Text Generation
fastText
Tamil
wikilangs
nlp
tokenizer
embeddings
n-gram
markov
wikipedia
feature-extraction
sentence-similarity
tokenization
n-grams
markov-chain
text-mining
babelvec
vocabulous
vocabulary
monolingual
family-dravidian_south
Instructions to use wikilangs/ta with libraries, inference providers, notebooks, and local apps. Follow these links to get started.
- Libraries
- fastText
How to use wikilangs/ta with fastText:
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download import fasttext model = fasttext.load_model(hf_hub_download("wikilangs/ta", "model.bin")) - Notebooks
- Google Colab
- Kaggle
| language: ta | |
| language_name: Tamil | |
| language_family: dravidian_south | |
| tags: | |
| - wikilangs | |
| - nlp | |
| - tokenizer | |
| - embeddings | |
| - n-gram | |
| - markov | |
| - wikipedia | |
| - feature-extraction | |
| - sentence-similarity | |
| - tokenization | |
| - n-grams | |
| - markov-chain | |
| - text-mining | |
| - fasttext | |
| - babelvec | |
| - vocabulous | |
| - vocabulary | |
| - monolingual | |
| - family-dravidian_south | |
| license: mit | |
| library_name: wikilangs | |
| pipeline_tag: text-generation | |
| datasets: | |
| - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly | |
| dataset_info: | |
| name: wikipedia-monthly | |
| description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages | |
| metrics: | |
| - name: best_compression_ratio | |
| type: compression | |
| value: 5.417 | |
| - name: best_isotropy | |
| type: isotropy | |
| value: 0.7650 | |
| - name: vocabulary_size | |
| type: vocab | |
| value: 0 | |
| generated: 2026-01-11 | |
| # Tamil - Wikilangs Models | |
| ## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study | |
| This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Tamil** Wikipedia data. | |
| We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings. | |
| ## 📋 Repository Contents | |
| ### Models & Assets | |
| - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k) | |
| - N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram) | |
| - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) | |
| - Subword N-gram and Markov chains | |
| - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned) | |
| - Language Vocabulary | |
| - Language Statistics | |
|  | |
| ### Analysis and Evaluation | |
| - [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation) | |
| - [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation) | |
| - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation) | |
| - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis) | |
| - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation) | |
| - [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental) | |
| - [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations) | |
| - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide) | |
| - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index) | |
| --- | |
| ## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### Results | |
| | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens | | |
| |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------| | |
| | **8k** | 4.022x | 4.02 | 0.1079% | 1,764,820 | | |
| | **16k** | 4.516x | 4.52 | 0.1211% | 1,571,734 | | |
| | **32k** | 4.990x | 4.99 | 0.1339% | 1,422,377 | | |
| | **64k** | 5.417x 🏆 | 5.42 | 0.1453% | 1,310,401 | | |
| ### Tokenization Examples | |
| Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size: | |
| **Sample 1:** `ஆம்பல் மலர் ஆம்பல் (எண்) ஆம்பல் பண் ஆம்பல் குழல் (இசைக்கருவி) ஆம்பல் (மருந்து) ஆ...` | |
| | Vocab | Tokens | Count | | |
| |-------|--------|-------| | |
| | 8k | `▁ஆ ம்ப ல் ▁மலர் ▁ஆ ம்ப ல் ▁( எ ண் ... (+32 more)` | 42 | | |
| | 16k | `▁ஆ ம்பல் ▁மலர் ▁ஆ ம்பல் ▁( எண் ) ▁ஆ ம்பல் ... (+25 more)` | 35 | | |
