်း ကိုးကား ရွာများ ရွာများ` | |
| | Vocab | Tokens | Count | | |
| |-------|--------|-------| | |
| | 8k | `▁လက်ပန် ကွင်းရွာ၊ ▁လက်ပန် ကွင်း ▁ကိုးကား ▁ရွာများ ▁ရွာများ` | 7 | | |
| | 16k | `▁လက်ပန် ကွင်းရွာ၊ ▁လက်ပန် ကွင်း ▁ကိုးကား ▁ရွာများ ▁ရွာများ` | 7 | | |
| | 32k | `▁လက်ပန် ကွင်းရွာ၊ ▁လက်ပန် ကွင်း ▁ကိုးကား ▁ရွာများ ▁ရွာများ` | 7 | | |
| | 64k | `▁လက်ပန် ကွင်းရွာ၊ ▁လက်ပန် ကွင်း ▁ကိုးကား ▁ရွာများ ▁ရွာများ` | 7 | | |
| **Sample 2:** `ကွင်းယားကုန်းရွာ၊ ဇငြွ်ပန်းကုန်း ကိုးကား ရွာများ ရွာများ` | |
| | Vocab | Tokens | Count | | |
| |-------|--------|-------| | |
| | 8k | `▁ကွင်း ယား ကုန်းရွာ၊ ▁ဇ ငြ ွ ် ပန်း ကုန်း ▁ကိုးကား ... (+2 more)` | 12 | | |
| | 16k | `▁ကွင်းယား ကုန်းရွာ၊ ▁ဇ ငြ ွ ် ပန်းကုန်း ▁ကိုးကား ▁ရွာများ ▁ရွာများ` | 10 | | |
| | 32k | `▁ကွင်းယား ကုန်းရွာ၊ ▁ဇငြွ်ပန်းကုန်း ▁ကိုးကား ▁ရွာများ ▁ရွာများ` | 6 | | |
| | 64k | `▁ကွင်းယား ကုန်းရွာ၊ ▁ဇငြွ်ပန်းကုန်း ▁ကိုးကား ▁ရွာများ ▁ရွာများ` | 6 | | |
| **Sample 3:** `ထီတိုလိုအဖျားရွာ၊ ထီတိုလို ကိုးကား ရွာများ ရွာများ` | |
| | Vocab | Tokens | Count | | |
| |-------|--------|-------| | |
| | 8k | `▁ထ ီတ ိုလို အ ဖျား ရွာ၊ ▁ထ ီတ ိုလို ▁ကိုးကား ... (+2 more)` | 12 | | |
| | 16k | `▁ထ ီတ ိုလို အဖျား ရွာ၊ ▁ထ ီတ ိုလို ▁ကိုးကား ▁ရွာများ ... (+1 more)` | 11 | | |
| | 32k | `▁ထီတ ိုလို အဖျား ရွာ၊ ▁ထီတ ိုလို ▁ကိုးကား ▁ရွာများ ▁ရွာများ` | 9 | | |
| | 64k | `▁ထီတ ိုလို အဖျား ရွာ၊ ▁ထီတ ိုလို ▁ကိုးကား ▁ရွာများ ▁ရွာများ` | 9 | | |
| ### Key Findings | |
| - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 5.618x compression | |
| - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0581% unknown tokens | |
| - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size | |
| - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use | |
| --- | |
| ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### Results | |
| | N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage | | |
| |--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------| | |
| | **2-gram** | Word | 8,831 | 13.11 | 97,119 | 30.8% | 47.6% | | |
| | **2-gram** | Subword | 1,887 🏆 | 10.88 | 72,847 | 36.4% | 73.5% | | |
| | **3-gram** | Word | 9,813 | 13.26 | 126,512 | 31.4% | 48.2% | | |
| | **3-gram** | Subword | 17,172 | 14.07 | 481,303 | 16.6% | 40.4% | | |
| | **4-gram** | Word | 30,676 | 14.90 | 264,000 | 23.6% | 36.4% | | |
| | **4-gram** | Subword | 90,180 | 16.46 | 1,884,383 | 10.1% | 25.4% | | |
| | **5-gram** | Word | 39,876 | 15.28 | 238,225 | 20.9% | 31.1% | | |
| | **5-gram** | Subword | 269,959 | 18.04 | 3,576,330 | 8.2% | 18.7% | | |
| ### Top 5 N-grams by Size | |
| **2-grams (Word):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `ကိုးကား ရွာများ` | 58,566 | | |
| | 2 | `ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ ဖြစ်သည်` | 51,588 | | |
| | 3 | `တည်ရှိသည် ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ` | 51,568 | | |
| | 4 | `ဖြစ်သည် သန်းခေါင်စာရင်းအရ` | 37,043 | | |
| | 5 | `ဦး မ` | 36,542 | | |
| **3-grams (Word):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `တည်ရှိသည် ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ ဖြစ်သည်` | 51,563 | | |
| | 2 | `ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ ဖြစ်သည် သန်းခေါင်စာရင်းအရ` | 36,945 | | |
| | 3 | `ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း` | 34,572 | | |
| | 4 | `လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည်` | 28,628 | | |
| | 5 | `ဦးနေထိုင်သည် ကိုးကား ရွာများ` | 27,771 | | |
| **4-grams (Word):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `တည်ရှိသည် ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ ဖြစ်သည် သန်းခေါင်စာရင်းအရ` | 36,927 | | |
| | 2 | `ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည်` | 28,628 | | |
| | 3 | `လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည် ကိုးကား` | 25,411 | | |
| | 4 | `စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည် ကိုးကား ရွာများ` | 25,261 | | |
