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3,200 | However, the Levinthal's paradox shows that while a protein can fold in milliseconds, the time it takes to calculate all the possible structures randomly to determine the true native structure is longer than the age of the known universe, which made predicting protein structures a grand challenge in biology for scienti... | AlphaFold 2 | 0.835296 |
3,201 | Adjoining inverses of all elements of the monoid ( Z ∖ { 0 } , ⋅ ) {\displaystyle (\mathbb {Z} \smallsetminus \{0\},\cdot )} produces a group ( Q ∖ { 0 } , ⋅ ) {\displaystyle (\mathbb {Q} \smallsetminus \{0\},\cdot )} , and likewise adjoining inverses to any (abelian) monoid M produces a group known as the Grothendieck... | Elementary group theory | 0.835291 |
3,202 | Genetics influence individuals as they select their environment. | G Is for Genes | 0.835285 |
3,203 | In Malaysia, Additional Mathematics is offered as an elective to upper secondary students within the public education system. This subject is included in the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia examination. Science stream students are required to apply for Additional Mathematics as one of the subjects in the Sijil Pelajaran Malay... | Additional Mathematics | 0.835284 |
3,204 | Distributed tree search (DTS) algorithm is a class of algorithms for searching values in an efficient and distributed manner. Their purpose is to iterate through a tree by working along multiple branches in parallel and merging the results of each branch into one common solution, in order to minimize time spent searchi... | Distributed tree search | 0.835282 |
3,205 | This program lets the researchers align the extracted sequences with a reference without specifying a precise target. The researchers performed MALT run two times: one using the complete bacterial genomes that were available through NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) RefSeq as a reference, and the sec... | Ancient pathogen genomics | 0.835279 |
3,206 | We will first give the definition for algebraic structures like groups and modules, and then the general definition, which can be used in any category. | Inductive limit | 0.835277 |
3,207 | 107–166, doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8937-6_4 Godsil, C.; Royle, G. (2001), "6. Homomorphisms", Algebraic Graph Theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 207, Springer–Verlag New York, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0163-9, ISBN 978-1-4613-0163-9, S2CID 9661174 | Graph homomorphism | 0.835274 |
3,208 | Additionally, if the comparison number exceeds the size of word of the platform, in standard loop order, multiple instructions would need to be executed in order to evaluate the comparison, which is not the case with loop reversal.Loop unrolling Unrolling duplicates the body of the loop multiple times, in order to decr... | Optimizing compilers | 0.83527 |
3,209 | A nonzero element of the algebra does not necessarily have a multiplicative inverse. For example, if u {\displaystyle u} is a vector in V {\displaystyle V} such that u 2 = 1 {\displaystyle u^{2}=1} , the element 1 2 ( 1 + u ) {\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}(1+u)} is both a nontrivial idempotent element and a n... | Geometric algebra | 0.835269 |
3,210 | Sampling of species problem: How is a probability updated when there is unanticipated new data? Doomsday argument: How valid is the probabilistic argument that claims to predict the future lifetime of the human race given only an estimate of the total number of humans born so far? Exchange paradox: Issues arise within ... | List of unsolved problems in statistics | 0.835268 |
3,211 | Vaccine development and production is economically complex and prone to market failure. Many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. Pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseas... | Economics of vaccines | 0.835263 |
3,212 | Ph D in Neuroscience at NBRC M.Sc. (Physics/ Mathematics), B.E/ B.Tech/ M.C.A in Computer Science Ph D in Computational Biology at IMSc M.Sc./ M.E. / M.Tech. | Joint Entrance Screening Test | 0.835259 |
3,213 | The BioCompute Object (BCO) Project is a community-driven initiative to build a framework for standardizing and sharing computations and analyses generated from High-throughput sequencing (HTS -- also referred to as next-generation sequencing or massively parallel sequencing). The project has since been standardized as... | BioCompute Object | 0.835254 |
3,214 | In astrophysics, runaway nuclear fusion reactions in stars can lead to nova and several types of supernova explosions, and also occur as a less dramatic event in the normal evolution of solar-mass stars, the "helium flash". Some climate researchers have postulated that a global average temperature increase of 3–4 degre... | Thermal runaway | 0.835253 |
