id string | question string | answer string | documents list |
|---|---|---|---|
train_14400 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The collection and treatment of wastewater remains among the most important public health interventions in human history and has contributed to a significant decrease in waterborne diseases during the past century. Nevertheless, waste discharges from municipal sewage treatment plants into rivers and streams, lakes, and... | [
"Waste discharges from municipal sewage treatment plants into inland and coastal waters are a significant source of water quality problems throughout the country. Pollutants associated with municipal discharges include nutrients (which can stimulate growth of algae that can deplete dissolved oxygen or produce harmf... |
train_14401 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Effective marginal tax rates on investment are forward-looking estimates that project over the lifetime of an investment what share of the return will effectively be paid in taxes. These rates can differ significantly from average tax rates measured by dividing tax liability by income, because they are affected by timi... | [
"The tax rates which determine investment activity are marginal tax rates on new investment. They are calculated by projecting the path of a new investment and discounting the flow of income and taxes. They take into account the effects of statutory tax rates, depreciation rules, investment subsidies, and inflation... |
train_14402 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On May 27, 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) jointly announced a final rule defining the scope of waters protected under the Clean Water Act (CWA). The rule revises regulations that have been in place for more than 25 years. Revisions are being made in light of... | [
"On May 27, 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) jointly announced a final rule defining the scope of waters protected under the Clean Water Act (CWA). The rule revises regulations that have been in place for more than 25 years. Revisions were proposed in Marc... |
train_14403 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Direct federal funding to address global climate change totaled approximately $77 billion from FY2008 through FY2013. The large majority—more than 75%—has funded technology development and deployment, primarily through the Department of Energy (DOE). More than one-third of the identified funding was included in the Ame... | [
"The federal government has funded work to address global climate change for more than four decades. An initial focus on science has expanded to encompass both mitigation and adaptation, involving at least 18 agencies plus the Executive Office of the President. The work supported is conducted by universities, natio... |
train_14404 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This CRS Report, updated through the 113th Congress, discusses policy issues regarding military-to-military (mil-to-mil) contacts with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and records major contacts and crises since 1993. The United States suspended military contacts with China and imposed sanctions on arms sales in re... | [
"U.S. leaders have applied military contacts as one tool and point of leverage in the broader policy toward the People's Republic of China (PRC). The first part of this CRS Report discusses policy issues regarding such military-to-military (mil-to-mil) contacts. The second part provides a record of such contacts si... |
train_14405 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Hong Kong selected a new Chief Executive and Legislative Council (Legco) in March and September of 2012, respectively. Both elections delivered surprising results for different reasons. The eventual selection of Leung Chu-ying (CY Leung) as Chief Executive came after presumed front-runner Henry Tang Ying-yen ran into a... | [
"The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong, or HKSAR) held elections for its expanded, 70-member Legislative Council (Legco) on September 9, 2012, ending an 11-month period in which the city also elected members to its District Councils and selected Leung Chu-ying (CY Leung) as its new Chief Executive.... |
train_14406 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Energy Information Administration (EIA), in its Short-Term Energy and Winter Fuels Outlook (STEWFO) for the 2017-2018 winter heating season, projects that American consumers should expect to see heating expenditures that will be higher than last winter. However, the winter of 2016-2017 was relatively warm. Average ... | [
"Each year, in October, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) publishes the Short-Term Energy and Winter Fuels Outlook (STEWFO). The purpose of the STEWFO is to provide fuel-specific estimates of expected average annual heating expenditures in comparison to previous years. While the STEWFO provides estimates ... |
train_14407 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Along the Pacific Coast, 28 distinct population segments of Pacific salmon and steelhead trout are listed as either endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), with three additional populations identified as "species of concern." While no species of anadromous trout or salmon is in danger of near-t... | [
"Pacific Chinook, coho, chum, sockeye, and pink salmon as well as steelhead trout are anadromous (i.e., they live as juveniles in fresh water, migrate to the ocean to develop, and, when sexually mature, return to freshwater to spawn). While steelhead trout and Atlantic salmon can return to the sea after spawning (a... |
train_14408 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The National Park Service (NPS) generally receives appropriations in the annual Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill. This report examines trends in NPS appropriations over the past decade (FY2009-FY2018), as well as changes during the decade in the size of the National Park System, numbers o... | [
"T he National Park Service (NPS) administers the National Park System, which covers 85 million acres of land and consists of 417 diverse units valued for their natural, cultural, and recreational importance. NPS generally receives appropriations in the annual Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriati... |
train_14409 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has been ratified by 183 nations, including the United States. It regulates the international trade in animals and plants that may be threatened by trade. CITES entered into force in 1975 and currently regulates the trade of app... | [
"The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international agreement among national governments. It aims to ensure that the international trade in plants and animals does not threaten their survival. The United States, a signatory to CITES, is the largest import... |
train_14410 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On November 7, 2007, a container ship collided with a tower of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, spilling 58,000 gallons of the ship's bunker fuel into the Bay. The incident has raised questions about the role of maritime pilots and vessel traffic services (VTSs) in preventing accidents in U.S. harbors, such as: Is... | [
"On November 7, 2007, at about 8:30 a.m., the container ship Cosco Busan sideswiped one of the towers of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, ripping a 100-foot by 12-foot gash into the side of the hull and releasing over 50,000 gallons of the ship's bunker fuel into the Bay. Throughout the morning, and at the tim... |
train_14411 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Administration's FY2017 budget request includes $619.5 billion for national defense of which $590.6 billion is for the Department of Defense (DOD). Of the DOD total, $523.9 billion covers the base budget, discretionary spending subject to the spending caps established for FY2017 by the Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of ... | [
"For FY2017, the Administration proposed a total budget of $619.5 billion for all Federal Government National Defense-related activities of the federal government (Budget Function 050). As has been typical in recent years, about 95% of that total is for military activities of the Department of Defense (DOD). The ba... |
train_14412 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since HIV/AIDS was discovered in 1981, more than 20 million people have lost their livesto the virus. According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), nearly 40million are currently living with HIV/AIDS, including nearly 2.2 million children under the age of15. In 2004, 4.9 million people acquired th... | [