| | 5 | `မ ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း` | 22,994 | | |
| **5-grams (Word):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည် ကိုးကား` | 25,411 | | |
| | 2 | `လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည် ကိုးကား ရွာများ` | 25,261 | | |
| | 3 | `ဦး မ ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း` | 22,994 | | |
| | 4 | `မ ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည်` | 21,852 | | |
| | 5 | `ကျား ဦး မ ဦး လူဦးရေ` | 21,303 | | |
| **2-grams (Subword):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `ာ း` | 1,540,592 | | |
| | 2 | `င် း` | 1,127,081 | | |
| | 3 | `သ ည်` | 1,053,771 | | |
| | 4 | `း _` | 1,020,236 | | |
| | 5 | `။ _` | 832,045 | | |
| **3-grams (Subword):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `သ ည် ။` | 647,008 | | |
| | 2 | `ည် ။ _` | 635,498 | | |
| | 3 | `မျ ာ း` | 557,792 | | |
| | 4 | `ာ း _` | 379,277 | | |
| | 5 | `သ ည် _` | 308,511 | | |
| **4-grams (Subword):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `သ ည် ။ _` | 626,895 | | |
| | 2 | `ဖြ စ် သ ည်` | 152,777 | | |
| | 3 | `စ် သ ည် ။` | 146,842 | | |
| | 4 | `း မျ ာ း` | 134,710 | | |
| | 5 | `မျ ာ း _` | 123,549 | | |
| **5-grams (Subword):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `ဖြ စ် သ ည် ။` | 146,362 | | |
| | 2 | `စ် သ ည် ။ _` | 143,004 | | |
| | 3 | `_ ဖြ စ် သ ည်` | 102,596 | | |
| | 4 | `ခဲ့ သ ည် ။ _` | 101,218 | | |
| | 5 | `း ရွ ာ အု ပ်` | 99,853 | | |
| ### Key Findings | |
| - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 1,887 | |
| - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable) | |
| - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~19% of corpus | |
| - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance | |
| --- | |
| ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### Results | |
| | Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability | | |
| |---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------| | |
| | **1** | Word | 0.3898 | 1.310 | 2.70 | 2,269,123 | 61.0% | | |
| | **1** | Subword | 1.1880 | 2.278 | 16.40 | 12,091 | 0.0% | | |
| | **2** | Word | 0.0846 | 1.060 | 1.16 | 6,111,017 | 91.5% | | |
| | **2** | Subword | 0.7455 | 1.677 | 6.00 | 198,292 | 25.5% | | |
| | **3** | Word | 0.0245 | 1.017 | 1.04 | 7,076,304 | 97.5% | | |
| | **3** | Subword | 0.5456 | 1.460 | 3.39 | 1,190,344 | 45.4% | | |
| | **4** | Word | 0.0104 🏆 | 1.007 | 1.02 | 7,324,998 | 99.0% | | |
| | **4** | Subword | 0.4066 | 1.326 | 2.29 | 4,039,178 | 59.3% | | |
| ### Generated Text Samples (Word-based) | |
| Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model: | |
| **Context Size 1:** | |
| 1. `ဖြစ်သည် ဒါဘန်မြို့ကြီးဒေသသည် တောင်အာဖရိကတွင် နယ်လ်ဆင်မင်ဒဲလားနှင့် တွေ့ဆုံခဲ့ပြီး ကောင်းကင်တမန်များန...` | |
| 2. `သည် မကွေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး မင်းဘူးခရိုင် ကုန်ကူးသန်းရောင်းဝယ်ရေးအတွက် အရေးပါသောဆိပ်ကမ်းမြို့ဖြစ်လေသည် သင...` | |
| 3. `ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည် ကိုးကား ရွာများ ရွာများ ရွာများ ရွာများ ရွာများ ရွာများ ရွာများ ရွ...` | |
| **Context Size 2:** | |
| 1. `ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ ဖြစ်သည် ၁၄ ဂိုး mohammad al sahlawi မန်နေဂျာ juan antonio gk 1 igor akinfeev c rb 2` | |
| 2. `တည်ရှိသည် ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ ဖြစ်သည် ကိုးကား ဘူတာရုံများ ဘူတာရုံများ` | |
| 3. `ဖြစ်သည် သန်းခေါင်စာရင်းအရ လိန်တောကျေးရွာအုပ်စုတွင် ကျား ဦး မ ၅၈၈ ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည် က...` | |
| **Context Size 3:** | |
| 1. `တည်ရှိသည် ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ ဖြစ်သည် ကိုးကား ရွာများ ရွာများ ပြိုင်းချောင်းရွာ ကိုးကား ရွာများ ရွာများ စ...` | |
| 2. `ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ ဖြစ်သည် သန်းခေါင်စာရင်းအရ ကော့လှိုင်ကျေးရွာအုပ်စုတွင် ကျား ဦး မ ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ...` | |
