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300 | Marcus writes: Although deep learning has advanced the ability of machines to recognize patterns in data, it has three major flaws. The patterns that it learns are, ironically, superficial not conceptual; the results it creates are hard to interpret; and the results are difficult to use in the context of other processe... | Sagan effect | 0.854266 |
301 | Digital genetic sequences may be analyzed using the tools of bioinformatics to attempt to determine its function. | Full gene sequence | 0.854214 |
302 | The Sylow theorems imply that for a prime number p {\displaystyle p} every Sylow p {\displaystyle p} -subgroup is of the same order, p n {\displaystyle p^{n}} . Conversely, if a subgroup has order p n {\displaystyle p^{n}} , then it is a Sylow p {\displaystyle p} -subgroup, and so is conjugate to every other Sylow p {\... | Sylow theorems | 0.854208 |
303 | As a consequence, determining whether it is possible to solve these problems quickly, called the P versus NP problem, is one of the fundamental unsolved problems in computer science today. While a method for computing the solutions to NP-complete problems quickly remains undiscovered, computer scientists and programmer... | NP-complete problem | 0.854165 |
304 | The Volta potential (also called Volta potential difference, contact potential difference, outer potential difference, Δψ, or "delta psi") in electrochemistry, is the electrostatic potential difference between two metals (or one metal and one electrolyte) that are in contact and are in thermodynamic equilibrium. Specif... | Volta potential | 0.854113 |
305 | The program provides a platform for experiment selection, recommendation systems, and predictive modelling and is used in biomedicine, bioinformatics, genomic research, and teaching. In science, it is used as a platform for testing new machine learning algorithms and for implementing new techniques in genetics and bioi... | Orange (software) | 0.854101 |
306 | Thus some bioinformatics pipelines simply cut the end of the sequences at a defined threshold. Some sequencing technologies, like MiSeq, use paired-end sequencing during which sequencing is performed from both directions producing better quality. | Taxonomic resolution | 0.854079 |
307 | Every field of science has its own problems and needs efficient algorithms. Related problems in one field are often studied together. Some example classes are search algorithms, sorting algorithms, merge algorithms, numerical algorithms, graph algorithms, string algorithms, computational geometric algorithms, combinato... | Mathematical algorithm | 0.854051 |
308 | Uniform binary search is an optimization of the classic binary search algorithm invented by Donald Knuth and given in Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming. It uses a lookup table to update a single array index, rather than taking the midpoint of an upper and a lower bound on each iteration; therefore, it is optimize... | Uniform binary search | 0.854039 |
309 | Suppose that there are three possible genotypes at some locus, and we refer to these as aa, Aa and AA. The distribution of genotype counts can be put in a 2 × 3 contingency table. For example, consider the following data, in which the genotype frequencies vary linearly in the cases and are constant in the controls: In ... | Cochran–Armitage test for trend | 0.854014 |
310 | Since kinetic energy is entirely a function of an object mass and velocity, the above result may be used with the parallel axis theorem to obtain the kinetic energy associated with simple rolling K rolling = K translation + K rotation {\displaystyle K_{\text{rolling}}=K_{\text{translation}}+K_{\text{rotation}}} | Rolling | 0.853974 |
311 | The general theory of abstract algebra allows an "addition" operation to be any associative and commutative operation on a set. Basic algebraic structures with such an addition operation include commutative monoids and abelian groups. | Addition of natural numbers | 0.853862 |
312 | objective function occurrence octree odd–even sort offline algorithm offset (computer science) omega omicron one-based indexing one-dimensional online algorithm open addressing optimal optimal cost optimal hashing optimal merge optimal mismatch optimal polygon triangulation problem optimal polyphase merge optimal polyp... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.853859 |
313 | In many applications of priority queues such as Dijkstra's algorithm, the minimum priorities form a monotonic sequence, allowing a monotone priority queue to be used. In these applications, for both the lazy and eager variations of the optimized structure, the sequential searches for non-empty buckets cover disjoint ra... | Bucket queue | 0.85383 |
314 | In genetics, the breeding of pea plants allowed Gregor Mendel to derive the basic laws governing inheritance, and examination of chromosomes in maize allowed Barbara McClintock to demonstrate their connection to inherited traits. The plant Arabidopsis thaliana is used in laboratories as a model organism to understand h... | Human uses of living things | 0.853823 |