"Since HIV/AIDS was discovered in 1981, more than 20 million people have lost their livesto the virus. Nearly 40 million people are currently living with HIV/AIDS, including nearly 2.2million children under the age of 15. Ninety-five percent of those living with HIV/AIDS reside indeveloping countries. Sub-Saharan A... |
train_14413 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | For more than 50 years, the Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program has been providing health insurance coverage to federal employees, retirees, and their dependents. It is the largest employer-sponsored health insurance program in the country, covering about 8.2 million enrollees each year. The program was cr... | [
"The Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program provides private health insurance to federal employees, retirees, and their dependents. It provides more than $40 billion in health care benefits annually. In a typical year, FEHB provides health insurance coverage to about 8.2 million federal employees, retiree... |
train_14414 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Animal agriculture is an important part of the U.S. agricultural economy, and consequently is important to U.S. policymakers. The farm value of animal production is estimated at $169 billion in 2012, nearly 44% of the total value of U.S. agricultural production. In addition, the value of animal product exports and impo... | [
"Animal agriculture is an important part of the U.S. agricultural economy, and consequently is important to U.S. policymakers. The farm value of animal production is estimated at $169 billion in 2012, nearly 44% of the total value of U.S. agricultural production. In addition, the value of animal product exports and... |
train_14415 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Economic and environmental concerns have contributed to rising interest in green procurement—a term used in various ways but that may best be described as acquisition of products and services with smaller-than-average environmental footprints. Fully assessing a product or service requires integrated evaluation of cost,... | [
"Increasing concerns about global warming, energy independence, and public health have contributed to a rise in public interest in so-called \"green\" products and services, and the development of a \"green\" economy. A number of federal programs and activities are relevant to that interest. In addition to well-kno... |
train_14416 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | High oil prices affect nearly every household and business in the United States. During the course of 2008, oil prices doubled to more than $145 per barrel and then fell by 80%. In early 2011, there was a run-up of about 20%, sending gasoline prices to near 2008 highs. Few would rule out the possibility of similar pric... | [
"High oil prices affect nearly every household and business in the United States. Figure 1 illustrates that during the course of 2008, oil prices doubled to more than $145 per barrel and then rapidly fell by 80%. In early 2011, there was a run-up of about 20%, sending gasoline prices near 2008 highs. Few would rule... |
train_14417 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In November 2005, the President's Advisory Panel on Tax Reform presented two potential reform proposals: a simplified income tax (SIT) and a direct consumption tax proposal (the growth and investment tax, or GIT). Both proposals would eliminate itemized deductions while allowing, for all taxpayers, a credit for mortgag... | [
"In early 2005, the President appointed a tax reform advisory panel to formulate tax reform proposals. The report of the President's Advisory Panel on Tax Reform, issued in November 2005, recommended two reform plans to consider: 1) a revised income tax, referred to as the simplified income tax (SIT); and 2) a cons... |
train_14418 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996 (NAHASDA; P.L. 104-330) replaced several existing sources of housing funding for Native Americans with a single block grant, the Native American Housing Block Grant (NAHBG). Through the NAHBG, tribes and Alaska Native villages receive formula fun... | [
"In 1996, Congress enacted the Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act (NAHASDA; P.L. 104-330 ). The law represented a major reorganization of federal housing assistance for Native Americans, consolidating most of the federal housing funding that previously had been provided to tribes into a s... |
train_14419 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Forest Service (FS) and the Department of the Interior (DOI) are responsible for protecting most federal lands from wildfires. Wildfire appropriations nearly doubled in FY2001, following a severe fire season in the summer of 2000, and have remained at relatively high levels. Acres burned annually have also increase... | [
"Severe fire seasons in the past decade have prompted substantial debate and proposals related to fire protection programs and funding. President Clinton proposed a new National Fire Plan in 2000 to increase funding to protect federal, state, and private lands; Congress largely enacted this request. The severe 2002... |
train_14420 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | For more than 70 years, the technological superiority of the United States military has offset the size and geographic advantages of potential adversaries. The Department of Defense (DOD), due in large part to the magnitude of its investments in research and development (R&D), has driven the global R&D and technology l... | [
"Providing for the national defense is a central concern of Congress, and technological advantage has long provided U.S. forces with a battlefield overmatch, deterring potential conflicts and contributing to decisive U.S. military victories. Underpinning U.S. technological advantage are leading-edge innovations bui... |
train_14421 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. What a court determines to be "reasonable" depends on the nature of the search and its underlying governmental purpose. This report provides an analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court's 2009 decision, Safford Unified School District #1 v. Red... | [
"The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. What a court determines to be \"reasonable\" depends on the nature of the search and its underlying governmental purpose. This report provides an analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court's 2009 decision, Safford U... |
train_14422 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | U.S. world trade has grown steadily over the past decade. In 2017, the United States exported $2.4 trillion in goods and services and imported $2.9 trillion. Since 2009, when trade flows declined sharply in the midst of the financial crisis, U.S. exports have grown—in nominal terms—48.5%, while U.S. imports have grown ... | [
"Over the past two years, Congress has demonstrated significant interest in U.S. and international trade trends as part of its efforts to examine U.S. trade policy and key U.S. trading relationships. Congress's role in trade policy stems from a number of overlapping responsibilities, including its constitutional au... |
train_14423 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Endangered Species Act (ESA) provides for the listing and protection of species that arefound to be "endangered" or "threatened" -- species that might become extinct. The listing of aspecies as endangered triggers the prohibitions in the act against "taking" (killing or harming)individuals of the protected species,... | [
"The Endangered Species Act (ESA) (1) provides for the listing and protection of species that are found tobe \"endangered\" or \"threatened\" -- species that need conservation efforts because they might becomeextinct. The listing of a species as endangered triggers the prohibitions in the act against \"taking\"(kil... |
train_14424 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Much progress has been made in assuring the quality of public water supplies since the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was first enacted in 1974. Public water systems must meet extensive regulations, and water utility management has become a much more complex and professional endeavor. The Environmental Protection Agenc... | [
"The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the primary federal law for protecting public water supplies from harmful contaminants. First enacted in 1974, and broadly amended in 1986 and 1996, the SDWA is administered through programs that regulate contaminants in public water supplies, provide funding for infrastructur... |