| 3. `ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည် ကိုးကား ရွာများ ကျားသားလေးများ နေထိုင်ရာ အအိုဆေး အပျိုဆေး ရှိ` | |
| **Context Size 4:** | |
| 1. `တည်ရှိသည် ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ ဖြစ်သည် သန်းခေါင်စာရင်းအရ ကဝါးပန်းကျေးရွာအုပ်စုတွင် ကျား ၆၁ ဦး မ ၅၈ ဦး လူဦး...` | |
| 2. `ဦး လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည် ကိုးကား ရွာများ ကျားသားလေးများ နေထိုင်ရာ အအိုဆေး အပျိုဆေး ရှိ` | |
| 3. `လူဦးရေ စုစုပေါင်း ဦးနေထိုင်သည် ကိုးကား ရွာများ ကျားသားလေးများ နေထိုင်ရာ အအိုဆေး အပျိုဆေး ရှိ` | |
| ### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based) | |
| Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model: | |
| **Context Size 1:** | |
| 1. `_ကာခဲ့သဖြစ်ဇဘာအုပ်ငန်းချွ` | |
| 2. `း၊_ဆန်း_ပညာနာ_နှင့်_` | |
| 3. `ာင်းလ)သည်ရှိခဲ့ပြီ_နာတ်_မ` | |
| **Context Size 2:** | |
| 1. `ား_လူဦးနေ_အမေရိကန်တောက်ထု` | |
| 2. `င်းပါမောင်ရွာအုပ်စု၌_အပိုင်` | |
| 3. `သည်_အလယ်လုပ်ကိုင်_ဘာသည်။_` | |
| **Context Size 3:** | |
| 1. `သည်။_ကိုးကား_ကိုယ်ပိုင်သီချင်း` | |
| 2. `ည်။_ရွာများ_ဓားရှာဖွေတွေ့ရှိနို` | |
| 3. `များ)_အလယ်တန်းကျေးဇူးကြောင်` | |
| **Context Size 4:** | |
| 1. `သည်။_6|39|_စင်စစ်_ဖြစ်ပြီး` | |
| 2. `ဖြစ်သည်။_ဒွတ္တပေါင်မင်းကြီးကျေးရွ` | |
| 3. `စ်သည်။_ယနေ့ခေတ်၏_အိပ်ရာခင်းပြီ` | |
| ### Key Findings | |
| - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 99.0% predictability | |
| - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic) | |
| - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (4,039,178 contexts) | |
| - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation | |
| --- | |
| ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### Statistics | |
| | Metric | Value | | |
| |--------|-------| | |
| | Vocabulary Size | 535,794 | | |
| | Total Tokens | 7,184,049 | | |
| | Mean Frequency | 13.41 | | |
| | Median Frequency | 3 | | |
| | Frequency Std Dev | 366.75 | | |
| ### Most Common Words | |
| | Rank | Word | Frequency | | |
| |------|------|-----------| | |
| | 1 | ဖြစ်သည် | 101,666 | | |
| | 2 | သည် | 96,325 | | |
| | 3 | ကိုးကား | 92,437 | | |
| | 4 | ဦး | 83,872 | | |
| | 5 | ရွာများ | 67,205 | | |
| | 6 | ရက် | 60,957 | | |
| | 7 | တည်ရှိသည် | 57,556 | | |
| | 8 | ရွာနေရာကုတ်မှာ | 51,593 | | |
| | 9 | နှင့် | 40,151 | | |
| | 10 | မ | 38,196 | | |
| ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary) | |
| | Rank | Word | Frequency | | |
| |------|------|-----------| | |
| | 1 | ကျောက်ကြီးမြို့နယ်အတွင်းရှိ | 2 | | |
| | 2 | ယမတိုခဆွတ်ရဂိတောင် | 2 | | |
| | 3 | ခအိနတောင် | 2 | | |
| | 4 | ခမိုတောင် | 2 | | |
| | 5 | တန်းရှင်းတောင် | 2 | | |
| | 6 | ရှိနိုဂတောင်ထိပ် | 2 | | |
| | 7 | ယောဆွတ်ဘတို | 2 | | |
| | 8 | ယောဆွတ်ဘ | 2 | | |
| | 9 | 1xbet | 2 | | |
| | 10 | seppiko | 2 | | |
| ### Zipf's Law Analysis | |
| | Metric | Value | | |
| |--------|-------| | |
| | Zipf Coefficient | 0.8889 | | |
| | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.998993 | | |
| | Adherence Quality | **excellent** | | |
| ### Coverage Analysis | |
| | Top N Words | Coverage | | |
| |-------------|----------| | |
| | Top 100 | 22.8% | | |
| | Top 1,000 | 38.0% | | |
| | Top 5,000 | 52.0% | | |
| | Top 10,000 | 58.7% | | |
| ### Key Findings | |
| - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9990 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law | |
| - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 22.8% of corpus | |
| - **Long Tail:** 525,794 words needed for remaining 41.3% coverage | |
| --- | |
| ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### 5.2 Model Comparison | |
| | Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 | | |
| |-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------| | |
| | **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.6749 | 0.3233 | N/A | N/A | | |
| | **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.6458 | 0.2438 | N/A | N/A | | |
| | **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.6934 | 0.1709 | N/A | N/A | | |
