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1,100 | The terms computational biology and evolutionary computation have a similar name, but are not to be confused. Unlike computational biology, evolutionary computation is not concerned with modeling and analyzing biological data. It instead creates algorithms based on the ideas of evolution across species. Sometimes refer... | Computational biologist | 0.841404 |
1,101 | Computational biology, bioinformatics and mathematical biology are all interdisciplinary approaches to the life sciences that draw from quantitative disciplines such as mathematics and information science. The NIH describes computational/mathematical biology as the use of computational/mathematical approaches to addres... | Computational biologist | 0.841404 |
1,102 | Systems biology consists of computing the interactions between various biological systems ranging from the cellular level to entire populations with the goal of discovering emergent properties. This process usually involves networking cell signaling and metabolic pathways. Systems biology often uses computational techn... | Computational biologist | 0.841404 |
1,103 | A majority of researchers believe this will be essential in developing modern medical approaches to creating new drugs and gene therapy. A useful modeling approach is to use Petri nets via tools such as esyN.Along similar lines, until recent decades theoretical ecology has largely dealt with analytic models that were d... | Computational biologist | 0.841404 |
1,104 | Mathematical biology is the use of mathematical models of living organisms to examine the systems that govern structure, development, and behavior in biological systems. This entails a more theoretical approach to problems, rather than its more empirically-minded counterpart of experimental biology. Mathematical biolog... | Computational biologist | 0.841404 |
1,105 | Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid). Modified amino acids are sometime... | Biological molecule | 0.8414 |
1,106 | Biology and its subfields of biochemistry and molecular biology study biomolecules and their reactions. Most biomolecules are organic compounds, and just four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—make up 96% of the human body's mass. But many other elements, such as the various biometals, are also present in... | Biological molecule | 0.8414 |
1,107 | Genetics is the study of how genetic differences affect organisms. Genetics attempts to predict how mutations, individual genes and genetic interactions can affect the expression of a phenotypeWhile researchers practice techniques specific to molecular biology, it is common to combine these with methods from genetics a... | Molecular Microbiology | 0.841399 |
1,108 | The terms northern, western and eastern blotting are derived from what initially was a molecular biology joke that played on the term Southern blotting, after the technique described by Edwin Southern for the hybridisation of blotted DNA. Patricia Thomas, developer of the RNA blot which then became known as the norther... | Molecular Microbiology | 0.841399 |
1,109 | The following list describes a viewpoint on the interdisciplinary relationships between molecular biology and other related fields. Molecular biology is the study of the molecular underpinnings of the biological phenomena, focusing on molecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms and interactions. Biochemistry is the s... | Molecular Microbiology | 0.841399 |
1,110 | This led to the discovery of DNA material in other microorganisms, plants, and animals.The field of molecular biology includes techniques which enable scientists to learn about molecular processes. These techniques are be used to efficiently target new drugs, diagnose disease, and better understand cell physiology. Som... | Molecular Microbiology | 0.841399 |
1,111 | Molecular biology is the study of chemical and physical structure of biological macromolecules. It is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.Molecular biology was first des... | Molecular Microbiology | 0.841399 |
1,112 | The Stem Player is an audio remix device and music streaming platform developed by British technology company Kano Computing in collaboration with American artist Kanye West. The device was launched in August 2021 in conjunction with the release of West's 10th studio album Donda.The Stem Player has four touch-sensitive... | Stem Player | 0.841369 |
1,113 | Instead of merging two blocks at a time, a ping-pong merge merges four blocks at a time. The four sorted blocks are merged simultaneously to auxiliary space into two sorted blocks, then the two sorted blocks are merged back to main memory. Doing so omits the copy operation and reduces the total number of moves by half.... | Natural merge sort | 0.841361 |
1,114 | In physics, two objects are said to be coupled when they are interacting with each other. In classical mechanics, coupling is a connection between two oscillating systems, such as pendulums connected by a spring. The connection affects the oscillatory pattern of both objects. In particle physics, two particles are coup... | Field coupling | 0.84136 |
1,115 | Classical interatomic potentials often exceed the accuracy of simplified quantum mechanical methods such as density functional theory at a million times lower computational cost. The use of interatomic potentials is recommended for the simulation of nanomaterials, biomacromolecules, and electrolytes from atoms up to mi... | Interatomic potentials | 0.841299 |
1,116 | Force fields are used for the simulation of metals, ceramics, molecules, chemistry, and biological systems, covering the entire periodic table and multiphase materials. Today's performance is among the best for solid-state materials, molecular fluids, and for biomacromolecules, whereby biomacromolecules were the primar... | Interatomic potentials | 0.841299 |