3,215 | Speed breeding is introduced by Watson et al. 2018. Classical (human performed) phenotyping during speed breeding is also possible, using a procedure developed by Richard et al. 2015. As of 2020 it is highly anticipated that SB and automated phenotyping will, combined, produce greatly improved outcomes – see § Phenotyp... | Crop breeding | 0.835253 |
3,216 | The student version is free and fully functional. Native language of the application is Spanish but an English version is also available. An additional free statistical package, GenAlEx, is geared toward teaching as well as research and allows for complex genetic analyses to be employed and compared within the commonly... | Analysis of molecular variance | 0.83525 |
3,217 | The next position of the cursor Cnew is the current position Cold plus the velocity Vcursor times the duration dt of one iteration of the program. By simple algebra, we substitute G*e (as given above) for Vcursor, yielding a third equation: 3. Cnew = Cold + G*e*dt These three simple equations or program steps constitut... | Perceptual control theory | 0.83525 |
3,218 | The first span starts with a special token (for "classify"). The two spans are separated by a special token (for "separate"). After processing the two spans, the 1-st output vector (the vector coding for ) is passed to a separate neural network for the binary classification into and . | BERT (language model) | 0.835248 |
3,219 | The degree is called the imperfect degree of F. The field F is perfect if and only if its imperfect degree is 1. For example, if F is a function field of n variables over a finite field of characteristic p>0, then its imperfect degree is pn. Algebraically closed field A field F is algebraically closed if every polynom... | Glossary of field theory | 0.835248 |
3,220 | Theorem 1 of 1960 deals with preferences on lotteries. It can be seen as an improvement to the von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem of 1947. The earlier theorem assumes that agents have preferences on lotteries with arbitrary probabilities. Debreu's theorem weakens this assumption and assumes only that agents have p... | Debreu theorems | 0.835244 |
3,221 | Initially developed for geochemical and related research, NanoSIMS is now utilized by a wide variety of fields, including biology and microbiology. In biomedical research, NanoSIMS is also referred to as multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS). The 50 nm resolution allows unprecedented resolution of cellular and... | Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry | 0.835239 |
3,222 | It is often desirable to consider curves in the projective space. An algebraic curve in the projective plane or plane projective curve is the set of the points in a projective plane whose projective coordinates are zeros of a homogeneous polynomial in three variables P(x, y, z). Every affine algebraic curve of equation... | Plane projective curve | 0.835238 |
3,223 | Variations in the DNA sequences of humans can affect how humans develop diseases and respond to pathogens, chemicals, drugs, vaccines, and other agents. SNPs are also critical for personalized medicine. Examples include biomedical research, forensics, pharmacogenetics, and disease causation, as outlined below. | Single-nucleotide variation | 0.835236 |
3,224 | CIRCSlM-Tutor CIRCSIM_Tutor is an intelligent tutoring system that is used with first year medical students at the Illinois Institute of Technology. It uses natural dialogue based, Socratic language to help students learn about regulating blood pressure. Why2-Atlas Why2-Atlas is an ITS that analyses students explanatio... | Intelligent tutoring systems | 0.835234 |
3,225 | Apart from electromagnetics and network theory, other items in the syllabus are particular to electronics engineering course. Electrical engineering courses have other specialisms such as machines, power generation, and distribution. This list does not include the extensive engineering mathematics curriculum that is a ... | Electronic Engineering | 0.835229 |
3,226 | Along with nuclear dynamics, the electronic structure problem is one of the two steps in studying the quantum mechanical motion of a molecular system. Except for a small number of simple problems such as hydrogen-like atoms, the solution of electronic structure problems require modern computers. Electronic structure pr... | Electronic structure of atom | 0.835227 |
3,227 | Conversely any law that fails for some concrete Boolean algebra must have failed at a particular bit position, in which case that position by itself furnishes a one-bit counterexample to that law. Nondegeneracy ensures the existence of at least one bit position because there is only one empty bit vector. The final goal... | Boolean Algebra | 0.835226 |
