Contexts stringlengths 0 32.3k | Questions stringlengths 14 191 | Answers stringlengths 6 29k ⌀ |
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| Who is at risk for Pyelonephritis: Kidney Infection? ? | People most at risk for pyelonephritis are those who have a bladder infection and those with a structural, or anatomic, problem in the urinary tract. Urine normally flows only in one directionfrom the kidneys to the bladder. However, the flow of urine may be blocked in people with a structural defect of the urinary tra... |
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| What are the symptoms of Pyelonephritis: Kidney Infection ? | Symptoms of pyelonephritis can vary depending on a persons age and may include the following:
- fever - vomiting - back, side, and groin pain - chills - nausea - frequent, painful urination
Children younger than 2 years old may only have a high fever without symptoms related to th... |
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| What are the complications of Pyelonephritis: Kidney Infection ? | Most people with pyelonephritis do not have complications if appropriately treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics.
In rare cases, pyelonephritis may cause permanent kidney scars, which can lead to chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure, and kidney failure. These problems usu... |
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| How to diagnose Pyelonephritis: Kidney Infection ? | The tests used to diagnose pyelonephritis depend on the patients age, gender, and response to treatment and include the following:
- Urinalysis. Urinalysis is testing of a urine sample. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health care providers office or commercial facility and can... |
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| What are the treatments for Pyelonephritis: Kidney Infection ? | Pyelonephritis is treated with antibiotics, which may need to be taken for several weeks. While a urine sample is sent to a lab for culture, the health care provider may begin treatment with an antibiotic that fights the most common types of bacteria. Once culture results are known and the bacteria is clearly identifie... |
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| What to do for Pyelonephritis: Kidney Infection ? | Eating, diet, and nutrition have not been shown to play a role in causing or preventing pyelonephritis. |
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| What to do for Pyelonephritis: Kidney Infection ? | - Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection that affects one or both kidneys. - Pyelonephritis is caused by a bacterium or virus infecting the kidneys. Though many bacteria and viruses can cause pyelonephritis, the bacterium Escherichia coli is often the cause. Bacteria and viruses can move to the kidneys fr... |
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| What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your mouth healthy ? | The following chart shows the most common mouth problems from diabetes.
Problem What It Is Symptoms Treatment gingivitis - unhealthy or inflamed gums - red, swollen, and bleeding gums - daily bru... |
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| What is (are) What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? | Erectile dysfunction* is when you cannot get or keep an erection firm enough to have sex. You may have ED if you
- can get an erection sometimes, though not every time - can get an erection, yet it does not last long enough for sex - are unable to get an erection at all
ED is sometim... |
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| What causes What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? | Erectile dysfunction often has more than one cause. Many diseases can damage nerves, arteries, and muscles. Some can lead to ED, such as
- high blood pressure - diabetes, when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high - clogged arteries - heart and blood vessel disease - chronic kidn... |
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| Who is at risk for What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction? ? | Erectile dysfunction affects men of all races and in all parts of the world. Men are more likely to have ED as they get older. For example, ED occurs in
- about 12 percent of men younger than 60 - 22 percent of men age 60 to 69 - 30 percent of men age 70 or older |
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| What causes What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? | Having ED can cause you to feel depressed or anxious. ED may also cause low self-esteem. When you have ED, you may not have a satisfying sex life. You may not feel as close with your sexual partner, which may strain your relationship.
See Your Doctor if You Have Erectile Dysfunction, ... |
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| What causes What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? | To find the cause of your ED, your doctor may
- take your medical and sexual history - ask you questions about your mental health - give you a physical exam - test your blood - give you a nighttime erection test - perform an injection test - perform a Doppler penile ultrasound
Me... |
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| What are the treatments for What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? | Your doctor can offer you a number of treatments for ED. For many men, the answer is as simple as taking a pill. Other men have to try two or three options before they find a treatment that works for them. Dont give up if the first treatment doesnt work. Finding the right treatment can take time. You may want to talk w... |
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| How to prevent What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? | You can prevent many of the causes of ED by making healthy lifestyle choices. Following a healthy diet may help prevent ED. Quitting smoking and getting physical activity are also important ways to prevent ED.