| | 32k | `▁ஆ ம்பல் ▁மலர் ▁ஆ ம்பல் ▁( எண் ) ▁ஆ ம்பல் ... (+20 more)` | 30 | | |
| | 64k | `▁ஆம்பல் ▁மலர் ▁ஆம்பல் ▁( எண் ) ▁ஆம்பல் ▁பண் ▁ஆம்பல் ▁குழல் ... (+14 more)` | 24 | | |
| **Sample 2:** `பனிமலர் களில் இலண்டனில் இருந்து வெளிவந்த சஞ்சிகை. வெளி இணைப்புகள் இராச்சியத் தமி...` | |
| | Vocab | Tokens | Count | | |
| |-------|--------|-------| | |
| | 8k | `▁ப னிம லர் ▁களில் ▁இல ண்ட னில் ▁இருந்து ▁வெளிவந்த ▁சஞ்ச ... (+12 more)` | 22 | | |
| | 16k | `▁ப னிம லர் ▁களில் ▁இலண்டனில் ▁இருந்து ▁வெளிவந்த ▁சஞ்ச ிகை . ... (+10 more)` | 20 | | |
| | 32k | `▁பனிம லர் ▁களில் ▁இலண்டனில் ▁இருந்து ▁வெளிவந்த ▁சஞ்சிகை . ▁வெளி ▁இணைப்புகள் ... (+8 more)` | 18 | | |
| | 64k | `▁பனிம லர் ▁களில் ▁இலண்டனில் ▁இருந்து ▁வெளிவந்த ▁சஞ்சிகை . ▁வெளி ▁இணைப்புகள் ... (+7 more)` | 17 | | |
| **Sample 3:** `பன்னாட்டு கனிமவியல் சங்கம் பிரெய்ட்டு கனிமத்தை Byi என்ற குறியீட்டால் அடையாளப்படு...` | |
| | Vocab | Tokens | Count | | |
| |-------|--------|-------| | |
| | 8k | `▁பன்னாட்டு ▁கனிமவியல் ▁சங்கம் ▁பிர ெய ்ட ்டு ▁கனிம த்தை ▁by ... (+9 more)` | 19 | | |
| | 16k | `▁பன்னாட்டு ▁கனிமவியல் ▁சங்கம் ▁பிர ெய ்ட்டு ▁கனிமத்தை ▁by i ▁என்ற ... (+7 more)` | 17 | | |
| | 32k | `▁பன்னாட்டு ▁கனிமவியல் ▁சங்கம் ▁பிர ெய ்ட்டு ▁கனிமத்தை ▁by i ▁என்ற ... (+7 more)` | 17 | | |
| | 64k | `▁பன்னாட்டு ▁கனிமவியல் ▁சங்கம் ▁பிர ெய ்ட்டு ▁கனிமத்தை ▁by i ▁என்ற ... (+7 more)` | 17 | | |
| ### Key Findings | |
| - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 5.417x compression | |
| - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1079% unknown tokens | |
| - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size | |
| - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use | |
| --- | |
| ## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### Results | |
| | N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage | | |
| |--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------| | |
| | **2-gram** | Word | 160,223 | 17.29 | 767,786 | 8.0% | 19.7% | | |
| | **2-gram** | Subword | 1,621 🏆 | 10.66 | 52,783 | 35.7% | 76.4% | | |
| | **3-gram** | Word | 128,501 | 16.97 | 799,908 | 13.1% | 25.1% | | |
| | **3-gram** | Subword | 14,854 | 13.86 | 541,105 | 12.7% | 39.5% | | |
| | **4-gram** | Word | 196,237 | 17.58 | 1,347,908 | 13.8% | 24.6% | | |
| | **4-gram** | Subword | 85,868 | 16.39 | 2,665,666 | 7.1% | 22.2% | | |
| | **5-gram** | Word | 130,514 | 16.99 | 1,012,494 | 16.1% | 27.7% | | |
| | **5-gram** | Subword | 322,079 | 18.30 | 6,664,422 | 4.6% | 14.8% | | |
| ### Top 5 N-grams by Size | |
| **2-grams (Word):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `ஆம் ஆண்டு` | 47,770 | | |
| | 2 | `ஆம் ஆண்டில்` | 41,621 | | |
| | 3 | `வெளி இணைப்புகள்` | 39,468 | | |
| | 4 | `மக்கள் தொகை` | 39,284 | | |
| | 5 | `இந்த ஊராட்சி` | 22,728 | | |
| **3-grams (Word):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `மேற்கோள்கள் வெளி இணைப்புகள்` | 22,149 | | |
| | 2 | `மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி` | 14,279 | | |
| | 3 | `இந்திய மக்கள் தொகை` | 13,102 | | |
| | 4 | `மொத்த மக்கள் தொகை` | 12,740 | | |
| | 5 | `என்னும் ஊரில் அமைந்துள்ள` | 12,107 | | |
| **4-grams (Word):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `இந்திய மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி` | 12,144 | | |
| | 2 | `என்ற வகைப்பாட்டில் இந்து அறநிலையத்துறையின்` | 12,039 | | |
| | 3 | `வகைப்பாட்டில் இந்து அறநிலையத்துறையின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில்` | 12,033 | | |
| | 4 | `இந்து அறநிலையத்துறையின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளது` | 12,032 | | |
| | 5 | `வேண்டிய தானியக்கக் கோயில் கட்டுரைகள்` | 11,980 | | |
| **5-grams (Word):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `என்ற வகைப்பாட்டில் இந்து அறநிலையத்துறையின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில்` | 12,033 | | |