3,228 | In 1987, he proposed starting a company called Genome Corporation to sequence the genome and sell access to the information. In an opinion piece in Nature in 1991, he envisioned completion of the human genome sequence transforming biology into a field in which computer databases would be as essential as laboratory reag... | Walter Gilbert | 0.835223 |
3,229 | In physics, the electromagnetic dual concept is based on the idea that, in the static case, electromagnetism has two separate facets: electric fields and magnetic fields. Expressions in one of these will have a directly analogous, or dual, expression in the other. The reason for this can ultimately be traced to special... | Duality (electricity and magnetism) | 0.835223 |
3,230 | Multiple cache replacement policies have attempted to use perceptrons, markov chains or other types of machine learning to predict which line to evict. There are also learning augmented algorithms for the cache replacement problem. | Cache replacement policy | 0.835221 |
3,231 | For instance, the Higman embedding theorem can be used to construct a group containing an isomorphic copy of every finitely presented group with solvable word problem. It seems natural to ask whether this group can have solvable word problem. But it is a consequence of the Boone-Rogers result that: Corollary: There is ... | Word problem for groups | 0.83522 |
3,232 | Most researchers employing reverse ecology make use of some sort of population genomics methodology. This requires that a genome scan is performed on multiple individuals from at least two populations in order to identify genomic regions or sites that show signs of selection. These genome scans usually utilize single n... | Reverse ecology | 0.835218 |
3,233 | Transport phenomena. Dielectric materials (polymers in particular) and their integration into systems. Design of electrical systems. Optimization of control systems and converters. | Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie | 0.835213 |
3,234 | During the following period Stefansson mused publicly that deCODE had been founded between six and ten years too early. The technology for accurately reading DNA with sufficient detail, he reasoned, had not arrived until the mid-2000s, leaving deCODE in debt for years of R&D but based on findings that didn't provide a ... | DeCODE genetics | 0.835208 |
3,235 | The question is: is there any action that Alice can perform on A that would be detectable by Bob making an observation of B? The theorem replies 'no'. An important assumption going into the theorem is that neither Alice nor Bob is allowed, in any way, to affect the preparation of the initial state. | No-communication theorem | 0.8352 |
3,236 | structure A mathematical structure on an object is an additional set of objects or data attached to the object (e.g., relation, operation, metric, topology). | Glossary of mathematics | 0.835199 |
3,237 | Where the mixture separates into layers, values are shown for upper (U) and lower (L) layers. The data were obtained from Lange's 10th edition and CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th edition unless otherwise noted (see color code table). A list of 15825 binary and ternary mixtures was collated and published by t... | Azeotrope tables | 0.835195 |
3,238 | In abstract algebra, a Boolean algebra or Boolean lattice is a complemented distributive lattice. This type of algebraic structure captures essential properties of both set operations and logic operations. A Boolean algebra can be seen as a generalization of a power set algebra or a field of sets, or its elements can b... | Boolean algebras | 0.835194 |
3,239 | In computer science, hardness of approximation is a field that studies the algorithmic complexity of finding near-optimal solutions to optimization problems. | Hardness of approximation | 0.835193 |
3,240 | Investigate the factors that will affect the preservation of potential signs of life (past or present) This refers to the potential for a particular biosignature to survive and therefore be detected in a particular habitat. Also, post-collection preservation may be required for later sample retrieval, although that wou... | Astrobiology Field Laboratory | 0.835191 |
3,241 | Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering molecular biology, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). It has also developed its own technology. Plant breeding efforts are divided into a number of different historical... | Crop domestication | 0.83519 |
3,242 | Theorem: a−1 as the multiplicative inverse element for a is unique. | Proofs of elementary ring properties | 0.835184 |
3,243 | Some of these properties are connectedness (is the space in one or several pieces), the number of holes the space has, the knottedness of the space, and so on. Spaces are then studied by assigning algebraic constructions to them. This is similar to what is done in high school analytic geometry whereby to certain curves... | Generalised Whitehead product | 0.835182 |