1,117 | A force field is the collection of parameters to describe the physical interactions between atoms or physical units (up to ~108) using a given energy expression. The term force field characterizes the collection of parameters for a given interatomic potential (energy function) and is often used within the computational... | Interatomic potentials | 0.841299 |
1,118 | For any but the simplest model forms, sophisticated optimization and machine learning methods are necessary for useful potentials. The aim of most potential functions and fitting is to make the potential transferable, i.e. that it can describe materials properties that are clearly different from those it was fitted to ... | Interatomic potentials | 0.841299 |
1,119 | Hence all analytical interatomic potentials are by necessity approximations. Over time interatomic potentials have largely grown more complex and more accurate, although this is not strictly true. This has included both increased descriptions of physics, as well as added parameters. | Interatomic potentials | 0.841299 |
1,120 | If each of the features makes an independent contribution to the output, then algorithms based on linear functions (e.g., linear regression, logistic regression, support-vector machines, naive Bayes) and distance functions (e.g., nearest neighbor methods, support-vector machines with Gaussian kernels) generally perform... | Supervised learning | 0.841296 |
1,121 | Other factors to consider when choosing and applying a learning algorithm include the following: Heterogeneity of the data. If the feature vectors include features of many different kinds (discrete, discrete ordered, counts, continuous values), some algorithms are easier to apply than others. Many algorithms, including... | Supervised learning | 0.841296 |
1,122 | Bioinformatics Cheminformatics Quantitative structure–activity relationship Database marketing Handwriting recognition Information retrieval Learning to rank Information extraction Object recognition in computer vision Optical character recognition Spam detection Pattern recognition Speech recognition Supervised learni... | Supervised learning | 0.841296 |
1,123 | In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non... | Genome sequences | 0.84129 |
1,124 | Microorganisms are essential tools in biotechnology, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology. The yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe are important model organisms in science, since they are simple eukaryotes that can be grown rapidly in large numbers and are easily manipulated. They are... | Microbial life | 0.84122 |
1,125 | In Northern Ireland, Additional Mathematics was offered as a GCSE subject by the local examination board, CCEA. There were two examination papers: one which tested topics in Pure Mathematics, and one which tested topics in Mechanics and Statistics. It was discontinued in 2014 and replaced with GCSE Further Mathematics—... | Additional Mathematics | 0.841174 |
1,126 | In Mauritius, Additional Mathematics, more commonly referred to as Add Maths, is offered in secondary school as an optional subject in the Arts Streams, and a compulsory subject in the Science, Technical and Economics Stream. This subject is included in the University of Cambridge International Examinations, with cover... | Additional Mathematics | 0.841174 |
1,127 | In Malaysia, Additional Mathematics is offered as an elective to upper secondary students within the public education system. This subject is included in the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia examination. Science stream students are required to apply for Additional Mathematics as one of the subjects in the Sijil Pelajaran Malay... | Additional Mathematics | 0.841174 |
1,128 | AQA's syllabus also includes a wide selection of matrices work, which is an AS Further Mathematics topic. AQA's syllabus is much more famous than Edexcel's, mainly for its controversial decision to award an A* with Distinction (A^), a grade higher than the maximum possible grade in any Level 2 qualification; it is know... | Additional Mathematics | 0.841174 |
1,129 | Starting from 2012, Edexcel and AQA have started a new course which is an IGCSE in Further Maths. Edexcel and AQA both offer completely different courses, with Edexcel including the calculation of solids formed through integration, and AQA not including integration. AQA's syllabus mainly offers further algebra, with th... | Additional Mathematics | 0.841174 |
1,130 | In Singapore, Additional Mathematics is an optional subject offered to pupils in secondary school—specifically those who have an aptitude in Mathematics and are in the Normal (Academic) stream or Express stream. The syllabus covered is more in-depth as compared to Elementary Mathematics, with additional topics includin... | Additional Mathematics | 0.841174 |
1,131 | In Hong Kong, the syllabus of HKCEE additional mathematics covered three main topics, algebra, calculus and analytic geometry. In algebra, the topics covered include mathematical induction, binomial theorem, quadratic equations, trigonometry, inequalities, 2D-vectors and complex number, whereas in calculus, the topics ... | Additional Mathematics | 0.841174 |
1,132 | Within the atmospheric sciences, atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere. Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using fluid flow equations, radiation budget, and energy transfer processes in the atmosphere (as well as... | Atmospheric Physics | 0.84113 |
1,133 | Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of clouds. Clouds are composed of microscopic droplets of water (warm clouds), tiny crystals of ice, or both (mixed phase clouds). Under suitable conditions, the droplets combine to form precipitation, where they m... | Atmospheric Physics | 0.84113 |