| | 2 | `வகைப்பாட்டில் இந்து அறநிலையத்துறையின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளது` | 12,030 | | |
| | 3 | `பார்க்க வேண்டிய தானியக்கக் கோயில் கட்டுரைகள்` | 11,980 | | |
| | 4 | `கோயில்கள் பார்க்க வேண்டிய தானியக்கக் கோயில்` | 11,958 | | |
| | 5 | `தமிழ்நாடு ஊரக வளர்ச்சி மற்றும் ஊராட்சித்` | 11,561 | | |
| **2-grams (Subword):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `ம் _` | 3,350,940 | | |
| | 2 | `ல் _` | 2,966,846 | | |
| | 3 | `. _` | 2,929,925 | | |
| | 4 | `_ இ` | 2,879,137 | | |
| | 5 | `_ அ` | 2,396,177 | | |
| **3-grams (Subword):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `க ள் _` | 1,686,655 | | |
| | 2 | `து . _` | 808,991 | | |
| | 3 | `ர் . _` | 719,234 | | |
| | 4 | `. _ இ` | 645,218 | | |
| | 5 | `_ எ ன்` | 503,878 | | |
| **4-grams (Subword):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `ற் று ம் _` | 384,687 | | |
| | 2 | `ம ற் று ம்` | 379,487 | | |
| | 3 | `_ ம ற் று` | 379,228 | | |
| | 4 | `த் தி ல் _` | 363,096 | | |
| | 5 | `ப் ப ட் ட` | 307,676 | | |
| **5-grams (Subword):** | |
| | Rank | N-gram | Count | | |
| |------|--------|-------| | |
| | 1 | `ம ற் று ம் _` | 378,459 | | |
| | 2 | `_ ம ற் று ம்` | 378,433 | | |
| | 3 | `கி ற து . _` | 227,858 | | |
| | 4 | `க் க ப் ப ட்` | 202,756 | | |
| | 5 | `ள் ள து . _` | 202,008 | | |
| ### Key Findings | |
| - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 1,621 | |
| - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable) | |
| - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~15% of corpus | |
| - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance | |
| --- | |
| ## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### Results | |
| | Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability | | |
| |---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------| | |
| | **1** | Word | 0.7986 | 1.739 | 8.06 | 2,294,781 | 20.1% | | |
| | **1** | Subword | 1.0664 | 2.094 | 10.59 | 12,983 | 0.0% | | |
| | **2** | Word | 0.2369 | 1.178 | 1.59 | 18,488,718 | 76.3% | | |
| | **2** | Subword | 1.0118 | 2.016 | 8.82 | 137,408 | 0.0% | | |
| | **3** | Word | 0.0624 | 1.044 | 1.11 | 29,367,238 | 93.8% | | |
| | **3** | Subword | 0.7202 | 1.647 | 4.29 | 1,211,486 | 28.0% | | |
| | **4** | Word | 0.0215 🏆 | 1.015 | 1.03 | 32,491,612 | 97.9% | | |
| | **4** | Subword | 0.5744 | 1.489 | 2.93 | 5,196,654 | 42.6% | | |
| ### Generated Text Samples (Word-based) | |
| Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model: | |
| **Context Size 1:** | |
| 1. `மற்றும் கே ஜெயவெங்கடேஷ் அ லா போலாவும் இவற்றுள் எயிட்டிய கிரெயோல் மொழிகள் இம்மாவட்டத்தில் 7 ஊராட்சி ம...` | |
| 2. `ஒரு படுக்கைக்கோடு குறிக்கப்பட்டிருக்குமாயின் அது கற்கள் பற்றி கூறுகிறாள் புலவர்கள் வாழ்ந்து வந்ததைத்...` | |
| 3. `இந்த ஊராட்சி ஒன்றியங்கள் வாரியான தேர்தல் முடிவுகள் மேற்கோள்கள் வெளி இணைப்புகள் ஆத்திசாரியின் இணையத்த...` | |
| **Context Size 2:** | |
| 1. `ஆம் ஆண்டு மார்ச்சு மாதம் 15 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு ஷரீஃப் குஞ்சாஹி 20 ஆம் நாள் ஏற்பட்ட நிலநடுக்கத்தின் அளவு ...` | |
| 2. `ஆம் ஆண்டில் வெளியான பணம் தரும் படம் மழவில் மனோரமா என்ற தனது சிறுகோள் நோக்கிய விண்கலத்தை ஏவியது 15 ஆண...` | |
| 3. `மக்கள் தொகை ஆகும் இவர்களில் பெண்கள் 768 பேரும் உள்ளனர் அடிப்படை வசதிகள் தமிழ்நாடு ஊரக வளர்ச்சி மற்று...` | |
| **Context Size 3:** | |
| 1. `மேற்கோள்கள் வெளி இணைப்புகள் பி டி எஸ் பாலையா தமிழ்த் திரைப்பட நடிகர் அ செ இப்ராகிம் இராவுத்தர் a s i...` | |
| 2. `மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி மொத்த மக்கள் தொகை ஆகும் இவர்களில் பெண்கள் பேரும் ஆண்கள் பேரும் உள்ளனர்...` | |
| 3. `இந்திய மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி மொத்த மக்கள் தொகை ஆகும் இவர்களில் பெண்கள் பேரும் ஆண்கள் பேரும் ...` | |
| **Context Size 4:** | |
| 1. `இந்திய மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி மொத்த மக்கள் தொகை ஆகும் இவர்களில் பெண்கள் பேரும் ஆண்கள் பேரும் ...` | |