315 | Analysis of amplicons has been made possible by the development of amplification methods such as PCR, and increasingly by cheaper and more high-throughput technologies for DNA sequencing or next-generation sequencing, such as ion semiconductor sequencing, popularly referred to as the brand of the developer, Ion Torrent... | Amplicon | 0.853812 |
316 | Finally, in the last period (1687-1689), the problem of measuring the probabilities is solved.Before the publication of his Ars Conjectandi, Bernoulli had produced a number of treatises related to probability: Parallelismus ratiocinii logici et algebraici, Basel, 1685. In the Journal des Sçavans 1685 (26.VIII), p. 314 ... | Ars Conjectandi | 0.853768 |
317 | Protein methylation is a type of post-translational modification featuring the addition of methyl groups to proteins. It can occur on the nitrogen-containing side-chains of arginine and lysine, but also at the amino- and carboxy-termini of a number of different proteins. In biology, methyltransferases catalyze the meth... | Protein methylation | 0.853746 |
318 | Actin is used in scientific and technological laboratories as a track for molecular motors such as myosin (either in muscle tissue or outside it) and as a necessary component for cellular functioning. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool, as several of its anomalous variants are related to the appearance of specifi... | F actin | 0.853712 |
319 | Although the exact electric potential at which this is set is dependent on the detector geometry, this high-voltage cathode typically produces a drift field of 500 V/cm across the detector.On the side opposite of the cathode plane is a set of anode wire planes set at potentials much higher (less negative) than that of ... | Time-projection chamber | 0.853696 |
320 | Chemical synthesis of proteins is a valuable tool in chemical biology as it allows for the introduction of non-natural amino acids as well as residue specific incorporation of "posttranslational modifications" such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and even ubiquitination. These capabilities are valuable ... | Chemical Biology | 0.853684 |
321 | Theorem:: 14, 15 Up to isomorphism, there are exactly three 2-dimensional unital algebras over the reals: the ordinary complex numbers, the split-complex numbers, and the dual numbers. In particular, every 2-dimensional unital algebra over the reals is associative and commutative. Proof: Since the algebra is 2-dimensio... | Hypercomplex number | 0.8536 |
322 | Norsteroids (nor-, L. norma, from "normal" in chemistry, indicating carbon removal) are a structural class of steroids that have had an atom or atoms (typically carbon) removed, biosynthetically or synthetically, from positions of branching off of rings or side chains (e.g., removal of methyl groups), or from within ri... | Norsteroid | 0.85358 |
323 | The water in Earth's atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere in effect opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges ("windows") within the opaque range that allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from approximately 200 μm up to a few m... | EM band | 0.853552 |
324 | The E matrix for the Ratio and Algebra hierarchy is shown below. If the cognitive model is true, then 58 unique item response patterns should be produced by examinees who write these cognitively-based items. A row of 0s is usually added to the E matrix which represents an examinee who has not mastered any attributes. T... | Attribute hierarchy method | 0.853542 |
325 | During the lessons Four Team Selection Tests are held which are considered the four parts of the Selection Competition under 15.5 and are called Euclides. All the student have the same test. In each of the competition 5 students are eliminated. So after the 4th competition the six member of national team for Junior BMO... | Cyprus Mathematical Society | 0.853527 |
326 | The AMC 10 and AMC 12 are 25 question, 75-minute multiple choice competitions in secondary school mathematics containing problems which can be understood and solved with pre-calculus concepts. Calculators have not been allowed on the AMC 10/12 since 2008.High scores on the AMC 10 or 12 can qualify the participant for t... | American Mathematics Competitions | 0.853524 |
327 | This includes further education about microbial, molecular and cell biology. Classes can include cell biology, virology, microbial and plant biology | Environmental engineering science | 0.853466 |
328 | Bressler's research program in skeletal muscle biophysics received support from the Medical Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research for 29 years. His research focuses on providing new information about the fundamental mechanisms for force production in skeletal muscle. Experiments are... | Bernard H. Bressler | 0.853465 |