Physical activity increases blood flow throughout your body, including your penis. Talk with ... |
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| What to do for What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? | To prevent ED, you should eat a healthy diet of whole-grain foods, fruits and vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, and lean meats. A diet that causes you to be overweight and have heart and blood vessel disease can also lead to ED. You should avoid foods high in fat and sodium, the main part of salt. You should also avoid ... |
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| What to do for What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? | - Erectile dysfunction (ED) is when you cannot get or keep an erection firm enough to have sex. You may have ED if you - can get an erection sometimes, though not every time - can get an erection, yet it does not last long enough for sex - are unable to get an erection at all - An erection occurs when blo... |
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| What is (are) Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis ? | Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of your abdomen, or belly, to filter your blood inside your body. Doctors call this lining the peritoneum. A doctor will place a soft tube, called a catheter, in your belly a few weeks before you start treatment.
When you start ... |
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| What is (are) Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis ? | The two types of peritoneal dialysis are continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysisalso called CAPDand automated peritoneal dialysiswhich doctors sometimes call APD or continuous cycler-assisted peritoneal dialysis. After learning about the types of peritoneal dialysis, you can choose the type that best fits your schedu... |
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| What are the treatments for Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis ? | Your health care team will perform several tests to tell if your dialysis exchanges are removing enough wastes. These tests are especially important during the first weeks of treatment to determine whether your schedule is adequate.
Peritoneal Equilibration Test
For a peritoneal equili... |
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| What to do for Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis ? | Eating the right foods can help you feel better while on peritoneal dialysis. Talk with your dialysis centers dietitian to find a meal plan that works for you. Your dietary needs will depend on your treatment and other factors such as your weight and activity level. Staying healthy with CKD requires watching what is in... |
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| What to do for Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Peritoneal Dialysis ? | - Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of your abdomen, or belly, to filter your blood inside your body. - The two types of peritoneal dialysis are continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and automated peritoneal dialysis. - The most common problem with peritoneal dialysis is p... |
On this page: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones control the way your body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body, even the way your heart beats. ... | What is (are) Graves' Disease ? | Graves disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone than the body needs.
The Thyroid
The thyroid is a 2-inch-long, butterfly-sha... |
On this page: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones control the way your body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body, even the way your heart beats. ... | What are the symptoms of Graves' Disease ? | People with Graves disease may have common symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as
- nervousness or irritability - fatigue or muscle weakness - heat intolerance - trouble sleeping - hand tremors - rapid and irregular heartbeat - frequent bowel movements or diarrhea - weight loss - goiter, which is ... |
On this page: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones control the way your body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body, even the way your heart beats. ... | What is (are) Graves' Disease ? | Graves ophthalmopathy is a condition associated with Graves disease that occurs when cells from the immune system attack the muscles and other tissues around the eyes.
The result is inflammation and a buildup of tissue and fat behind the eye socket, causing the eyeballs to bulge out. Rarely, inflammati... |
On this page: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones control the way your body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body, even the way your heart beats. ... | How to diagnose Graves' Disease ? | Health care providers can sometimes diagnose Graves disease based only on a physical examination and a medical history. Blood tests and other diagnostic tests, such as the following, then confirm the diagnosis.
TSH test. The ultrasensitive TSH test is usually the first test performed. This test detects... |
On this page: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones control the way your body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body, even the way your heart beats. ... | What are the treatments for Graves' Disease ? | People with Graves disease have three treatment options: radioiodine therapy, medications, and thyroid surgery. Radioiodine therapy is the most common treatment for Graves disease in the United States. Graves disease is often diagnosed and treated by an endocrinologista doctor who specializes in the bodys hormone- secr... |
On this page: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones control the way your body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body, even the way your heart beats. ... | What are the treatments for Graves' Disease ? | Treatment for Graves disease can sometimes affect pregnancy. After treatment with surgery or radioactive iodine, TSI antibodies can still be present in the blood, even when thyroid levels are normal. If a pregnant woman has received either of these treatments prior to becoming pregnant, the antibodies she produces may ... |
On this page: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones control the way your body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body, even the way your heart beats. ... | What to do for Graves' Disease ? | Experts recommend that people eat a balanced diet to obtain most nutrients. More information about diet and nutrition is provided by the National Agricultural Library available at www.nutrition.gov.