train_14425 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The recent financial crisis contained a number of systemic risk episodes, or episodes that caused instability for large parts of the financial system. The lesson some policymakers have taken from this crisis is that a systemic risk or "macroprudential" regulator is needed to prevent similar episodes in the future. But ... | [
"In the wake of the recent financial crisis, many commentators have called for systemic risk or \"macroprudential\" regulation to help avoid future crises. The Obama Administration's financial regulatory reform proposal of 2009 included many of the proposed elements, giving many—but not all—of these responsibilitie... |
train_14426 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | ICC Review Conference and U.S. Engagement The International Criminal Court (ICC, or Court) was established in 2002 as the first permanent court to prosecute war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide (together, "ICC crimes"). Pursuant to a provision in the Statute of the International Criminal Court ("Rome Statu... | [
"The International Criminal Court (\"ICC\" or \"Court\") is a permanent international court that currently has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide (together, \"ICC crimes\"). Cases may be referred to the Court by States Parties or by the U.N. Security Council,... |
train_14427 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Overview South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea or ROK) is one of the United States' most important strategic and economic partners in Asia. Since the early 1950s, the U.S.-ROK Mutual Defense Treaty commits the United States to help South Korea defend itself. Approximately 28,500 U.S. troops are based in the ROK... | [
"T his report contains two main parts: a section describing recent events and a longer background section on key elements of the U.S.-South Korea relationship. The end of the report provides a list of CRS products on South Korea and North Korea. For a map of the Korean Peninsula, see Figure 1 below. The report iden... |
train_14428 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In 1993, President Clinton modified the military policy on providing abortions at military medical facilities. Under the change directed by the President, military medical facilities were allowed to perform abortions if paid for entirely with non-Department of Defense (DOD) funds (i.e., privately funded). Although argu... | [
"The purpose of this report is to describe and discuss the provisions for providing abortion services to military personnel, their dependents, and other military health care beneficiaries at military medical facilities. The report describes the history of these provisions, with particular emphasis on legislative ac... |
train_14429 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | It has been proposed that Congress prohibit the sale or rental to minors of video games that are rated "M" (mature) or "AO" (adults-only) by the Entertainment Software Ratings Board. This board is a non-governmental entity established by the Interactive Digital Software Association, and its ratings currently have no le... | [
"It has been proposed that Congress prohibit the sale or rental to minors of video games that are rated \"M\" (mature) or \"AO\" (adults-only) by the Entertainment Software Ratings Board. This board is a non-governmental entity established by the Interactive Digital Software Association, and its ratings currently h... |
train_14430 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | An understanding of economic indicators and their significance is seen as essential to the formulation of economic policies. These indicators, or statistics, provide snapshots of an economy's health as well as starting points for economic analysis. This report contains a list of selected authoritative U.S. government s... | [
"The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), which is an agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce, tracks major economic indicators, most notably gross domestic product (GDP). Other BEA indicators include items such as personal income and outlays, and corporate profits. These indicators together comprise what are k... |
train_14431 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Mexico has had a growing commitment to trade integration and liberalization through the formation of free trade agreements (FTAs) since the 1990s, and its trade policy is among the most open in the world. Mexico's pursuit of FTAs with other countries not only provides economic benefits, but could also potentially reduc... | [
"Regional trade agreements (RTAs) throughout the world have increased since the early 1990s. Many members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are focusing on regional or bilateral free trade agreements as a key component of their foreign and commercial policy. This interest is evident among industrialized and dev... |
train_14432 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | As introduced, the Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015, S. 2123, and the Sentencing Reform Act of 2015, H.R. 3713, use virtually identical language to reduce the impact of the mandatory minimum sentences which federal courts must now impose for certain drug trafficking and firearms offenses. Key Takeaways Exi... | [
"Within a week of each other, Senator Grassley and Representative Goodlatte, chairmen of the Senate and House Judiciary Committees, introduced parallel sentencing reform bills with bipartisan cosponsors. By and large in identical language, the two would amend existing mandatory minimum sentence provisions found in ... |
train_14433 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | U.S. funding for global health activities has grown significantly over the past decade, from $1.8 billion in FY2001 to $8.5 billion in FY2010. During this time period, Congress has significantly increased funding for responses against infectious disease outbreaks, including the 2009 influenza pandemic (H1N1), H5N1 avia... | [
"U.S. funding for global health activities has grown significantly over the past decade. Much of the growth in U.S. global health spending has been motivated by infectious disease outbreaks, including human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS... |
train_14434 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | With the end of the Cold War, NATO began to reassess its collective defense strategy and to anticipate possible new missions. The conflicts in the Balkans highlighted the need for more mobile forces, for greater technological equality between the United States and its allies, and for interoperability. In 1999, NATO lau... | [
"Since the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the European threat environment has changed dramatically. NATO no longer needs a static, layered defense of ground forces to repel a large-scale Soviet invasion. Instead, the alliance must address new and different threats for which NATO would face far less warning time, yet ... |
train_14435 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Agriculture appropriations bill—formally known as the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act—funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), excluding the U.S. Forest Service. Congress enacted the FY2018 agric... | [
"T he Agriculture appropriations bill—formally known as the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act—funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), excluding the U.S. Forest Service. This includes funding for F... |
train_14436 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Recent concerns over energy supply and pricing have led some to look increasingly to federal lands as a potential energy source. This report explains the legal framework for energy leasing and permitting for onshore lands subject to the control of the federal government. The report first reviews the laws and regulation... | [
"A variety of interrelated statutes and agency regulations govern leasing and permitting for energy exploration and production on federal lands. Generally, these projects can be divided into two categories, each of which is governed by its own set of statutes and regulations. The first category is the exploration f... |
train_14437 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On March 13, 2010, the U.S. Department of Education (ED) released A Blueprint for Reform: The Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (hereafter referred to as the Blueprint). The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), particularly its Title I-A program for Education for the Disadvantaged,... | [