3,244 | A principal difference between solid phases is the crystal structure, or arrangement, of the atoms. Another phase commonly encountered in the study of chemistry is the aqueous phase, which is the state of substances dissolved in aqueous solution (that is, in water). Less familiar phases include plasmas, Bose–Einstein c... | Chemical Sciences | 0.835179 |
3,245 | Theory of everything: Is there a singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all physical aspects of the universe? Dimensionless physical constants: At the present time, the values of various dimensionless physical constants cannot be calculated; they can... | Open problems in physics | 0.835177 |
3,246 | The only complex root of 0 is 0. The nth roots of almost all numbers (all integers except the nth powers, and all rationals except the quotients of two nth powers) are irrational. For example, 2 = 1.414213562 … {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}=1.414213562\ldots } All nth roots of rational numbers are algebraic numbers, and a... | Principal root | 0.835176 |
3,247 | The Computer Science Tripos (CST) is the undergraduate course in computer science offered by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. It evolved out of the Diploma in Computer Science, the world's first taught course in computer science, which started in 1953. Successful candidates are awarded a Bachelor of Art... | Computer Science Tripos | 0.835168 |
3,248 | However, data points represent results of measurements and they do differ from points in Euclidean geometry. Thus quoting an average value containing three significant digits in the output with just one significant digit in the input data could be recognized as an example of false precision. With the implied accuracy o... | Zeroth order approximation | 0.835167 |
3,249 | Not every conjecture ends up being proven true or false. The continuum hypothesis, which tries to ascertain the relative cardinality of certain infinite sets, was eventually shown to be independent from the generally accepted set of Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms of set theory. It is therefore possible to adopt this statement... | Mathematical conjecture | 0.835166 |
3,250 | Soon after, Shamos described the one-dimensional problem and its history at a Carnegie Mellon University seminar attended by Jay Kadane, who designed within a minute an O(n)-time algorithm, which is as fast as possible. In 1982, David Gries obtained the same O(n)-time algorithm by applying Dijkstra's "standard strategy... | Maximum subarray problem | 0.835166 |
3,251 | Thus, the device would not violate the laws of thermodynamics. Vacuum energy and zero-point energy: In order to explain effects such as virtual particles and the Casimir effect, many formulations of quantum physics include a background energy which pervades empty space, known as vacuum or zero-point energy. The ability... | Perpetual machine | 0.835165 |
3,252 | The book was reviewed by John R. Taylor, among others. It has also been recommended in other, more advanced, textbooks on the subject.According to physicists Yoni Kahn of Princeton University and Adam Anderson of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Griffiths' Quantum Mechanics covers all materials needed for que... | Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (book) | 0.835163 |
3,253 | 1 is by convention neither a prime number nor a composite number, but a unit (meaning of ring theory) like −1 and, in the Gaussian integers, i and −i. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic guarantees unique factorization over the integers only up to units. For example, 4 = 22, but if units are included, is also equal t... | 1 | 0.835154 |
3,254 | Such problems exist with methods that employ machine learning approaches too.Another problem related to the knowledge base is how to make updates of its knowledge quickly and effectively. Also how to add a new piece of knowledge (i.e., where to add it among many rules) is challenging. Modern approaches that rely on mac... | Expert System | 0.835148 |
3,255 | The logical data model of vector graphics is based on the mathematics of coordinate geometry, in which shapes are defined as a set of points in a two- or three-dimensional cartesian coordinate system, as p = (x, y) or p = (x, y, z). Because almost all shapes consist of an infinite number of points, the vector model def... | Vector art | 0.835147 |
3,256 | Although no such puzzle could ever be physically constructed, the rules of how they operate are quite rigorously defined mathematically and are analogous to the rules found in three-dimensional geometry. Hence, they can be simulated by software. As with the mechanical sequential move puzzles, there are records for solv... | N-dimensional sequential move puzzle | 0.835142 |