Dietary Supplements
Iodine is an essential mineral for the thyroid. However, people wit... |
On this page: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones control the way your body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body, even the way your heart beats. ... | What to do for Graves' Disease ? | - Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States. - In Graves disease, the immune system stimulates the thyroid gland to make too much thyroid hormone. - Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism include nervousness or irritability, fatigue or muscle weakness, heat intolerance, trouble sleep... |
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| What is (are) Diarrhea ? | Diarrhea is loose, watery stools. Having diarrhea means passing loose stools three or more times a day. Acute diarrhea is a common problem that usually lasts 1 or 2 days and goes away on its own.
Diarrhea lasting more than 2 days may be a sign of a more serious problem. Chronic diarrheadiarrhea that la... |
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| What causes Diarrhea ? | Acute diarrhea is usually caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Chronic diarrhea is usually related to a functional disorder such as irritable bowel syndrome or an intestinal disease such as Crohns disease.
The most common causes of diarrhea include the following:
- Bac... |
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| What are the symptoms of Diarrhea ? | Diarrhea may be accompanied by cramping, abdominal pain, nausea, an urgent need to use the bathroom, or loss of bowel control. Some infections that cause diarrhea can also cause a fever and chills or bloody stools.
Dehydration
Diarrhea can cause dehydration. Loss of electrolytes throug... |
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| How to diagnose Diarrhea ? | If acute diarrhea lasts 2 days or less, diagnostic tests are usually not necessary. If diarrhea lasts longer or is accompanied by symptoms such as fever or bloody stools, a doctor may perform tests to determine the cause.
Diagnostic tests to find the cause of diarrhea may include the following:
... |
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| What are the treatments for Diarrhea ? | In most cases of diarrhea, the only treatment necessary is replacing lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration.
Over-the-counter medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate) may help stop diarrhea in adults. However, people with bloody diarrhe... |
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| What to do for Diarrhea ? | Until diarrhea subsides, avoiding caffeine and foods that are greasy, high in fiber, or sweet may lessen symptoms. These foods can aggravate diarrhea. Some people also have problems digesting lactose during or after a bout of diarrhea. Yogurt, which has less lactose than milk, is often better tolerated. Yogurt with act... |
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| How to prevent Diarrhea ? | Two types of diarrhea can be preventedrotavirus diarrhea and travelers diarrhea.
Rotavirus Diarrhea
Two oral vaccines have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to protect children from rotavirus infections: rotavirus vaccine, live, oral, pentavalent (RotaTeq); and rot... |
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| What to do for Diarrhea ? | - Diarrhea is loose, watery stools. Having diarrhea means passing loose stools three or more times a day. - Diarrhea is a common problem that usually goes away on its own. - The most common causes of diarrhea include bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections; functional bowel disorders; intestinal diseases; food int... |
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea, cramping and pain in your abdomen, and weight loss. Doctors aren’t sure what causes Crohn’s disease. Doctors typically do not use a single t... | What is (are) Crohn's Disease ? | Crohn's disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammationirritation or swellingin the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Most commonly, Crohn's affects the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. However, the disease can affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus.