"On March 13, 2010, the U.S. Department of Education (ED) released A Blueprint for Reform: The Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (hereafter referred to as the Blueprint ). The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), particularly its Title I-A program for Education for the Disadvan... |
train_14438 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Recent events, including the release of the President's U.S. Ocean Action Plan and reports issued by the United States Commission on Ocean Policy and the Pew Oceans Commission, have prompted a reexamination of U.S. ocean policy and debate over an "ecosystem approach" to ocean resource management. One proposed mechanism... | [
"Scientific documentation of the ecological condition of the oceans, such as the reports recently issued by the United States Commission on Ocean Policy and the Pew Oceans Commission, has been cited as evidence of deteriorating aquatic conditions. The President responded to these reports by creating the Committee o... |
train_14439 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The President is required each year to submit a comprehensive federal budget proposal to Congress before the first Monday in February. The House and Senate Budget Committees then develop their respective budget resolutions. Based on these budget resolutions, House and Senate Appropriations committees reconcile their bu... | [
"Each year, the President is required to submit a comprehensive federal budget proposal to Congress no later than the first Monday in February. Once the budget is submitted, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) analyzes the proposal using its own economic assumptions and estimation techniques. The House and Senate... |
train_14440 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On November 29, 1999, President Clinton signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act for FY2000, formerly H.R. 3194 , into law as P.L. 106-113 . The Act appropriates funds forthe District of Columbia, Division A of the act, and four other appropriation measures, Division Bof the act, including: Commerce, Justice, State, ... | [
"On November 29, 1999 President Clinton signed into law P.L. 106-113 , the ConsolidatedAppropriations Act for FY2000, formerly H.R. 3194 . The Act appropriates FY2000funds for the District of Columbia; the Departments of Commerce, Justice, State, and Judiciary;Foreign Operations; the Department of Interior; and the... |
train_14441 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | As part of the process of making an appointment to an advice and consent position, the President submits a nomination to the Senate. Most nominations are referred to the appropriate Senate committee or committees on the day they are received. Such referrals are guided by Senate Rule XXV, which establishes the subject m... | [
"Under the Constitution, the President and the Senate share the power to appoint the principal officers of the United States. Almost all of the highest-level political appointee positions in the federal government are filled by these officers. Three distinct stages mark the appointment process—selection and nominat... |
train_14442 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congressional authorization of federal assistance to state and local governments can be traced back to the Continental Congress and its approval of the granting of nationally owned land to states formed out of the Northwest Territory. Those lands were to be sold for the support of public education. Congress subsequentl... | [
"Congressional authorization of federal assistance to state and local governments can be traced back to the Continental Congress and its approval of the granting of nationally owned land to states formed out of the Northwest Territory. Those lands were to be sold for the support of public education. Congress subseq... |
train_14443 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In a 1989 legislative response to financial troubles in the thrift industry, the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA, P.L. 101-73) was enacted: FIRREA's principal mission was to conduct a partially tax-payer funded program to address the troubles of the nation's many insolvent t... | [
"Between the late 1970s and the mid-1980s, savings and loan institutions (thrifts) faced a constellation of developments that would challenge their financial viability. The developments included (1) high and volatile interest rates in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which increased the thrifts' interest rate risk; ... |
train_14444 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Given the central role of electric power in the nation's economy, and the importance of coal in power production, concerns have been raised recently about the cost and potential impact of regulations under development at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that would impose new requirements on coal-fired power pl... | [
"Given the central role of electric power in the nation's economy, and the importance of coal in power production, concerns have been raised about the cost and potential impact of numerous regulatory actions that would impose new requirements on coal-fired power plants. In the summer of 2010, for example, the Ediso... |
train_14445 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Constitution states that "a Majority of each [House] shall constitute a quorum to do business.... " The Senate presumes that it is complying with this requirement and that a quorum always is present unless and until the absence of a quorum is suggested or demonstrated. This presumption allows the Senate to conduct ... | [
"The rules and practices of the Senate governing quorums and voting are grounded in Article I of the Constitution. Regarding quorums, clause 1 of Section 5 states in part that \"a Majority of each [House] shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authoriz... |
train_14446 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Following the end of the apartheid era in South Africa in the early 1990s, the United States sought to increase economic relations with sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). President Clinton instituted several measures that dealt with investment, debt relief, and trade. Congress passed legislation that required the President to d... | [
"A key element in U.S. policy toward Africa is the potential benefit from increased trade and commercial ties between the United States and Africa. Interest in increasing bilateral commerce began after the end of the apartheid era in South Africa in the early 1990s. In 1993, Congress approved the end of anti-aparth... |
train_14447 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Enacted March 26, 2013, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6), appropriated funding for the full fiscal year through September 30, 2013. Seven regular appropriations acts, including Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, which funds EPA, are covered by the full-year continu... | [
"Congress considered FY2013 discretionary appropriations for federal departments and agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in the context of the Budget Control Act of 2011 (BCA; P.L. 112-25 ) as amended by the American Taxpayer Relief Act (ATRA; P.L. 112-240 ). That act established, among o... |
train_14448 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Farm commodity programs over the decades have focused on protecting farmers against declines in farm prices and not declines in revenue (price times production). Traditional programs for field crops provide benefits to producers when farm prices drop below specified levels. To help farmers manage their revenue risks, C... | [
"Farm commodity programs over the decades have focused on protecting farmers against declines in farm prices and not declines in revenue (price times production). Traditional programs for field crops—specifically marketing assistance loan benefits and counter-cyclical payments—provide benefits to producers when far... |
train_14449 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the years leading up to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States lacked a comprehensive national policy and strategy for aviation security. The approach to aviation security was largely shaped by past events, such as the bombing of Pan Am flight 103 in December 1988, rather than a comprehensive... | [
"In the years preceding the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States lacked a comprehensive national policy and strategy for aviation security. The United States approach to aviation security had largely been shaped by past events such as the bombing of Pan Am flight 103 in December, 1988 and, at ... |