329 | Application: The 2-points–2-tangents property can be used for the construction of the tangent of a parabola at point P 2 {\displaystyle P_{2}} , if P 1 , P 2 {\displaystyle P_{1},P_{2}} and the tangent at P 1 {\displaystyle P_{1}} are given. Remark 1: The 2-points–2-tangents property of a parabola is an affine version ... | Parabola | 0.853447 |
330 | Using various modifiers, the activity of the enzyme can be regulated, enabling control of the biochemistry of the cell as a whole. The structure of proteins is traditionally described in a hierarchy of four levels. The primary structure of a protein consists of its linear sequence of amino acids; for instance, "alanine... | Biochemical analysis | 0.853418 |
331 | As computing power has grown exponentially this approach to research, often referred to as in silico (as opposed to in vitro and in vivo), has amassed more attention, especially in the area of bioinformatics. More specifically, within bioinformatics, is the study of proteins or proteomics, which is the elucidation of t... | Dry lab | 0.853399 |
332 | Comment: For any real symmetric matrix A, the eigendecomposition always exists and can be written as A = V D V T {\displaystyle A=VDV^{\mathsf {T}}} , where both D and V are real-valued. Comment: The eigendecomposition is useful for understanding the solution of a system of linear ordinary differential equations or lin... | Matrix factorization | 0.853357 |
333 | Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism for research on fundamental questions in cell and molecular biology such as: How do cells move? How do cells respond to light? How do cells recognize one another? How do cells generate regular, repeatable flagellar waveforms? | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | 0.85335 |
334 | A ring is an algebraic structure with two operations, addition and multiplication, which are denoted as the usual operations on numbers. Under addition, a ring is an abelian group, which means that addition is commutative and associative; it has an identity, called the additive identity, and denoted 0; and every elemen... | I-semigroup | 0.85333 |
335 | Nevertheless, the set { 1 , i , j , k , − 1 , − i , − j , − k } {\displaystyle \{1,\,i,\,j,\,k,\,-\!1,\,-\!i,\,-\!j,\,-\!k\}} is closed under multiplication. It satisfies all the properties of an abstract group except the associativity property; being finite, it is a Latin square or quasigroup, a peripheral mathematica... | Hyperbolic quaternion | 0.85331 |
336 | Finally, the inverse of a / b {\displaystyle a/b} is b / a {\displaystyle b/a} , therefore the axiom of the inverse element is satisfied. The rational numbers (including zero) also form a group under addition. Intertwining addition and multiplication operations yields more complicated structures called rings and – if d... | Group axioms | 0.85328 |
337 | Lagrange's theorem states that for a finite group G and a subgroup H, = | G | | H | {\displaystyle ={|G| \over |H|}} where |G| and |H| denote the orders of G and H, respectively. In particular, the order of every subgroup of G (and the order of every element of G) must be a divisor of |G|.Right cosets are defined anal... | Proper subgroup | 0.853266 |
338 | Classifier performance depends greatly on the characteristics of the data to be classified. There is no single classifier that works best on all given problems (a phenomenon that may be explained by the no-free-lunch theorem). Various empirical tests have been performed to compare classifier performance and to find the... | Statistical classifier | 0.85324 |
339 | If the number of glass and batch components is not equal, if it is impossible to exactly obtain the desired glass composition using the selected batch ingredients, or if the matrix equation is not soluble for other reasons (i.e., the rows/columns are linearly dependent), the batch composition must be determined by opti... | Batch mixing | 0.853233 |
340 | In this equation, P is the (negative of the) field induced in the material when the "fixed" charges, the dipoles, shift in response to the total underlying field E, whereas D is the field due to the remaining charges, known as "free" charges.In general, P varies as a function of E depending on the medium, as described ... | Bound charge | 0.853193 |
341 | 2002 – First virus produced 'from scratch', an artificial polio virus that paralyzes and kills mice. 2007 – Commercialization of Illumina Next generation Sequencing tools. This has become the most popular high-throughput sequencing system. 2012 – Use of CRISPR-Cas9 as a DNA-editing biotechnology tool. | Timeline of biology and organic chemistry | 0.853191 |
342 | A key question in molecular biology is how proteins evolve, i.e. how can mutations (or rather changes in amino acid sequence) lead to new structures and functions? Most amino acids in a protein can be changed without disrupting activity or function, as can be seen from numerous homologous proteins across species (as co... | Structural proteins | 0.853189 |