3,257 | Pre-conference tutorials have played an important role in ISMB since the first conference. Tutorials at ISMB 1994 included introductions to genetic algorithms, neural networks, AI for molecular biologists and molecular biology for computer scientists. Tutorials on computational mass spectrometry-based proteomics and EN... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.835137 |
3,258 | Both hardware and software parallelization can be applied. An example for heuristic optimization is the rule "maximum value of an array resulting from the cell-wise addition of two input images is equivalent to adding the maximum values of each input array". By replacing the left-hand variant by the right-hand expressi... | Array DBMS | 0.835137 |
3,259 | Friedman, Dan, and Adji Bousso Dieng. "The Vendi Score: A Diversity Evaluation Metric for Machine Learning." (2022). This paper introduces a novel framework to measure the diversity of an AI model and to detect bias, which agrees with previous methodologies but generalizes and outperforms them. | Adji Bousso Dieng | 0.835135 |
3,260 | Boundary conditions are often well defined in other branches of civil engineering, but unlike steel or concrete, the material properties and behavior of soil are difficult to predict due to its variability and limitation on investigation. Furthermore, soil exhibits nonlinear (stress-dependent) strength, stiffness, and ... | Civil works | 0.835135 |
3,261 | Classifier (mathematics) and Statistical classificationAlternating decision tree Artificial neural network (see below) K-nearest neighbor algorithm Kernel methodsSupport vector machine Naive Bayes classifier | Outline of artificial intelligence | 0.835131 |
3,262 | Space is one of the few fundamental quantities in physics, meaning that it cannot be defined via other quantities because there is nothing more fundamental known at present. Thus, similar to the definition of other fundamental quantities (like time and mass), space is defined via measurement. Currently, the standard sp... | Philosophy of physics | 0.83513 |
3,263 | Other islands of stability beyond the known elements may also be possible, including one theorised around element 164, though the extent of stabilizing effects from closed nuclear shells is uncertain. It is not clear how many elements beyond the expected island of stability are physically possible, whether period 8 is ... | Unpenttrium | 0.835127 |
3,264 | A near-semiring is a set S with two binary operations "+" and "·", and a constant 0 such that (S, +, 0) is a monoid (not necessarily commutative), (S, ·) is a semigroup, these structures are related by a single (right or left) distributive law, and accordingly 0 is a one-sided (right or left, respectively) absorbing el... | Near-semiring | 0.835125 |
3,265 | Geometry – mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, the relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Geometry is used extensively in trigonometry. Angle – the angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. Angle... | Outline of trigonometry | 0.835122 |
3,266 | Kronecker's (and Hilbert's) question addresses the situation of a more general algebraic number field K: what are the algebraic numbers necessary to construct all abelian extensions of K? The complete answer to this question has been completely worked out only when K is an imaginary quadratic field or its generalizatio... | Hilbert's twelfth problem | 0.835119 |
3,267 | According to Robert W. Scharstein from the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Alabama, the mathematics used in the third edition is just enough to convey the subject and the problems are valuable teaching tools that do not involve the "plug and chug disease." Although students of electrical engin... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.835119 |
3,268 | In 2010, physicists Stephen Hsu and James Schombert of the University of Oregon examined five years of student records at their school and discovered that the academic standing of students majoring in mathematics or physics (but not biology, English, sociology, or history) was strongly dependent on SAT mathematics scor... | Scholastic aptitude test | 0.835116 |
3,269 | EXPTIME can also be reformulated as the space class APSPACE, the set of all problems that can be solved by an alternating Turing machine in polynomial space. EXPTIME relates to the other basic time and space complexity classes in the following way: P ⊆ NP ⊆ PSPACE ⊆ EXPTIME ⊆ NEXPTIME ⊆ EXPSPACE. Furthemore, by the tim... | Exponential running time | 0.835116 |