... |
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea, cramping and pain in your abdomen, and weight loss. Doctors aren’t sure what causes Crohn’s disease. Doctors typically do not use a single t... | What is (are) Crohn's Disease ? | The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anusa 1-inch-long opening through which stool leaves the body. The body digests food using the movement of muscles in the GI tract, along with the release of hormones and enzymes. Organs that make up the GI tract are the mou... |
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea, cramping and pain in your abdomen, and weight loss. Doctors aren’t sure what causes Crohn’s disease. Doctors typically do not use a single t... | What causes Crohn's Disease ? | The exact cause of Crohn's disease is unknown. Researchers believe the following factors may play a role in causing Crohn's disease:
- autoimmune reaction - genes - environment
Autoimmune reaction. Scientists believe one cause of Crohn's disease may be an autoimmune reactionwhen a pe... |
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea, cramping and pain in your abdomen, and weight loss. Doctors aren’t sure what causes Crohn’s disease. Doctors typically do not use a single t... | What are the symptoms of Crohn's Disease ? | The most common signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease are
- diarrhea - abdominal cramping and pain - weight loss
Other general signs and symptoms include
- feeling tired - nausea or loss of appetite - fever - anemiaa condition in which the body has fewer red blood... |
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea, cramping and pain in your abdomen, and weight loss. Doctors aren’t sure what causes Crohn’s disease. Doctors typically do not use a single t... | How to diagnose Crohn's Disease ? | A health care provider diagnoses Crohn's disease with the following:
- medical and family history - physical exam - lab tests - upper GI series - computerized tomography (CT) scan - intestinal endoscopy
The health care provider may perform a series of medical tests to rule out oth... |
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea, cramping and pain in your abdomen, and weight loss. Doctors aren’t sure what causes Crohn’s disease. Doctors typically do not use a single t... | What are the treatments for Crohn's Disease ? | A health care provider treats Crohn's disease with
- medications - bowel rest - surgery
Which treatment a person needs depends on the severity of the disease and symptoms. Each person experiences Crohn's disease differently, so health care providers adjust treatments to improve the p... |
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea, cramping and pain in your abdomen, and weight loss. Doctors aren’t sure what causes Crohn’s disease. Doctors typically do not use a single t... | What to do for Crohn's Disease ? | Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition cause Crohn's disease symptoms. Good nutrition is important in the management of Crohn's disease, however. Dietary changes can help reduce symptoms. A health care provider may recommend that a person make dietary changes such as
- avoiding car... |
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea, cramping and pain in your abdomen, and weight loss. Doctors aren’t sure what causes Crohn’s disease. Doctors typically do not use a single t... | What are the complications of Crohn's Disease ? | Complications of Crohn's disease can include
- bowel obstruction. Crohn's disease can thicken the wall of the intestine. Over time, the thickened areas of the intestine can narrow, which can block the intestine. A partial or complete obstruction, also called a bowel blockage, can block the movement of ... |
Crohn’s disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract. The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease are diarrhea, cramping and pain in your abdomen, and weight loss. Doctors aren’t sure what causes Crohn’s disease. Doctors typically do not use a single t... | What to do for Crohn's Disease ? | - Crohn's disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammationirritation or swellingin the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. - The exact cause of Crohn's disease is unknown. Researchers believe that factors such as an autoimmune reaction, genes, and environment may play a role in causing Crohn's disease.... |
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| What is (are) Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | Medullary sponge kidney, also known as Cacchi-Ricci disease, is a birth defect where changes occur in the tubules, or tiny tubes, inside a fetus kidneys.