343 | In abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics, a monoid is a set equipped with an associative binary operation and an identity element. For example, the nonnegative integers with addition form a monoid, the identity element being 0. Monoids are semigroups with identity. Such algebraic structures occur in several branche... | Monoid | 0.853186 |
344 | In vascular plant biology, electro-osmosis is also used as an alternative or supplemental explanation for the movement of polar liquids via the phloem that differs from the cohesion-tension theory supplied in the mass flow hypothesis and others, such as cytoplasmic streaming. Companion cells are involved in the "cyclic... | Electro-osmosis | 0.853164 |
345 | These endosymbiotic cyanobacteria in eukaryotes then evolved and differentiated into specialized organelles such as chloroplasts, chromoplasts, etioplasts, and leucoplasts, collectively known as plastids. Cyanobacteria are the first organisms known to have produced oxygen. By producing and releasing oxygen as a byprodu... | Blue-green bacteria | 0.853122 |
346 | If N ◃ G {\displaystyle N\triangleleft G} is a non-trivial normal subgroup of G {\displaystyle G} then I ∩ N ≠ { 1 } . {\displaystyle I\cap N\neq \left\{1\right\}.} Remark: The concept of an absolute presentation has been fruitful in fields such as algebraically closed groups and the Grigorchuk topology. In the literat... | Absolute presentation of a group | 0.853116 |
347 | Naegleria gruberi, freshwater non-pathogenic amoeboflagellate sometimes used in eukaryotic cell biology experiments. Emiliania huxleyi, unicellular marine coccolithophore alga, extensively studied as a model phytoplankton species. Thalassiosira pseudonana, unicellular marine diatom alga, extensively studied as a model ... | List of model organisms | 0.853109 |
348 | A polynomial equation, also called an algebraic equation, is an equation of the form For example, is a polynomial equation. When considering equations, the indeterminates (variables) of polynomials are also called unknowns, and the solutions are the possible values of the unknowns for which the equality is true (in gen... | Polynomial curve | 0.853094 |
349 | These are plane algebraic curves. A point of the plane lies on an algebraic curve if its coordinates satisfy a given polynomial equation. | Computational algebraic geometry | 0.853035 |
350 | In mathematics, a constant term (sometimes referred to as a free term) is a term in an algebraic expression that does not contain any variables and therefore is constant. For example, in the quadratic polynomial x 2 + 2 x + 3 , {\displaystyle x^{2}+2x+3,\ } the 3 is a constant term.After like terms are combined, an alg... | Constant term | 0.853014 |
351 | Proof: can be done (like the properties above) for the unit parabola y = x 2 {\displaystyle y=x^{2}} . Application: This property can be used to determine the direction of the axis of a parabola, if two points and their tangents are given. An alternative way is to determine the midpoints of two parallel chords, see sec... | Parabolic curve | 0.853014 |
352 | and Alan Eustace 2003 (for 1993): Space Efficient Conservative Garbage Collection, Hans Boehm 2002 (for 1992): Lazy Code Motion, Jens Knoop, Oliver Rüthing, Bernhard Steffen 2001 (for 1991): A data locality optimizing algorithm, Michael E. Wolf and Monica S. Lam 2000 (for 1990): Profile guided code positioning, Karl Pe... | Programming Languages Software Award | 0.852986 |
353 | A corresponding optimization can be applied in applications where a bucket queue is used to find elements of maximum priority, but in this case it should maintain an index that upper-bounds the maximum priority, and the sequential search for a non-empty bucket should proceed downwards from this upper bound.Another opti... | Bucket queue | 0.852981 |
354 | Output: same as TDX but supplied to only a control transformer or another CDX.Torque receiver (TR) Input: Electrical angle position data from TX or TDX supplied to stator. Output: Rotor assumes position determined by electrical input supplied.Torque differential receiver (TDR) Input: electrical data supplied from two T... | Synchro | 0.852979 |
355 | Next-generation sequencing technology is performed resulting in about 100 bp single-end reads. Raw sequence data are filtered and aligned to a reference genome using usually Burrows–Wheeler alignment tool (BWA) or Bowtie 2. The next step is to identify SNPs from aligned tags and score all discovered SNPs for various co... | Genotyping by sequencing | 0.852948 |
356 | This provides a partial converse to Lagrange's theorem giving information about how many subgroups of a given order are contained in G. | Finite group | 0.852937 |