| 2. `என்ற வகைப்பாட்டில் இந்து அறநிலையத்துறையின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளது பரம்பரை அல்லாத அறங்காவலர் அமைப்பால...` | |
| 3. `வகைப்பாட்டில் இந்து அறநிலையத்துறையின் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ளது பரம்பரை அல்லாத அறங்காவலர் அமைப்பால் நிர...` | |
| ### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based) | |
| Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model: | |
| **Context Size 1:** | |
| 1. `_ஆசியில்_செயம்_(ale;_` | |
| 2. `கள்,_பணிக்கலைக_முதபூசை_` | |
| 3. `ம்_io_/நிலை_இடர்தேக்_வெ` | |
| **Context Size 2:** | |
| 1. `ம்_துலகத்_தேசியம்_தலைட்டுள்` | |
| 2. `ல்_உட்பட்டதாகுர்னூல்_அளவு_` | |
| 3. `._ஊராட்சியில்_இடைப்படுகின்ற` | |
| **Context Size 3:** | |
| 1. `கள்_நடராசர்_பகுதியின்_வழங்` | |
| 2. `து._காஷ்மீர்_(2_கோடி_புரொடக்` | |
| 3. `ர்._மேற்கோள்கள்_சிறிய_சமூக_` | |
| **Context Size 4:** | |
| 1. `ற்றும்_பேரப்_பிரதேச_காங்கிரஸ்_` | |
| 2. `மற்றும்_வேகமாக_நிரூபிக்கப்படுகி` | |
| 3. `_மற்றும்_முகமாக_அக்கறை_இருப` | |
| ### Key Findings | |
| - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 97.9% predictability | |
| - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic) | |
| - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (5,196,654 contexts) | |
| - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation | |
| --- | |
| ## 4. Vocabulary Analysis | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### Statistics | |
| | Metric | Value | | |
| |--------|-------| | |
| | Vocabulary Size | 886,355 | | |
| | Total Tokens | 37,233,341 | | |
| | Mean Frequency | 42.01 | | |
| | Median Frequency | 4 | | |
| | Frequency Std Dev | 919.55 | | |
| ### Most Common Words | |
| | Rank | Word | Frequency | | |
| |------|------|-----------| | |
| | 1 | மற்றும் | 378,953 | | |
| | 2 | ஒரு | 276,505 | | |
| | 3 | இந்த | 175,521 | | |
| | 4 | இது | 140,099 | | |
| | 5 | ஆம் | 133,615 | | |
| | 6 | இவர் | 129,697 | | |
| | 7 | என்ற | 120,868 | | |
| | 8 | உள்ள | 120,718 | | |
| | 9 | மேற்கோள்கள் | 115,547 | | |
| | 10 | அல்லது | 112,080 | | |
| ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary) | |
| | Rank | Word | Frequency | | |
| |------|------|-----------| | |
| | 1 | மெக்தவால் | 2 | | |
| | 2 | நியோரி | 2 | | |
| | 3 | நும்பார் | 2 | | |
| | 4 | மாபோரென்சிசு | 2 | | |
| | 5 | கலிந்திரி | 2 | | |
| | 6 | kotiratnam | 2 | | |
| | 7 | விக்கிரயம் | 2 | | |
| | 8 | துங்கலா | 2 | | |
| | 9 | எமெய்சான் | 2 | | |
| | 10 | தோற்றிடமாகக் | 2 | | |
| ### Zipf's Law Analysis | |
| | Metric | Value | | |
| |--------|-------| | |
| | Zipf Coefficient | 0.9553 | | |
| | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.991031 | | |
| | Adherence Quality | **excellent** | | |
| ### Coverage Analysis | |
| | Top N Words | Coverage | | |
| |-------------|----------| | |
| | Top 100 | 16.3% | | |
| | Top 1,000 | 40.2% | | |
| | Top 5,000 | 59.5% | | |
| | Top 10,000 | 67.6% | | |
| ### Key Findings | |
| - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9910 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law | |
| - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 16.3% of corpus | |
| - **Long Tail:** 876,355 words needed for remaining 32.4% coverage | |
| --- | |
| ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment | |
|  | |
|  | |
| ### 5.2 Model Comparison | |
| | Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 | | |
| |-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------| | |
| | **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.7650 | 0.3716 | N/A | N/A | | |
| | **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.6971 | 0.3089 | N/A | N/A | | |
| | **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.5492 | 0.2523 | N/A | N/A | | |