In a normal kidney, urine flows through these tubules as the kidney is being formed during a fetus growth. In medullary sponge kidney, tiny, fluid-fi... |
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| What are the complications of Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | Complications of medullary sponge kidney include
- hematuria, or blood in the urine - kidney stones - urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Medullary sponge kidney rarely leads to more serious problems, such as chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. |
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| What causes Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | Scientists do not fully understand the cause of medullary sponge kidney or why cysts form in the tubules during fetal development. Even though medullary sponge kidney is present at birth, most cases do not appear to be inherited. |
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| How many people are affected by Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | Medullary sponge kidney affects about one person per 5,000 people in the United States. Researchers have reported that 12 to 20 percent of people who develop calcium-based kidney stones have medullary sponge kidney1. |
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| What are the symptoms of Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | Many people with medullary sponge kidney have no symptoms. The first sign that a person has medullary sponge kidney is usually a UTI or a kidney stone. UTIs and kidney stones share many of the same signs and symptoms:
- burning or painful urination - pain in the back, lower abdomen, or groin - cloudy... |
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| How to diagnose Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | A health care provider diagnoses medullary sponge kidney based on
- a medical and family history - a physical exam - imaging studies
Medical and Family History
Taking a medical and family history can help diagnose medullary sponge kidney. A health care provider will ... |
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| What are the treatments for Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | Scientists have not discovered a way to reverse medullary sponge kidney. Once a health care provider is sure a person has medullary sponge kidney, treatment focuses on
- curing an existing UTI - removing any kidney stones
Curing an Existing Urinary Tract Infection
To ... |
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| How to prevent Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | Scientists have not yet found a way to prevent medullary sponge kidney. However, health care providers can recommend medications and dietary changes to prevent future UTIs and kidney stones. |
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| How to prevent Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | Health care providers may prescribe certain medications to prevent UTIs and kidney stones:
- A person with medullary sponge kidney may need to continue taking a low-dose antibiotic to prevent recurrent infections. - Medications that reduce calcium in the urine may help prevent calcium kidney stones. T... |
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| What to do for Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | The following changes in diet may help prevent UTIs and kidney stone formation:
- Drinking plenty of water and other liquids can help flush bacteria from the urinary tract and dilute urine so kidney stones cannot form. A person should drink enough liquid to produce about 2 to 2.5 quarts of urine every ... |
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| What to do for Medullary Sponge Kidney ? | - Medullary sponge kidney, also known as Cacchi-Ricci disease, is a birth defect where changes occur in the tubules, or tiny tubes, inside a fetus kidneys. - Symptoms of medullary sponge kidney do not usually appear until the teenage years or the 20s. Medullary sponge kidney can affect one or both kidneys. - Complica... |
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| What is (are) Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | A UTI is an infection in the urinary tract. Infections are caused by microbesorganisms too small to be seen without a microscopeincluding fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Bacteria are the most common cause of UTIs. Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are rapidly removed by the body before they cause symptoms. ... |
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| What is (are) Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | The urinary tract is the bodys drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, toward the middle of t... |
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| What causes Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the bowel. The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes the vast majority of UTIs. The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to the bladder act like one-way valves to prevent urine from backing up, or refluxing, towar... |
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| How many people are affected by Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | Urinary tract infections affect about 3 percent of children in the United States every year. UTIs account for more than 1 million visits to pediatricians offices every year.1 |
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| Who is at risk for Urinary Tract Infections in Children? ? | Throughout childhood, the risk of having a UTI is 2 percent for boys and 8 percent for girls. Having an anomaly of the urinary tract, such as urine reflux from the bladder back into the ureters, increases the risk of a UTI. Boys who are younger than 6 months old who are not circumcised are at greater risk for a UTI tha... |
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| What are the symptoms of Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | Symptoms of a UTI range from slight burning with urination or unusual-smelling urine to severe pain and high fever. A child with a UTI may also have no symptoms. A UTI causes irritation of the lining of the bladder, urethra, ureters, and kidneys, just as the inside of the nose or the throat becomes irritated with a col... |
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| How to diagnose Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | Only a health care provider can determine whether a child has a UTI.