357 | Genomic rearrangements Molecular phylogenetics Metagenomics Next generation sequence data analysis Epigenomics Barcoding of species Population genetics Horizontal gene transfer Sero/genotyping of viruses Allergenicity prediction SNP discovery Recombination detection Viral Classification Archaea Taxonomic Identification | Alignment-free sequence analysis | 0.852922 |
358 | In very complex problems such as scheduling there is no known way to get to a final answer, so we resort to searching for it trying to find a "good" answer. Scheduling problems most often use heuristic algorithms to search for the optimal solution. Heuristic search methods suffer as the inputs become more complex and v... | Genetic algorithm scheduling | 0.852873 |
359 | (F1) Electric Fields, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden (F2) Magnetic Fields, Applied Physics Laboratory/Johns Hopkins University, United States (F3C) Cold Plasma, National Research Council of Canada, Canada (F3H) Particles; Hot Plasma, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden (F4) Waves, Swedish Institut... | Freja (satellite) | 0.852854 |
360 | Inequality relationships similar to those defined above can also be defined for column vectors. If we let the vectors x , y ∈ R n {\displaystyle x,y\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} (meaning that x = ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) T {\displaystyle x=(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})^{\mathsf {T}}} and y = ( y 1 , y 2 , … , y n ) T {\displaysty... | Algebraic inequality | 0.852847 |
361 | The minimal counterexample method has been much used in the classification of finite simple groups. The Feit–Thompson theorem, that finite simple groups that are not cyclic groups have even order, was based on the hypothesis of some, and therefore some minimal, simple group G of odd order. Every proper subgroup of G ca... | Minimal counterexample | 0.852767 |
362 | The agent learns to choose responses that are classified as "good".Transfer learning is when the knowledge gained from one problem is applied to a new problem. Deep learning uses artificial neural networks for all of these types of learning. Computational learning theory can assess learners by computational complexity,... | Artificial Intelligence | 0.852743 |
363 | Paper 1: Pure Mathematics Paper 2: Content on Paper 1 plus Mechanics Paper 3: Content on Paper 1 plus Statistics | Advanced level mathematics | 0.852726 |
364 | The term best-case performance is used in computer science to describe an algorithm's behavior under optimal conditions. For example, the best case for a simple linear search on a list occurs when the desired element is the first element of the list. Development and choice of algorithms is rarely based on best-case per... | Average case analysis | 0.852714 |
365 | In the other direction, there may exist many homomorphisms from a Boolean algebra B to 2. Any such homomorphism partitions B into those elements mapped to 1 and those to 0. | Boolean algebras canonically defined | 0.852702 |
366 | By Planck's law, as the temperature decreases, the peak of the black-body radiation curve moves to longer wavelengths, i.e. from the blue to the yellow. However, the blue light from a gas burner's premixed flame is primarily a product of molecular emission (Swan bands) rather than black-body radiation. Other factors, p... | Luminous flame | 0.852652 |
367 | Tasks tend to require analysis and more complex reasoning about quantities and data; statistics and chance; spatial relationships; and change, proportions and formulas. Tasks at this level may also require understanding arguments or communicating well-reasoned explanations for answers or choices.Level 5 – 376 – 500 Tas... | Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies | 0.852625 |
368 | A4 is the smallest group demonstrating that the converse of Lagrange's theorem is not true in general: given a finite group G and a divisor d of |G|, there does not necessarily exist a subgroup of G with order d: the group G = A4, of order 12, has no subgroup of order 6. A subgroup of three elements (generated by a cyc... | Alternating groups | 0.852611 |
369 | A very simple example of a useful variable change can be seen in the problem of finding the roots of the sixth-degree polynomial: x 6 − 9 x 3 + 8 = 0. {\displaystyle x^{6}-9x^{3}+8=0.} Sixth-degree polynomial equations are generally impossible to solve in terms of radicals (see Abel–Ruffini theorem). | Change of variables | 0.852606 |
370 | In other words, for each pair of points x and y, this expression calculates the energy related to the fact that the charge at x is attracted to or repelled from the charge at y. The factor of 1⁄2 corrects for double-counting the pairs of points. In quantum mechanics, it is also possible to calculate a charge density ρ,... | Lieb–Oxford inequality | 0.852554 |
371 | A variable-frequency drive (VFD, or adjustable-frequency drives, adjustable-speed drives), variable-speed drives, AC drives, micro drives, inverter drives, or drives) is a type of AC motor drive (system incorporating a motor) that controls speed and torque by varying the frequency of the input electricity. Depending on... | Regenerative variable-frequency drives | 0.852547 |