train_14450 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In November 2004, Congress passed the Satellite Home Viewer Extension andReauthorization Act (SHVERA) as part of the FY2005Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 4818, P.L. 108-447). SHVERA extends and expands upon provisionsin the 1999 Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act(SHVIA) that regulate the satellite television ... | [
"RS21768 -- Satellite Television: Reauthorization of the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act (SHVIA) --Background and Key Issues Updated January 5, 2005 The three most common methods by which consumers receive television signals are broadcast, cable, and direct broadcast satellite (DBS). Broadcast television is f... |
train_14451 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Orphan works are copyrighted works whose owners are difficult or impossible to identify and/or locate. Orphan works are perceived to be inaccessible because of the risk of infringement liability that a user might incur if and when a copyright owner subsequently appears. Consequently, many works that are, in fact, aband... | [
"In response to requests by several Members of Congress in January 2005, the U.S. Copyright Office agreed to examine issues surrounding \"orphan works.\" Orphan works are copyrighted works whose owners are difficult or impossible to identify and/or locate. The Copyright Office issued a Notice of Inquiry requesting ... |
train_14452 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Sub-Saharan Africa, the world's poorest region, receives over a quarter of all U.S. bilateral foreign assistance. Aid to Africa more than quadrupled over the past decade, primarily due to sizable increases in global health spending during the Bush Administration and more measured increases in development, economic, and... | [
"The Obama Administration has requested $7.8 billion in bilateral foreign assistance for Africa in FY2012, which is designed to meet a number of objectives (see Figure 1 ). The Administration has identified five U.S. policy priorities in Africa that broadly correspond to long-standing U.S. engagement on the contine... |
train_14453 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On February 4, 2008, President Bush sent his FY2009 budget request to Congress. The House Appropriations State-Foreign Operations Subcommittee marked up its then-unnumbered bill on July 16. The Chairwoman's Mark totaled $36.62 billion, $3.82 billion more than FY2008 enacted levels. No further action on that bill occurr... | [
"On April 9, 2009, the White House sent Congress a request for supplemental appropriations for the remainder of FY2009, which included $7.1 billion for the Department of State and USAID. For details of the request and related legislative action, see CRS Report R40531, FY2009 Spring Supplemental Appropriations for O... |
train_14454 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | President Bush's announcement on September 6, 2006, that 14 "high-value detainees" suspected of terrorist activity have been transferred from locations abroad to the U.S. detention facility at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Station confirmed for the first time the existence of secret U.S. prison facilities abroad, the subjec... | [
"Aspects of U.S. tactics in conducting the global war on terrorism have come under increasing international scrutiny, as allegations have emerged in recent years of possible illegal activity by U.S. and international intelligence agencies. On September 6, 2006, in an address that was part of a series of speeches on... |
train_14455 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In early 2007, after several years of internal discussions and consultations with Poland and the Czech Republic, the Bush Administration formally proposed to defend against an Iranian missile threat by deploying a ground-based mid-course defense (GMD) element in Europe as part of the global U.S. BMDS (Ballistic Missile... | [
"In 2007, the Bush Administration requested about $310 million in the FY2008 defense budget to begin the design, construction, and deployment of a ground-based midcourse defense (GMD) element of the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) in Europe. This program followed several years of discussions between the Uni... |
train_14456 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report is part of a suite of reports that discuss appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for FY2017. It specifically discusses appropriations for the components of DHS included in the second title of the homeland security appropriations bill—Customs and Border Protection, Immigration and Cust... | [
"T his report is part of a suite of reports that discuss appropriations for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for FY2017. It specifically discusses appropriations for the components of DHS included in the second title of the homeland security appropriations bill—Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Immigrat... |
train_14457 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Drug-related violence in Mexico has spiked in recent years as drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) have competed for control of smuggling routes into the United States. Drug trafficking issues are prominent in Mexico because the country has for at least four decades been among the most important producers and supplier... | [
"Today Mexico is a major producer and supplier to the U.S. market of heroin, methamphetamine, and marijuana and the major transit country for cocaine sold in the United States. According to the Department of State's 2009 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report , as much as 90% of the cocaine entering the Un... |
train_14458 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is substantial and permanent loss in kidney function. Persons with ESRD require either a regular course of dialysis treatment (a process that removes harmful waste products from an individual's blood stream) or a kidney transplant to survive. The Medicare program provides coverage for hea... | [
"End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final phase of chronic kidney disease — a gradual loss in kidney function over time. In the final phase of chronic kidney disease, the loss in kidney function appears irreversible and a regular course of dialysis treatments (approximately three times a week) is needed to survi... |
train_14459 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In his 2013 State of the Union Address, President Obama stated that the United States would "engage Russia to seek further reductions in our nuclear arsenals." These reductions could include limits on strategic, nonstrategic and nondeployed nuclear weapons. Yet, arms control negotiations between the United States and R... | [
"On January 31, 2013, during the Senate Armed Services Committee's hearing on the nomination of former Senator Chuck Hagel to be Secretary of Defense, Senator Jeff Sessions questioned Senator Hagel about the Obama Administration's plans for the next steps in nuclear arms control. Specifically, he asked Senator Hage... |
train_14460 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The funding authorization for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), included in the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (P.L. 112-95), expires on September 30, 2015. In addition to setting spending levels, FAA authorization acts typically set policy on a wide range of issues related to civil aviation. This re... | [
"The funding authorization for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), included in the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 ( P.L. 112-95 ), expires on September 30, 2015. In addition to setting spending levels, FAA authorization acts typically set policy on a wide range of issues related to civil aviation. ... |
train_14461 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Congress has acted to create two special funds to hold the revenue of certain spectrum auctions for specific purposes. These funds represent a departure from existing practice, which requires that auction proceeds be credited directly to the Treasury as income. The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171, Title III... | [
"Radio frequency spectrum allocation policy within the United States is coordinated primarily through the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)—for private use, including state and local public safety wireless communications—and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA)—for federal use... |
train_14462 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Many military health care beneficiaries, particularly military retirees, their dependents, andthose representing their interests, state that they were promised "free health care for life at militaryfacilities" as part of their "contractual agreement" when they entered the armed forces. Efforts tolocate authoritative do... | [