| | **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.6749 | 0.3433 | 0.0640 | 0.3360 | | |
| | **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.6458 | 0.2465 | 0.1420 | 0.4260 | | |
| | **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.6934 🏆 | 0.1662 | 0.2060 | 0.5080 | | |
| ### Key Findings | |
| - **Best Isotropy:** aligned_128d with 0.6934 (more uniform distribution) | |
| - **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.2490. Lower values indicate better semantic separation. | |
| - **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 20.6% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval. | |
| - **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance | |
| --- | |
| ## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental) | |
| This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data. | |
| ### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity | |
| | Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation | | |
| |--------|-------|----------------|----------------| | |
| | Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis | | |
| | Idiomaticity Gap | **0.664** | High formulaic/idiomatic content | - | | |
| ### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units) | |
| These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts. | |
| #### Productive Prefixes | |
| | Prefix | Examples | | |
| |--------|----------| | |
| | `-အ` | အလားတူလင့်ခ်များ, အလက်စကားပြည်နယ်, အလ္လာဟ် | | |
| | `-မ` | မေးမြန်းလျက်, မဟာသုတသောမဇာတ်အဆုံး, မသိစေရန် | | |
| | `-က` | ကက်စတီးပြည်နယ်ကို, ကံသစ်ကျေးရွာအုပ်စု, ကိလေသာဝဋ် | | |
| | `-သ` | သုံးရက်မြောက်နေ့တွင်, သံဃာ့ဆေးရုံ, သက်ဝင်ယုံကြည်မှု | | |
| | `-ပ` | ပုဂံနေပြည်တော်သို့, ပြစ်မှုအမျိုးအစားပေါ်မူတည်, ပစ္စည်းများစွာ | | |
| | `-တ` | တင်းနစ်နှင့်, တစ်ယောက်နဲ့, တက်လာသည် | | |
| | `-ရ` | ရူသာဖို့ဒ်က, ရွေးကောက်ပွဲကျင်းပခဲ့သည်, ရိုးရာသည် | | |
| | `-လ` | လေ့ရှိပေသည်, လှုပ်ခါမှုကို, လိုချင်သည့် | | |
| #### Productive Suffixes | |
| | Suffix | Examples | | |
| |--------|----------| | |
| | `-က` | ရူသာဖို့ဒ်က, အလက, သိဝက | | |
| | `-s` | investments, watsons, hispidissimus | | |
| | `-e` | capacitance, stéphane, awardsfavorite | | |
| | `-n` | balujun, maccabean, မိုဘိုင်းvpn | | |
| | `-ရ` | နိဗ္ဗာန်ရ, ဘဒ္ဒန္တဉာဏိဿရ, ာက်ရ | | |
| | `-a` | ghulja, kinema, ida | | |
| | `-ng` | retracing, chantanayingyong, luang | | |
| | `-on` | relation, washinton, baryon | | |
| ### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots) | |
| Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid. | |
| | Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples | | |
| |------|----------|------------------|----------| | |
| | `ment` | 3.58x | 41 contexts | ament, ement, mental | | |
| | `tion` | 3.31x | 50 contexts | tiong, notion, option | | |
| | `nter` | 3.41x | 44 contexts | inter, enter, center | | |
| | `atio` | 3.41x | 39 contexts | ratio, nation, cations | | |
| | `inte` | 3.45x | 34 contexts | inter, intel, intent | | |
| | `vers` | 3.09x | 50 contexts | versa, verse, versed | | |
| | `iona` | 3.50x | 15 contexts | fiona, dionaea, nasional | | |
| | `onal` | 3.46x | 9 contexts | tonal, donald, ronald | | |
| ### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence) | |
| This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology. | |
| | Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples | | |
| |--------|--------|-----------|----------| | |
| | `-အ` | `-က` | 26 words | အချို့ကတည်းက, အင်အားကြီးသူများက | | |
| | `-ပ` | `-က` | 18 words | ပေါထုဇ္ဇနိက, ပဒေသရာဇ်ခေတ်က | | |
| | `-မ` | `-က` | 17 words | မန္ဒာယုက, မြန်မာကလေးများက | | |
| | `-ရ` | `-က` | 17 words | ရှူမိပါက, ရေနံကုမ္ပဏီများက | | |
| | `-အ` | `-ရ` | 9 words | အဋ္ဌင်္ဂိကဝါရ, အဘိဓမ္မာဝတာရ | | |
| | `-က` | `-က` | 8 words | ကလိဗ်လန်းက, ကိုဘဟိန်းက | | |
| | `-စ` | `-က` | 8 words | စကြာမင်းဖြစ်စဉ်က, စာရေးသူများက | | |