| | **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.7650 🏆 | 0.3698 | 0.1660 | 0.5000 | | |
| | **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.6971 | 0.3113 | 0.2400 | 0.6200 | | |
| | **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.5492 | 0.2502 | 0.3560 | 0.7440 | | |
| ### Key Findings | |
| - **Best Isotropy:** aligned_32d with 0.7650 (more uniform distribution) | |
| - **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.3107. Lower values indicate better semantic separation. | |
| - **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 35.6% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval. | |
| - **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance | |
| --- | |
| ## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental) | |
| This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data. | |
| ### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity | |
| | Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation | | |
| |--------|-------|----------------|----------------| | |
| | Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis | | |
| | Idiomaticity Gap | **0.868** | High formulaic/idiomatic content | - | | |
| ### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units) | |
| These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts. | |
| #### Productive Prefixes | |
| | Prefix | Examples | | |
| |--------|----------| | |
| | `-க` | கரும்புவில், கையானது, கைச்சாத்து | | |
| | `-ப` | பிளெய்ன், பன்னணி, போறோம் | | |
| | `-ச` | சிலிகுரி, செல்லப்பட்டதால், சைமின்கள் | | |
| | `-ம` | முரசுமுதல், மாறானவை, மாமிடி | | |
| | `-த` | தொடங்குபவருக்கு, துரிதப்படுத்தலாம், தலைவரானதும் | | |
| | `-அ` | அவத்த, அவசியத்திற்காக, அன்னையர்களை | | |
| | `-வ` | விரும்புவதாகும், வீடுபேற்றைத், வல்லார்டா | | |
| | `-ந` | நல்காமல், நனைக்கப், நடித்ததற்காகச் | | |
| #### Productive Suffixes | |
| | Suffix | Examples | | |
| |--------|----------| | |
| | `-க` | அவசியத்திற்காக, புரவலர்களாக, குடக | | |
| | `-ன` | செவ்வகமான, மூடிவிட்டன, பெயர்க்கப்பட்டிருந்தன | | |
| | `-s` | dschingis, brahmos, scatters | | |
| | `-ய` | சின்னலெப்பைஐக்கிய, வித்ய, சாமான்ய | | |
| | `-a` | buana, kavya, paditha | | |
| | `-e` | candace, fringe, progressive | | |
| | `-n` | இடம்asian, hilman, thanenthiran | | |
| | `-த` | ஒனுஒத, அவத்த, திருக்கணித | | |
| ### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots) | |
| Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid. | |
| | Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples | | |
| |------|----------|------------------|----------| | |
| | `nter` | 3.17x | 71 contexts | inter, enter, unter | | |
| | `stor` | 3.22x | 65 contexts | jstor, stork, storm | | |
| | `atio` | 3.16x | 66 contexts | ratio, tatio, ration | | |
| | `iver` | 2.98x | 56 contexts | liver, siver, river | | |
| | `onal` | 2.95x | 19 contexts | tonal, sonal, donal | | |
| ### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence) | |
| This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology. | |
| | Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples | | |
| |--------|--------|-----------|----------| | |
| | `-ப` | `-க` | 46 words | பிரத்தியேகமாக, பெரியனவுமாக | | |
| | `-க` | `-க` | 35 words | குறிப்பாக, கருத்துக்கோளாக | | |
| | `-வ` | `-க` | 32 words | விரிவாக்கமாக, வலக்கரமாக | | |
| | `-ப` | `-ன` | 31 words | பாராட்டுகின்றன, பார்த்தலுக்கான | | |
| | `-வ` | `-ன` | 29 words | வழிகாட்டுகின்றன, வேறுபாட்டுடனான | | |
| | `-ச` | `-க` | 28 words | சேர்ப்பதற்காக, சங்கிலித்தொடராக | | |
| | `-த` | `-க` | 28 words | தோற்றுப்போக, தற்காப்பதற்காக | | |
| | `-ம` | `-க` | 27 words | முடியாததுமாக, மறுபுறமாக | | |
| | `-க` | `-ன` | 26 words | குழந்தைக்குமான, கிண்டலான | | |
| | `-அ` | `-க` | 21 words | அனுப்பப்பட்டவர்களாக, அறிகுறியற்றதாக | | |
| ### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation | |
| Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`). | |
| | Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem | | |
| |------|-----------------|------------|------| | |
| | பகுளிகளின் | **`ப-க-ுளிகளின்`** | 4.5 | `ுளிகளின்` | | |
| | உலகநாடுகளுடன் | **`உ-ல-கநாடுகளுடன்`** | 4.5 | `கநாடுகளுடன்` | | |
| | சலுகைகளில் | **`ச-ல-ுகைகளில்`** | 4.5 | `ுகைகளில்` | | |
| | ஆக்வாமேன் | **`ஆ-க-்வாமேன்`** | 4.5 | `்வாமேன்` | | |
| | instrumentum | **`instrument-um`** | 4.5 | `instrument` | | |
| | griechische | **`griechisch-e`** | 4.5 | `griechisch` | | |
| | பிரிட்டனிய | **`பிரிட்டனி-ய`** | 4.5 | `பிரிட்டனி` | | |
| | பதிவிகளிலும் | **`ப-த-ிவிகளிலும்`** | 4.5 | `ிவிகளிலும்` | | |
| | freshwaters | **`freshwater-s`** | 4.5 | `freshwater` | | |
| | கடைக்காரரான | **`கட-ைக்காரரா-ன`** | 3.0 | `ைக்காரரா` | | |
| | இப்பண்பாட்டிற்கு | **`இ-ப-்பண்பாட்டிற்கு`** | 3.0 | `்பண்பாட்டிற்கு` | | |
| | எச்சரித்தான் | **`எ-ச-்சரித்தான்`** | 3.0 | `்சரித்தான்` | | |
| | பவுண்டுகளுக்கும் | **`ப-வ-ுண்டுகளுக்கும்`** | 3.0 | `ுண்டுகளுக்கும்` | | |
| | பொண்ணுக்கு | **`ப-ொண்ணுக்கு`** | 1.5 | `ொண்ணுக்கு` | | |
| | தரவரிசையில் | **`த-ரவரிசையில்`** | 1.5 | `ரவரிசையில்` | | |
| ### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation | |
| > **Automated Insight:** | |
| The language Tamil shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding. | |
| > **Note on Idiomaticity:** The high Idiomaticity Gap suggests a large number of frequent multi-word expressions or formulaic sequences that are statistically distinct from their component parts. | |
| --- | |
| ## 7. Summary & Recommendations | |
|  | |
| ### Production Recommendations | |
| | Component | Recommended | Rationale | | |
| |-----------|-------------|-----------| | |
| | Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (5.42x) | | |
| | N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (1,621) | | |
| | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (97.9%) | | |
| | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy | | |
| --- | |
| ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide | |
| This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report. | |
| ### Tokenizer Metrics | |
| **Compression Ratio** | |
| > *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information. | |
| **Average Token Length (Fertility)** | |
| > *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens. | |
| **Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)** | |
| > *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback. | |
| ### N-gram Model Metrics | |
| **Perplexity** | |
| > *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size. | |
| **Entropy** | |
| > *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases. | |
| **Coverage (Top-K)** | |
| > *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text. | |
| ### Markov Chain Metrics | |
| **Average Entropy** | |
| > *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations). | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions. | |
| **Branching Factor** | |
| > *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive). | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains. | |
| **Predictability** | |
| > *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output. | |
| ### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics | |
| **Zipf's Coefficient** | |
| > *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text. | |
| **R² (Coefficient of Determination)** | |
| > *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora. | |
| **Vocabulary Coverage** | |
| > *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary. | |
| ### Word Embedding Metrics | |
| **Isotropy** | |
| > *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy. | |
| **Average Norm** | |