"In recent years, numerous efforts have been made to increase, or prevent any decrease, ofhealth care benefits and options available to military retirees. Many military retirees and othersseeking these increases, or attempting to prevent any decrease in their benefits, often argue theirclaims based on assertions th... |
train_14463 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant provides grants to states to help them fund a wide variety of benefits and services to low-income families with children. TANF is best known for funding cash welfare benefits for families with children, but the block grant may also fund other benefits and s... | [
"The TANF block grant is a fixed amount of funding paid to each state based on a formula. States design and administer benefits and services funded by TANF and have wide latitude in their use of block grant funds. States are required to share a portion of the cost of TANF benefits and services by expending some of ... |
train_14464 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, considerable concern has been raised because the 19 terrorists were aliens who apparently entered the United States with temporary visas despite provisions in immigration laws that bar the admission of terrorists. Foreign nationals not already legally residing in the Unit... | [
"Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, considerable concern was raised because the 19 terrorists were aliens (i.e., noncitizens or foreign nationals) who apparently entered the United States on temporary visas. Fears that lax enforcement of immigration laws regulating the admission of foreign national... |
train_14465 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Over fifteen years after the South African majority gained its independence from white minority rule under apartheid, a system of racial segregation, the Republic of South Africa is firmly established as a regional power. With Africa's largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a diverse economy, and a government that has p... | [
"The people of South Africa are highly diverse. Black Africans make up more than three-quarters of the population, but come from several different ethnic backgrounds. Most whites are Afrikaans speakers of Dutch, German, and French Huguenot ancestry, but there is a substantial English-speaking white minority. The re... |
train_14466 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Federal law requires the President to submit an annual budget to Congress no later than the first Monday in February. The budget informs Congress of the President's overall federal fiscal policy based on proposed spending levels, revenues, and deficit (or surplus) levels. The budget request lays out the President's rel... | [
"Federal law requires the President to submit an annual budget to Congress no later than the first Monday in February. The budget informs Congress of the President's overall federal fiscal policy based on proposed spending levels, revenues, and deficit (or surplus) levels. The budget request lays out the President'... |
train_14467 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | For several years, the House and Senate have been considering various approaches to improve hunting and recreational fishing opportunities both on and off federal lands. The Bipartisan Sportsmen's Act of 2014 (S. 2363) is pending in the Senate, and addresses many of the same topics considered by recent Congresses. Hunt... | [
"Several issues related to hunting, fishing, and recreational shooting on federal and state lands are addressed in various bills in the 113 th Congress. Hunting and conservation have been linked since the advent of federal wildlife legislation, such as the Lacey Act of 1900 (the first federal wildlife law, making i... |
train_14468 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Georgia's continued sovereignty and independence and its development as a free market democracy have been significant concerns to successive Congresses and Administrations. The United States and Georgia signed a Charter on Strategic Partnership in early 2009 pledging U.S. support for these objectives, and the United St... | [
"Since President Mikheil Saakashvili came to power in late 2003, Georgia has made notable progress in increasing economic and political freedoms and reducing police corruption and crime, according to many observers. However, these observers—including international organizations such as the Organization for Security... |
train_14469 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The House approved conference agreements on the FY2006 defense appropriations (H.R. 2863) and defense authorization (H.R. 1815) bills on December 19, 2005. The Senate approved both measures on December 21, though only after removing from the appropriations bill a provision to allow oil drilling in the Arctic National W... | [
"The President signed the FY2006 defense appropriations bill into law, P.L. 109-148 , on December 30, 2005, and he signed the FY2006 defense authorization into law, P.L. 109-163 , on January 6, 2006. On Sunday, December 18, House and Senate conferees filed agreements both on the FY2006 defense appropriations bill (... |
train_14470 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Key recent events—the 2001 terrorist attacks, Hurricane Katrina, and concerns about an influenza ("flu") pandemic, among others—sharpened congressional interest in the nation's systems to track and respond to public health threats. The 109th Congress passed several laws that established, reorganized, or reauthorized ke... | [
"Three important principles color the issues in public health and medical preparedness and response. First, preparedness and response are different functions. At each level of government, they involve different leadership roles, legal authorities, organizational structures, and funding mechanisms. Generally, during... |
train_14471 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since the mid-1990s, and particularly since 2012, tensions have spiked between Japan and China over the disputed Senkaku (Diaoyu/Diaoyutai) islands in the East China Sea. These flare-ups run the risk of involving the United States in an armed conflict in the region. Japan administers the eight small, uninhabited featur... | [
"Periodically, tensions flare up between Japan and China over a small group of Japanese-administered islands located in the East China Sea. Japan, China, and Taiwan all claim sovereignty over the islands, known as the Senkaku-shoto in Japan, the Diaoyu Dao in China, and the Diaoyutai Lieyu in Taiwan. The land featu... |
train_14472 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The largest earthquake ever recorded in Haiti devastated parts of the country, including the capital, on January 12, 2010. The quake, centered about 15 miles southwest of Port-au-Prince, had a magnitude of 7.0. A series of strong aftershocks have followed. Experts estimate the earthquake caused $8 to $14 billion in dam... | [
"A major global donors' conference was held March 31, 2010, in New York. Donors pledged over $5 billion for the first 18 months of Haiti's reconstruction. The United States pledged $1.2 billion. The Haitian government presented an action plan for reconstruction and development, and a Post Disaster Needs Assessment ... |
train_14473 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | South Africa is a multi-racial, majority black southern African country of nearly 52 million. It held its first universal suffrage elections in 1994, after a transition from white minority rule under apartheid, a system of state-enforced racial segregation and socioeconomic discrimination. South Africa entered a period... | [
"On April 27, 2014, South Africa celebrated Freedom Day—marking the 20 th anniversary of the first non-racial democratic elections in 1994 and \"the end of over three hundred years of colonialism, segregation and white minority rule\"—ahead of the fifth democratic post-apartheid national election on May 7. The gove... |
train_14474 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Tax expenditures—revenue losses associated with targeted provisions that move the income tax away from a "theoretical normal" tax system—are a long-standing feature of the U.S. tax code. In some ways, tax expenditures resemble direct spending programs. They both have similar budgetary effects and provide incentives tha... | [
"Tax expenditures—revenue losses associated with targeted provisions outside the normal tax code—are a long-standing feature of the U.S. income tax code. In some ways, tax expenditures resemble direct spending. They both have similar budgetary effects and provide incentives that alter the allocation of resources. T... |