A urine sample will be collected and examined. The way urine is collected depends on the childs age:
- If the child is not yet toilet trained, the health care provider may place a plastic collection bag over the child... |
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| What are the treatments for Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, which are treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics or antimicrobials. While a urine sample is sent to a laboratory, the health care provider may begin treatment with an antibiotic that treats the bacteria most likely to be causing the infection. Once culture result... |
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| How to diagnose Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | Once the infection has cleared, more tests may be recommended to check for abnormalities in the urinary tract. Repeated infections in an abnormal urinary tract may cause kidney damage. The kinds of tests ordered will depend on the child and the type of urinary infection. Because no single test can tell everything about... |
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| What are the treatments for Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | Some abnormalities in the urinary tract correct themselves as the child grows, but some may require surgical correction. While milder forms of VUR may resolve on their own, one common procedure to correct VUR is the reimplantation of the ureters. During this procedure, the surgeon repositions the connection between the... |
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| How to prevent Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | If a child has a normal urinary tract, parents can help the child avoid UTIs by encouraging regular trips to the bathroom. The parents should make sure the child gets enough to drink if infrequent urination is a problem. The child should be taught proper cleaning techniques after using the bathroom to keep bacteria fro... |
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| What to do for Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | Children with a UTI should drink as much as they wish and not be forced to drink large amounts of fluid. The health care provider needs to know if a child is not interested in drinking or is unable to drink. |
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| What to do for Urinary Tract Infections in Children ? | - Urinary tract infections (UTIs) usually occur when the body fails to remove bacteria rapidly from the urinary tract. - UTIs affect about 3 percent of children in the United States every year. - Most UTIs are not serious, but chronic kidney infections can cause permanent damage. - A UTI in a young child may be a si... |
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| What is (are) Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | The urinary tract is the bodys drainage system for removing wastes and extra fluid. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, th... |
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| What causes Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | Many types of defects in the urinary tract can cause urine blockage:
- Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Most children with VUR are born with a ureter that did not grow long enough during development in the womb. The valve formed by the ureter pressing against the bladder wall does not close properly, so ur... |
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| What are the symptoms of Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | Before leaving the hospital, a baby with urine blockage may urinate only small amounts or may not urinate at all. As part of the routine newborn exam, the health care provider may feel an enlarged kidney or find a closed urethra, which may indicate urine blockage. Sometimes urine blockage is not apparent until a child ... |
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| What are the complications of Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | When a defect in the urinary tract blocks the flow of urine, the urine backs up and causes the ureters to swell, called hydroureter, and hydronephrosis.
Hydronephrosis is the most common problem found during prenatal ultrasound of a baby in the womb. The swelling may be easy to see or barely detectable... |
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| How to diagnose Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | Defects of the urinary tract may be diagnosed before or after the baby is born.
Diagnosis before Birth
Tests during pregnancy can help determine if the baby is developing normally in the womb.
- Ultrasound. Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces sa... |
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| What are the treatments for Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | Treatment for urine blockage depends on the cause and severity of the blockage. Hydronephrosis discovered before the baby is born rarely requires immediate action, especially if it is only on one side. The condition often goes away without any treatment before or after birth. The health care provider should keep track ... |
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| What to do for Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | Researchers have not found that a mothers eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing urine blockage in newborns. |
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| What to do for Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | - Many types of defects in the urinary tract can cause urine blockage: - vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) - ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction - bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), such as posterior urethral valves (PUV) - ureterocele - Some babies are born with genetic conditions that affect several dif... |
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| How to diagnose Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ? | NASH is usually first suspected in a person who is found to have elevations in liver tests that are included in routine blood test panels, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST). When further evaluation shows no apparent reason for liver disease (such as medications, viral hepatitis,... |
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| What are the symptoms of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ? | NASH is usually a silent disease with few or no symptoms. Patients generally feel well in the early stages and only begin to have symptomssuch as fatigue, weight loss, and weaknessonce the disease is more advanced or cirrhosis develops. The progression of NASH can take years, even decades. The process can stop and, in ... |
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| What causes Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ? | Although NASH has become more common, its underlying cause is still not clear. It most often occurs in persons who are middle-aged and overweight or obese. Many patients with NASH have elevated blood lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, and many have diabetes or prediabetes, but not every obese person or ever... |
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| What are the treatments for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ? | Currently, no specific therapies for NASH exist. The most important recommendations given to persons with this disease are to
- reduce their weight (if obese or overweight) - follow a balanced and healthy diet - increase physical activity - avoid alcohol - avoid unnecessary medications
... |
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| What to do for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ? | - Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is fat in the liver, with inflammation and damage. - NASH occurs in people who drink little or no alcohol and affects 2 to 5 percent of Americans, especially people who are middle-aged and overweight or obese. - NASH can occur in children. - People who have NASH may feel well an... |
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| What is (are) Biliary Atresia ? | Biliary atresia is a life-threatening condition in infants in which the bile ducts inside or outside the liver do not have normal openings.