372 | In contrast with protein studies, where a primary protein structure is unambiguously defined by the sequence of nucleotides (the genetic code), the glycobiology still cannot explain how a certain "message" is encoded using carbohydrates or how it is "read" and "translated" by other biological entities. An interdiscipli... | Glycan-protein interactions | 0.852524 |
373 | (b) The size of the merged department of Neurosciences, Physiology and Pharmacology means less interaction between staff, and less collegiate spirit. (c) The changes created two extra levels of administration, so that now five levels existed between academics and the provost. Staff were told at the time that the new or... | Department of Pharmacology, University College London | 0.852518 |
374 | Some additional order structures that are often specified via algebraic operations and defining identities are Heyting algebras and Boolean algebras,which both introduce a new operation ~ called negation. Both structures play a role in mathematical logic and especially Boolean algebras have major applications in comput... | Order theory | 0.852508 |
375 | Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry questions in the theory are important for choosing the representatives. In the experiment, students solve one Organic Chemistry experiment and one Quantitative Chemistry experiment. Four students who got a high score represents South Korea in IChO. If all the four representativ... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.852495 |
376 | The annual AP Chemistry examination, which is typically administered in May, is divided into two major sections (multiple-choice questions and free response essays). | AP Chemistry | 0.852487 |
377 | In general, in the presence of both a charge density ρ(r, t) and current density J(r, t), there will be both an electric and a magnetic field, and both will vary in time. They are determined by Maxwell's equations, a set of differential equations which directly relate E and B to ρ and J.Alternatively, one can describe ... | Classical field | 0.852485 |
378 | With the development of these three techniques, the field of structural biology expanded and also became a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules (especially proteins, made up of amino acids, RNA or DNA, made up of nucleotides, and m... | Structural biologist | 0.852465 |
379 | For detailed discussions of some solution methods see: Tschirnhaus transformation (general method, not guaranteed to succeed); Bezout method (general method, not guaranteed to succeed); Ferrari method (solutions for degree 4); Euler method (solutions for degree 4); Lagrange method (solutions for degree 4); Descartes me... | Polynomial equation | 0.852459 |
380 | By exposing specific states to energizing collisions, new structures can be established and tracked through different conformational changes. Changes in conformation during the gas-phase data can then be mapped back to the original populations of structures. In this way, researchers can understand the possible pathways... | David E. Clemmer | 0.852458 |
381 | The SAT Subject Test in Physics, Physics SAT II, or simply the Physics SAT, was a one-hour multiple choice test on physics administered by the College Board in the United States. A high school student generally chose to take the test to fulfill college entrance requirements for the schools at which the student was plan... | SAT Subject Test in Physics | 0.852442 |
382 | The test specifications for the Biology section changed in 2014. These changes reflected a shift on the way that Biology is taught in survey courses. This means that the questions now focus on "complex interactions within biological systems, rather than viewing biology in a reductionist manner". There are also changes ... | Dental Admission Test | 0.852426 |
383 | Supervised Machine Learning algorithms require large amounts of human-annotated data to be trained successfully. Machine learning researchers have hired Workers through Mechanical Turk to produce datasets such as SQuAD, a question answering dataset. | Amazon Mechanical Turk | 0.852401 |
384 | Calcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms' cells. They play an important role in signal transduction pathways, where they act as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, in contraction of all muscle cell types, and in fertilization. Many enzymes require calcium ... | Calcium in biology | 0.852368 |
385 | The core problems in computational geometry may be classified in different ways, according to various criteria. The following general classes may be distinguished. | Computational Geometry | 0.852361 |