train_14475 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On May 8, 2017, Sinclair Broadcast Group Inc. announced that it agreed to acquire the Tribune Media Company for $6.6 billion, including $3.9 billion for Tribune's stock, and the assumption of $2.7 billion of Tribune's debt. The transaction, if approved by shareholders and the U.S. government, would make Sinclair the na... | [
"On May 8, 2017, Sinclair Broadcast Group Inc. announced that it agreed to acquire the Tribune Media Company for $6.6 billion. The transaction, if approved by shareholders and the U.S. government, would make Sinclair the nation's largest television broadcast company, giving it access to a far larger share of U.S. h... |
train_14476 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Since 1865, the U.S. Secret Service (USSS) has investigated counterfeiting, and since 1901, at the request of congressional leadership, the Service has provided full-time presidential protection. The USSS has two primary purposes which are criminal investigations and protection. Criminal investigation activities includ... | [
"Since 1865, the U.S. Secret Service (USSS) has investigated counterfeiting, and since 1901, at the request of congressional leadership, the Service has provided full-time presidential protection. Congress has increased its oversight of the USSS due to concern about terrorism threats, several security breaches, and... |
train_14477 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Economic Development Administration was created pursuant to the enactment of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, with the objective of fostering growth in economically distressed areas characterized by high levels of unemployment and low per-capita income levels. EDA, an agency within the Departm... | [
"T he Economic Development Administration (EDA) was created pursuant to the enactment of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, with the objective of fostering growth in economically distressed areas characterized by high levels of unemployment and low per-capita income levels. Federally designated ... |
train_14478 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Article V of the U.S. Constitution provides two ways to amend the nation's fundamental charter. Congress, by a two-thirds vote of both houses, may propose amendments to the states for ratification, a procedure that has been used for all 27 current amendments. Alternatively, on the application of the legislatures of two... | [
"Article V of the U.S. Constitution provides two methods by which the nation's founding charter may be amended. The first, proposal of amendments by Congress, requires the adoption of an amendment or amendments by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress. The second, generally referred to as the \"Article V Con... |
train_14479 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | When a party involved in a lawsuit makes a payment pursuant to a judgment or settlement agreement, the payment may be included in the recipient's income and may be deductible from the payor's income. A separate issue that also arises in litigation is whether either party may deduct the legal expenses incurred in the su... | [
"When a party involved in a lawsuit makes a payment pursuant to a judgment or binding settlement agreement, the payment may be included in the recipient's income and may be deductible from the payor's income. A separate issue that also arises in litigation is whether either party may deduct the legal expenses incur... |
train_14480 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Older Americans Act (OAA) is the major federal vehicle for the delivery of social and nutrition services for individuals aged 60 and older. These include supportive services, congregate nutrition services (i.e., meals served at group sites such as senior centers, schools, churches, or senior housing complexes), hom... | [
"Originally enacted in 1965, the Older Americans Act (OAA) supports a wide range of social services and programs for individuals aged 60 years and older. These services include supportive services, congregate nutrition services (i.e., meals served at group sites such as senior centers, community centers, schools, c... |
train_14481 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The United States is the largest national contributor to international humanitarian assistance programs for refugees. Traditionally, it contributes to refugee appeals both to alleviate the suffering of innocent victims and out of concern that refugee flows can lead to instability in countries or regions important to U.... | [
"There are over 12 million refugees worldwide, included in the total of close to 20 million individuals characterized as \"people of concern.\" The result is a continuing increase in costs and expenditures required to address the problem. While the global trend suggests that the numbers of refugees may have stabili... |
train_14482 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | As the 112th Congress began, the economy was no longer officially in recession. However, housing markets remain fragile, many economic indicators remain weak, and home foreclosure rates remain high. Against this backdrop, the 112th Congress has considered a number of housing-related issues. Broadly speaking, these issu... | [
"At the start of the 112 th Congress, the economy was no longer officially in recession. However, housing markets and the economy as a whole have both continued to appear fragile. In the short term, this raises policy questions about whether further government intervention is necessary or desirable to support housi... |
train_14483 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In early 2001, an eight-month conflict between ethnic Albanian insurgent forces andMacedonian police and security forces threatened to derail the country's fragile stability and lead toanother extended conflict in the Balkans. Later that year, U.S. and European intervention led to thesigning of the Ohrid Framework Agre... | [
"In the aftermath of recent key events, Macedonia seeks to consolidate progress toward itsEuroatlantic integration goals in 2005-2006 and hopes to receive invitations to join NATO and theEU in that time frame. Macedonia continues to face internal and external challenges to these efforts. In 2004, Macedonia's politi... |
train_14484 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | A handful of developing countries are becoming major players in the global economy due, in part, to their large populations, rising trade flows, and rapidly growing economies. These evolving economies are likely to be of increasing interest to the 113th Congress. Led by China, these rising economic powers (REPs) includ... | [
"For much of the post-World War II era, developing countries were relatively minor players in the world economy. Accounting for 80% of the world's population but less than 20% of the world's output two decades ago, developing countries throughout Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East were often dismissiv... |
train_14485 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR) is a multilateral agreement codifying consular practices originally governed by customary practice and bilateral agreements between States (i.e., countries). Article 36 of the VCCR provides that when a national of a signatory State is arrested or otherwise detained in ... | [
"On March 25, 2008, the Supreme Court issued a decision in the case of MedellÃn v. Texas. In an opinion written by Chief Justice Roberts and joined by Justices Alito, Kennedy, Thomas, and Scalia, the Court held that neither the judgment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the Case Concerning Avena and O... |
train_14486 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | This report provides an overview of military operations in Libya under U.S. command from March 19 to March 29, 2011, and the most recent developments with respect to the transfer of command of military operations from the United States to NATO on March 30. The ongoing uprising in Libya against the government of Muammar... | [
"In the weeks prior to commencement of Operation Odyssey Dawn, the ongoing uprising in Libya against the government of Muammar al Qadhafi was the subject of domestic and international debate about potential international military intervention, including the proposed establishment of a no-fly zone over Libya. On Mar... |
train_14487 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The principles of disaster management assume a leadership role by the local, state, and tribal governments affected by the incident. The federal government provides coordinated supplemental resources and assistance, only if requested and approved. The immediate response to a disaster is guided by the National Response ... | [