Bile ducts in the liver, also called hepatic ducts, are tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in d... |
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| Who is at risk for Biliary Atresia? ? | Biliary atresia is rare and only affects about one out of every 18,000 infants.1 The disease is more common in females, premature babies, and children of Asian or African American heritage. |
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| What are the symptoms of Biliary Atresia ? | The first symptom of biliary atresia is jaundicewhen the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. Jaundice occurs when the liver does not remove bilirubin, a reddish-yellow substance formed when hemoglobin breaks down. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives blood its red color. Bilirubin is absorbed by the liver... |
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| What causes Biliary Atresia ? | Biliary atresia likely has multiple causes, though none are yet proven. Biliary atresia is not an inherited disease, meaning it does not pass from parent to child. Therefore, survivors of biliary atresia are not at risk for passing the disorder to their children.
Biliary atresia is most likely caused b... |
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| How to diagnose Biliary Atresia ? | No single test can definitively diagnose biliary atresia, so a series of tests is needed. All infants who still have jaundice 2 to 3 weeks after birth, or who have gray or white stools after 2 weeks of birth, should be checked for liver damage.2
Infants with suspected liver damage are usually referred ... |
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| What are the treatments for Biliary Atresia ? | Biliary atresia is treated with surgery, called the Kasai procedure, or a liver transplant.
Kasai Procedure
The Kasai procedure, named after the surgeon who invented the operation, is usually the first treatment for biliary atresia. During a Kasai procedure, the pediatric surgeon remov... |
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| What are the complications of Biliary Atresia ? | After the Kasai procedure, some infants continue to have liver problems and, even with the return of bile flow, some infants develop cirrhosis. Possible complications after the Kasai procedure include ascites, bacterial cholangitis, portal hypertension, and pruritus.
Ascites. Problems with liver functi... |
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| What to do for Biliary Atresia ? | Infants with biliary atresia often have nutritional deficiencies and require special diets as they grow up. They may need a higher calorie diet, because biliary atresia leads to a faster metabolism. The disease also prevents them from digesting fats and can lead to protein and vitamin deficiencies. Vitamin supplements ... |
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| What to do for Biliary Atresia ? | - Biliary atresia is a life-threatening condition in infants in which the bile ducts inside or outside the liver do not have normal openings. - The first symptom of biliary atresia is jaundicewhen the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. Other symptoms include dark urine, gray or white stools, and slow weight gain... |
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| What is (are) Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Viral gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Several different viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis, which is highly contagious and extremely common. Viral gastroenteritis causes millions of cases of diarrhea each year.
Anyone can get vira... |
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| What are the symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis ? | The main symptoms of viral gastroenteritis are
- watery diarrhea - vomiting
Other symptoms include
- headache - fever - chills - abdominal pain
Symptoms usually appear within 12 to 48 hours after exposure to a gastroenteritis-causing virus and last... |
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| What are the complications of Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Dehydration is the most common complication of viral gastroenteritis. When someone does not drink enough fluids to replace those that are lost through vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration can result. When dehydrated, the body does not have enough fluids to keep the proper balance of important salts or minerals, known as ... |
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| What causes Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Four types of viruses cause most cases of viral gastroenteritis.
Rotavirus
Rotavirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis among infants and young children. Rotavirus infections are most common in infants 3 to 15 months old. Symptoms usually appear 1 to 3 days after exposure. Rotavir... |
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| How to diagnose Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Viral gastroenteritis is usually diagnosed based on symptoms alone. People who have symptoms that are severe or last for more than a few days may want to see a health care provider for additional tests. A health care provider may ask for a stool sample to test for rotavirus or norovirus or to rule out bacteria or paras... |
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| What are the treatments for Viral Gastroenteritis ? | Most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve over time without specific treatment. Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. The primary goal of treatment is to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.
Over-the-counter medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pep... |
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| What to do for Viral Gastroenteritis ? | The following steps may help relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis in adults:
- drinking plenty of liquids such as fruit juices, sports drinks, caffeine-free soft drinks, and broths to replace fluids and electrolytes - sipping small amounts of clear liquids or sucking on ice chips if vomiting ... |
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