3,270 | Bioinformatics (sometimes called Bioinformatics Oxford journal) is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research and software in bioinformatics and computational biology. It is the official journal of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB), together with PLOS Computational Biology. A... | Bioinformatics (journal) | 0.835111 |
3,271 | In organic chemistry, secondary amino acids are amino acids which do not contain the amino group −NH2 but is rather a secondary amine (>NH). Secondary amino acids can be classified to cyclic acids, such as proline, and acyclic N-substituted amino acids.In nature, proline, hydroxyproline, pipecolic acid and sarcosine ar... | Secondary amino acid | 0.835111 |
3,272 | Because DNA collects mutations over time, which are then inherited, it contains historical information, and, by comparing DNA sequences, geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms, their phylogeny. This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in evolutionary biology. If DNA sequences within a species... | Extracellular DNA | 0.835111 |
3,273 | If x(t) represents the position of an object at time t, then the higher-order derivatives of x have specific interpretations in physics. The first derivative of x is the object's velocity. The second derivative of x is the acceleration. | First-order derivative expression | 0.835107 |
3,274 | (Ds, Rg and Cn are still missing). These are the real-valued orbitals commonly used in chemistry. | Atomic orbitals | 0.835107 |
3,275 | Ab initio- or de novo- protein modelling methods seek to build three-dimensional protein models "from scratch", i.e., based on physical principles rather than (directly) on previously solved structures. There are many possible procedures that either attempt to mimic protein folding or apply some stochastic method to se... | Protein folding problem | 0.835104 |
3,276 | In molecular biology, protein threading, also known as fold recognition, is a method of protein modeling which is used to model those proteins which have the same fold as proteins of known structures, but do not have homologous proteins with known structure. It differs from the homology modeling method of structure pre... | Fold recognition | 0.835099 |
3,277 | Classes at Mathcamp come in four difficulty levels. The easier classes often include basic proof techniques, number theory, graph theory, and combinatorial game theory, while the more difficult classes cover advanced topics in abstract algebra, topology, theoretical computer science, category theory, and mathematical a... | Canada/USA Mathcamp | 0.835089 |
3,278 | Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4967. pp. | MilkyWay@home | 0.835086 |
3,279 | For example, in a one-factor confirmatory factor analysis with 4 items, there are 10 knowns (the six unique covariances among the four items and the four item variances) and 8 unknowns (4 factor loadings and 4 error variances) for 2 degrees of freedom. Degrees of freedom are important to the understanding of model fit ... | Degree of freedom (statistics) | 0.835084 |
3,280 | The SI unit of speed is the metre per second (m/s), but the most common unit of speed in everyday usage is the kilometre per hour (km/h) or, in the US and the UK, miles per hour (mph). For air and marine travel, the knot is commonly used. The fastest possible speed at which energy or information can travel, according t... | Speed | 0.835083 |
3,281 | There are two distinct senses of the word "undecidable" in mathematics and computer science. The first of these is the proof-theoretic sense used in relation to Gödel's theorems, that of a statement being neither provable nor refutable in a specified deductive system. The second sense, which will not be discussed here,... | Second incompleteness theorem | 0.835081 |
3,282 | During his or her education programme at Pharmakon—Danish College of Pharmacy Practice, the pharmaconomist student studies human and animal anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, pharmaconomy, pharmacy practice, pharmaceutics, toxicology, pharmacognosy, clinical pharmacy, pharmacotherapy, pharmaceutical sciences... | Pharmaconomist | 0.83508 |
3,283 | Wilkie proved that there are statements about the positive integers that cannot be proved using the eleven axioms above and showed what extra information is needed before such statements can be proved. Using Nevanlinna theory it has also been proved that if one restricts the kinds of exponential one takes then the abov... | Tarski's high school algebra problem | 0.835076 |
3,284 | C: Frank Wigglesworth Clarke of USGS and Henry Stephens Washington U: United States Geological Survey (USGS) B: Georg Ernst Wilhelm Berg F: Alexander Fersman G: Victor Goldschmidt M: Brian Mason K: Kenjiro Kimura H: Research on the history of chemistry | Clarke number | 0.835075 |