"Before and after a disaster strikes, it is useful to understand the basic national emergency management structure and where authority rests at various stages of the process. This report provides information to aid policymakers as they navigate the many levels of responsibility, and numerous policy pressure points;... |
train_14488 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | On March 21, 2002, President Bush requested $27.1 billion in emergency supplemental funding to continue the war on terrorism and provide additional assistance for New York City and aviationsecurity as well as other homeland security needs. With the $1.3 billion FY2002 supplementalrequest for Pell grants in the Presiden... | [
"On August 13, President Bush announced that he would not utilize $5.1 billion of contingentemergency spending Congress had provided as part of a $28.9 billion FY2002 SupplementalAppropriation ( P.L. 107-206 ; H.R. 4775). The funding designated as contingent emergency spending was either not requested by the Presid... |
train_14489 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) and its Office of Financial Research (OFR) were established by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L. 111-203) to address several potential sources of systemic risk. Some observers argue that communication and coordination of financial regula... | [
"The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act; P.L. 111-203 ) created the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) and the Office of Financial Research (OFR), among other changes, in response to the financial crisis that followed the mortgage boom and bust of the 2000s. The FSOC... |
train_14490 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Terrorist attacks in Russia's North Caucasus—a border area between the Black and Caspian Seas that includes the formerly breakaway Chechnya and other ethnic-based regions—appeared to increase substantially in 2007-2009. Moreover, civilian and government casualties reached levels not seen in several years and terrorist ... | [
"During and after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the North Caucasus area of Russia experienced substantial disorder. Among such disorder, breakaway conflicts in neighboring Georgia rallied some North Caucasians to support their efforts; Chechen separatism gained ground, contributing to the breakup of the ... |
train_14491 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The fundamental purpose of a health insurance exchange is to provide a structured marketplace for the sale and purchase of health insurance. The authority and responsibilities of an exchange may vary, depending on statutory or other requirements for its establishment and structure. The Patient Protection and Affordable... | [
"A health insurance exchange is a structured marketplace for the sale and purchase of health insurance. \"Customers\" can include individuals and businesses. The insurance companies (\"issuers\") that choose to sell their products through an exchange may be required to comply with consumer protections, such as offe... |
train_14492 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | More than most countries, Poland's relations today with the rest of the world are influencedby its past. The victim of historical forces and powerful neighbors, Poland was partitioned in the 18thcentury, and once again in the 20th. This loss of sovereignty may partly explain its assertive foreignpolicy. Poland has carv... | [
"More than most countries, Poland's relations today with the rest of the world are influencedby its past. At the end of the 18th century, it was partitioned among Russia, Prussia and Austria, andfor more than a century, Poland as a state did not exist. It was re-established after the First WorldWar with U.S. backin... |
train_14493 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | The federal government provides financial assistance to individuals for higher education expenses in two major ways: tax benefits and traditional student aid (loans, grants, and work-study assistance). Since 1997, education tax benefits have become an increasingly important component of federal higher education policy.... | [
"Since 1997, education tax benefits have become an increasingly important component of federal higher education policy. For the 2017 tax year, 14 tax benefits are available for college students and their parents to help pay for higher education (see Table 1 ). In 2018, this number falls to 11, as the personal exemp... |
train_14494 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Unauthorized disclosures of classified intelligence are seen as doing significant damage to U.S. security. This is the case whether information is disclosed to a foreign government or published on the Internet. On the other hand, if intelligence is not made available to government officials who need it to do their jobs... | [
"At the heart of the intelligence effort lies a paradox. Intelligence is valuable only if it can be shared with consumers who need it, but, to the extent that it is more widely shared, risks of compromise are enhanced. The necessary goal is to find the best balance between adequate sharing and effective information... |
train_14495 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | In the wake of tragedy in Newtown, CT, Congress defined "mass killings" as "3 or more killings in a single incident" (P.L. 112-265). Any consideration of new or existing gun laws that follows mass shootings is likely to generate requests for comprehensive data on the prevalence and deadliness of these incidents. Despit... | [
"Mass murders committed with firearms—particularly those incidents that occur in workplaces, schools, restaurants, houses of worship, and other public spaces—cause people to feel anxious and vulnerable, as the recent Charleston, SC, and Chattanooga, TN, tragedies demonstrate. Several such mass murders in 2012, seve... |
train_14496 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the release of waste from animal feedlots to surface water, groundwater, soil, and air is associated with a range of human health and ecological impacts and contributes to degradation of the nation's surface waters. The most dramatic ecological impacts are massive fish ... | [
"Agricultural operations often have been treated differently than other types of businesses under numerous federal and state laws. In the area of environmental policy, agriculture is \"virtually unregulated by the expansive body of environmental law that has developed in the United States in the past 30 years.\" So... |
train_14497 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Concerns over climate change, often termed "global warming," have emerged both in the United States and internationally as major policy issues. Reports in 2007 by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provided scientific underpinnings for these concerns, and the number of proposals and int... | [
"Responding to concerns that human activities are increasing concentrations of \"greenhouse gases\" (such as carbon dioxide and methane) in the atmosphere and causing potentially damaging climate change and global warming, nearly all nations of the world joined together in 1992 to sign the United Nations Framework ... |
train_14498 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | Comprehensive immigration reform was the subject of much discussion at the start of the 110th Congress. In the spring of 2007, the Senate considered several broad immigration reform measures aimed at addressing a host of perceived problems with the U.S. immigration system. These measures combined border security and in... | [
"Comprehensive immigration reform was the subject of much discussion at the start of the 110 th Congress. In the 109 th Congress, both the House and the Senate passed major immigration bills, but they were never reconciled. During the first session of the 110 th Congress, a bipartisan group of Senators developed br... |
train_14499 | Write a detailed summary of the following government report. | There has been significant controversy about the constitutionality of the legislative proposals (H.R. 1586 and S. 651) to tax bonuses paid to employees of entities receiving assistance from the federal government under the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Under H.R. 1586, the bonuses would be taxed as inco... | [
"Both H.R. 1586 and S. 651 would impose special taxing rules on bonuses paid to employees of the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), and certain entities that receive assistance from the federal government under the Emergency Economic Stabili... |
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