| | `-တ` | `-က` | 8 words | တတိယပါရာဇိက, တက္ကသိုလ်ဆရာတစ်ဦးက | | |
| | `-သ` | `-ရ` | 7 words | သတ္တင်္ဂုတ္တရ, သတ္တန္တရ | | |
| | `-လ` | `-က` | 7 words | လက်ခံနိုင်ပါက, လက်ဝဲနော်ရထာအမတ်က | | |
| ### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation | |
| Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`). | |
| | Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem | | |
| |------|-----------------|------------|------| | |
| | မနှစ်သက်ကြသဖြင့် | **`မ-နှစ်သက်ကြသဖြင့်`** | 4.5 | `နှစ်သက်ကြသဖြင့်` | | |
| | အဆောင်အဖြစ် | **`အ-ဆောင်အဖြစ်`** | 4.5 | `ဆောင်အဖြစ်` | | |
| | ဝတ္ထုတိုဆုနှင့် | **`ဝ-တ-္ထုတိုဆုနှင့်`** | 4.5 | `္ထုတိုဆုနှင့်` | | |
| | လတွင်လည်းကောင်း | **`လ-တွင်လည်းကောင်း`** | 4.5 | `တွင်လည်းကောင်း` | | |
| | တိုင်းတာမှုအရ | **`တိုင်းတာမှု-အရ`** | 4.5 | `တိုင်းတာမှု` | | |
| | နစ်နာရသည် | **`န-စ-်နာရသည်`** | 4.5 | `်နာရသည်` | | |
| | မအောင်မြင်ခဲ့ | **`မ-အောင်မြင်ခဲ့`** | 4.5 | `အောင်မြင်ခဲ့` | | |
| | cardinals | **`cardinal-s`** | 4.5 | `cardinal` | | |
| | နဂါးမောက် | **`န-ဂ-ါးမောက်`** | 4.5 | `ါးမောက်` | | |
| | လက်ဝှေ့ပညာ | **`လ-က-်ဝှေ့ပညာ`** | 4.5 | `်ဝှေ့ပညာ` | | |
| | ကျိုက်လတ်မြို့က | **`ကျိုက်လတ်မြို့-က`** | 4.5 | `ကျိုက်လတ်မြို့` | | |
| | အစာတို့တွင် | **`အ-စာတို့တွင်`** | 4.5 | `စာတို့တွင်` | | |
| | စကားတော်များကို | **`စ-က-ားတော်များကို`** | 4.5 | `ားတော်များကို` | | |
| | တယ်လီဖပ်စ်က | **`တယ်လီဖပ်စ်-က`** | 4.5 | `တယ်လီဖပ်စ်` | | |
| | ဆယ်ယူပြီး | **`ဆ-ယ-်ယူပြီး`** | 4.5 | `်ယူပြီး` | | |
| ### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation | |
| > **Automated Insight:** | |
| The language Burmese shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding. | |
| > **Note on Idiomaticity:** The high Idiomaticity Gap suggests a large number of frequent multi-word expressions or formulaic sequences that are statistically distinct from their component parts. | |
| --- | |
| ## 7. Summary & Recommendations | |
|  | |
| ### Production Recommendations | |
| | Component | Recommended | Rationale | | |
| |-----------|-------------|-----------| | |
| | Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (5.62x) | | |
| | N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (1,887) | | |
| | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (99.0%) | | |
| | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy | | |
| --- | |
| ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide | |
| This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report. | |
| ### Tokenizer Metrics | |
| **Compression Ratio** | |
| > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information. | |
| **Average Token Length (Fertility)** | |
| > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens. | |
| **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)** | |
| > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback. | |
| ### N-gram Model Metrics | |
| **Perplexity** | |
| > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size. | |
| **Entropy** | |
| > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases. | |
| **Coverage (Top-K)** | |
| > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text. | |
| ### Markov Chain Metrics | |
| **Average Entropy** | |
| > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations). | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions. | |
| **Branching Factor** | |
| > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive). | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains. | |
| **Predictability** | |
| > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output. | |
| ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics | |
| **Zipf's Coefficient** | |
| > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text. | |
| **R² (Coefficient of Determination)** | |
| > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora. | |
| **Vocabulary Coverage** | |
| > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary. | |
| ### Word Embedding Metrics | |
| **Isotropy** | |
| > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy. | |
| **Average Norm** | |
| > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation). | |
| **Cosine Similarity** | |
| > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction). | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7. | |
| **t-SNE Visualization** | |
| > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure. | |
| ### General Interpretation Guidelines | |
| 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer). | |
| 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate). | |
| 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification. | |
| 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature. | |
| 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages. | |
| ### Visualizations Index | |
| | Visualization | Description | | |
| |---------------|-------------| | |
| | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size | | |
| | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary | | |
| | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates | | |
| | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary | | |
| | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size | | |
| | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size | | |
| | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage | | |
| | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts | | |
| | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size | | |
| | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context | | |
| | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts | | |
| | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit | | |
| | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution | | |
| | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words | | |
| | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve | | |
| | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity | | |
| | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution | | |
| | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap | | |
| | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms | | |
| | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization | | |
| | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization | | |
| | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison | | |
| | Model Sizes | Storage requirements | | |
| | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview | | |
| --- | |
| ## About This Project | |
| ### Data Source | |
| Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages. | |
| ### Project | |
| A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language. | |
| ### Maintainer | |
| [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com) | |
| ### Citation | |
| If you use these models in your research, please cite: | |
| ```bibtex | |
| @misc{wikilangs2025, | |
| author = {Kamali, Omar}, | |
| title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages}, | |
| year = {2025}, | |
| doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153}, | |
| publisher = {Zenodo}, | |
| url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs} | |
| institution = {Omneity Labs} | |
| } | |
| ``` | |
| ### License | |
| MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use. | |
| ### Links | |
| - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org) | |
| - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs) | |
| - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) | |
| - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali) | |
| - 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai) | |
| --- | |
| *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline* | |
| *Report Date: 2026-01-10 15:48:31* | |