| > *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation). | |
| **Cosine Similarity** | |
| > *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction). | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7. | |
| **t-SNE Visualization** | |
| > *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization. | |
| > | |
| > *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence. | |
| > | |
| > *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure. | |
| ### General Interpretation Guidelines | |
| 1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer). | |
| 2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate). | |
| 3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification. | |
| 4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature. | |
| 5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages. | |
| ### Visualizations Index | |
| | Visualization | Description | | |
| |---------------|-------------| | |
| | Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size | | |
| | Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary | | |
| | Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates | | |
| | Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary | | |
| | N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size | | |
| | N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size | | |
| | N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage | | |
| | N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts | | |
| | Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size | | |
| | Markov Branching | Branching factor by context | | |
| | Markov Contexts | Unique context counts | | |
| | Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit | | |
| | Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution | | |
| | Top 20 Words | Most frequent words | | |
| | Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve | | |
| | Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity | | |
| | Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution | | |
| | Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap | | |
| | Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms | | |
| | t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization | | |
| | t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization | | |
| | Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison | | |
| | Model Sizes | Storage requirements | | |
| | Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview | | |
| --- | |
| ## About This Project | |
| ### Data Source | |
| Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages. | |
| ### Project | |
| A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language. | |
| ### Maintainer | |
| [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com) | |
| ### Citation | |
| If you use these models in your research, please cite: | |
| ```bibtex | |
| @misc{wikilangs2025, | |
| author = {Kamali, Omar}, | |
| title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages}, | |
| year = {2025}, | |
| doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153}, | |
| publisher = {Zenodo}, | |
| url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs} | |
| institution = {Omneity Labs} | |
| } | |
| ``` | |
| ### License | |
| MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use. | |
| ### Links | |
| - 🌐 Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org) | |
| - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs) | |
| - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) | |
| - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali) | |
| - 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai) | |
| --- | |
| *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline* | |
| *Report Date: 2026-01-11 06:06:46* | |