3,285 | To my reply that I did not know any physics at all, his answer was, "Anyone who can do well in my Greek can teach physics." "All right," said I, "you will have to take the consequences, but I will try and see what I can do with it." I at once purchased an Avery's Elements of Physics, and spent the greater part of my su... | Robert Andrews Millikan | 0.835075 |
3,286 | Physicist Wayne Saslow from Texas A&M University observed that some important new applications were added to the text, such as fiber optics and dielectric waveguides, which are crucial in modern communications technology, and synchrotron light sources, responsible for advances in condensed-matter physics, and that frag... | Classical Electrodynamics (book) | 0.835075 |
3,287 | Here, fa is some (as-yet-unknown) function that takes five arguments. Now the right-hand side is zero in any system of units; so it should be possible to express the relationship described by fa in terms of only dimensionless groups. There are many ways of combining the five arguments of fa to form dimensionless groups... | Drag equation | 0.835072 |
3,288 | Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5213. pp. | Star height problem | 0.835066 |
3,289 | Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 547. pp. | IDEA (cipher) | 0.835065 |
3,290 | No boundary conditions are necessary on open boundaries, though consistent values may be used with some problems. These are all Dirichlet conditions. The algebraic equations to be solved are simple to set up, but of course are non-linear, requiring iteration of the linearized equations. Similar considerations apply to ... | Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations | 0.835055 |
3,291 | By harnessing the computing power of the World Community Grid, researchers were able to calculate the electronic properties of tens of thousands of organic materials – many more than could ever be tested in a lab – and determine which candidates are most promising for developing affordable solar energy technology.Phase... | World Community Grid | 0.835055 |
3,292 | (That could be derived also by ramification arguments in algebraic number theory; see quadratic field.) As Gauss eventually showed, to evaluate P − P*, the correct square root to take is the positive (resp. i times positive real) one, in the two cases. Thus the explicit value of the period P is given by P = { − 1 + p 2... | Gaussian period | 0.835055 |
3,293 | Digital electronics inherently lacks the temperature sensitive drift and noise level issues of analog electronics and the slippage and "lash" issues of mechanical analog systems. For problems that can be expressed as differential equations, a hardware DDA can solve them much faster than a general purpose computer (usin... | Digital Differential Analyzer | 0.835054 |
3,294 | The table below summarizes how algebraic expressions compare with several other types of mathematical expressions by the type of elements they may contain, according to common but not universal conventions. A rational algebraic expression (or rational expression) is an algebraic expression that can be written as a quot... | Algebraic expression | 0.83505 |
3,295 | Christl Donnelly and Wendy Leisenring. Worked on the comparison of transmission rates of HIV1 and HIV2 in a cohort of prostitutes in Senegal 1990–1991. Publication: Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 55:731-743, 1993. Sandro Galea - Variability and vulnerability at the ecological level: Implications for understanding the... | Tamara Awerbuch-Friedlander | 0.835047 |
3,296 | Note that in many applications the sets are only partial lattices: not every pair of elements has a meet or join. Pointless topology Lattice of subgroups Spectral space Invariant subspace Closure operator Abstract interpretation Subsumption lattice Fuzzy set theory Algebraizations of first-order logic Semantics of prog... | Lattice Homomorphism | 0.835047 |
3,297 | Common dielectric materials include glass, quartz, ceramics and polymers. The gap distance between electrodes varies considerably, from less than 0.1 mm in plasma displays, several millimetres in ozone generators and up to several centimetres in CO2 lasers. Depending on the geometry, DBD can be generated in a volume (V... | Dielectric Barrier Discharge | 0.835046 |
3,298 | Modern day solar physics is focused towards understanding the many phenomena observed with the help of modern telescopes and satellites. Of particular interest are the structure of the solar photosphere, the coronal heat problem and sunspots. | Solar physicist | 0.835045 |
3,299 | The permanently allocated variables and the statistics registers may also be accessed indirectly, using negative sequence numbers of -1 to -32. The calculator provides a set of 41 mathematical and physical constants, which may be scrolled through and selected using the CONST key. A set of 12 binary flags are available;... | HP 35s | 0.835044 |
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