386 | They reduce the problem, so that it eventually fits in cache no matter how small the cache is, and end the recursion at some small size determined by the function-call overhead and similar cache-unrelated optimizations, and then use some cache-efficient access pattern to merge the results of these small, solved problem... | Cache-oblivious algorithm | 0.852356 |
387 | Given a subset X of an algebraic structure S, the closure of X is the smallest substructure of S that is closed under all operations of S. In the context of algebraic structures, this closure is generally called the substructure generated or spanned by X, and one says that X is a generating set of the substructure. For... | Reflexive transitive closure | 0.852338 |
388 | In computer science, merge sort (also commonly spelled as mergesort) is an efficient, general-purpose, and comparison-based sorting algorithm. Most implementations produce a stable sort, which means that the relative order of equal elements is the same in the input and output. Merge sort is a divide-and-conquer algorit... | In-place merge sort | 0.852291 |
389 | On-line Questions are uploaded again after the Winter School. The leftovers of the Winter School and other people who didn't join the Winter School have to take this test to join the Summer School 2. Second grade students in the high school take this test. In this test, almost half of these questions will be related to... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.852287 |
390 | Methods of studying a large genomic data include variant-calling, transcriptomic analysis, and variant interpretation. Genome informatics can analyze DNA sequence information and to predict protein sequence and structure. Genome informatics dealing with microbial and metagenomics, sequencing algorithms, variant discove... | Genome informatics | 0.852226 |
391 | Natural language processing algorithms personalized medicine for patients who suffer genetic diseases, by combining the extraction of clinical information and genomic data available from the patients. Institutes such as Health-funded Pharmacogenomics Research Network focus on finding breast cancer treatments.Precision ... | Machine learning in bioinformatics | 0.852196 |
392 | {\displaystyle y^{2}+x^{2}=1.\,} This determines y, except only up to an overall sign; accordingly, it has two branches: y = ± 1 − x 2 . {\displaystyle y=\pm {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}.\,} An algebraic function in m variables is similarly defined as a function y = f ( x 1 , … , x m ) {\displaystyle y=f(x_{1},\dots ,x_{m})} whic... | Algebraic function | 0.852148 |
393 | Although usually applied to time efficiency, an algorithm can be said to use asymptotically optimal space, random bits, number of processors, or any other resource commonly measured using big-O notation. Sometimes vague or implicit assumptions can make it unclear whether an algorithm is asymptotically optimal. For exam... | Asymptotically optimal algorithm | 0.852146 |
394 | Examples and applications of groups abound. A starting point is the group Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } of integers with addition as group operation, introduced above. If instead of addition multiplication is considered, one obtains multiplicative groups. These groups are predecessors of important constructions in abs... | Group (mathematics) | 0.852124 |
395 | Given a polynomial equation or a system of polynomial equations it is often useful to compute or to bound the number of solutions without computing explicitly the solutions. In the case of a single equation, this problem is solved by the fundamental theorem of algebra, which asserts that the number of complex solutions... | Multi-homogeneous polynomial | 0.852116 |
396 | The following conditions comprise the classification theorem for Min Ones problems. If setting all variables false satisfies all clauses, it is in PO. If each clause can be written as a CNF of Horn subclauses, it is in PO. If it is an instance of 2-X(N)OR-SAT, it is in PO. | Max/min CSP/Ones classification theorems | 0.852106 |
397 | Once we can see how a protein folds then we can see how it works as a catalyst, or in intracellular communication, e.g. neuroreceptor-neurotransmitter interaction. How certain compounds may be used to enhance or prevent the function of these proteins and how an elucidated protein overall plays a role in disease can als... | Dry lab | 0.852084 |
398 | The Sun is classified as G2.The fact that the Harvard classification of a star indicated its surface or photospheric temperature (or more precisely, its effective temperature) was not fully understood until after its development, though by the time the first Hertzsprung–Russell diagram was formulated (by 1914), this wa... | Spectral type | 0.852083 |
399 | Third-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development.Third generation sequencing technologies have the capability to produce substantially longer reads than second generation sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing. Such an... | Long-read sequencing | 0.852059 |
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