1,134 | radar, lidar, and SODAR are examples of active remote sensing techniques used in atmospheric physics where the time delay between emission and return is measured, establishing the location, height, speed and direction of an object.Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data on dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remo... | Atmospheric Physics | 0.84113 |
1,135 | The US National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center also carries out studies of the high atmosphere. In Belgium, the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy studies the atmosphere and outer space. In France, there are several public or private entities researching the atmosphere, as an example météo-France (Météo-France), sev... | Atmospheric Physics | 0.84113 |
1,136 | In the UK, atmospheric studies are underpinned by the Met Office, the Natural Environment Research Council and the Science and Technology Facilities Council. Divisions of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) oversee research projects and weather modeling involving atmospheric physics. | Atmospheric Physics | 0.84113 |
1,137 | In some countries, both what would be translated as "engineering physics" and what would be translated as "technical physics" are disciplines leading to academic degrees, with the former specializing in nuclear power research, and the latter closer to engineering physics. In some institutions, an engineering (or applie... | Engineering physics | 0.841102 |
1,138 | Unlike traditional engineering disciplines, engineering science/physics is not necessarily confined to a particular branch of science, engineering or physics. Instead, engineering science/physics is meant to provide a more thorough grounding in applied physics for a selected specialty such as optics, quantum physics, m... | Engineering physics | 0.841102 |
1,139 | Qualified engineering physicists, with a degree in Engineering Physics, can work professionally as engineers and/or physicists in the high technology industries and beyond, becoming domain experts in multiple engineering and scientific fields. | Engineering physics | 0.841102 |
1,140 | Molecular Systems Biology is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering systems biology at the molecular level (examples include: genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbial systems, the integration of cell signaling and regulatory networks), synthetic biology, and systems medicine. It was established in... | Molecular Systems Biology | 0.841095 |
1,141 | ROOT is designed for high computing efficiency, as it is required to process data from the Large Hadron Collider's experiments estimated at several petabytes per year. As of 2009 ROOT is mainly used in data analysis and data acquisition in particle physics (high energy physics) experiments, and most current experimenta... | ROOT | 0.841082 |
1,142 | It provides platform independent access to a computer's graphics subsystem and operating system using abstract layers. Parts of the abstract platform are: a graphical user interface and a GUI builder, container classes, reflection, a C++ script and command line interpreter (CINT in version 5, cling in version 6), objec... | ROOT | 0.841082 |
1,143 | Several particle physics collaborations have written software based on ROOT, often in favor of using more generic solutions (e.g. using ROOT containers instead of STL). Some of the running particle physics experiments using software based on ROOT ALICE ATLAS BaBar experiment Belle Experiment (an electron positron colli... | ROOT | 0.841081 |
1,144 | ROOT is an object-oriented computer program and library developed by CERN. It was originally designed for particle physics data analysis and contains several features specific to the field, but it is also used in other applications such as astronomy and data mining. The latest minor release is 6.28, as of 2023-02-03. | ROOT | 0.841081 |
1,145 | Consideration was then extended to short, replicating RNA molecules assumed to be similar to the earliest forms of life in the RNA world. It was shown that the underlying order-generating processes in the non-biological systems and in replicating RNA are basically similar. This approach helped clarify the relationship ... | Higher organisms | 0.84103 |
1,146 | A master equation is a phenomenological set of first-order differential equations describing the time evolution of (usually) the probability of a system to occupy each one of a discrete set of states with regard to a continuous time variable t. The most familiar form of a master equation is a matrix form: d P → d t = A... | Master equation | 0.841001 |
1,147 | Many physical problems in classical, quantum mechanics and problems in other sciences, can be reduced to the form of a master equation, thereby performing a great simplification of the problem (see mathematical model). The Lindblad equation in quantum mechanics is a generalization of the master equation describing the ... | Master equation | 0.841001 |
1,148 | A quantum master equation is a generalization of the idea of a master equation. Rather than just a system of differential equations for a set of probabilities (which only constitutes the diagonal elements of a density matrix), quantum master equations are differential equations for the entire density matrix, including ... | Master equation | 0.841 |
1,149 | For each state k, the increase in occupation probability depends on the contribution from all other states to k, and is given by: ∑ ℓ A k ℓ P ℓ , {\displaystyle \sum _{\ell }A_{k\ell }P_{\ell },} where P ℓ {\displaystyle P_{\ell }} is the probability for the system to be in the state ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } , while the... | Master equation | 0.841 |
1,150 | In physics, chemistry, and related fields, master equations are used to describe the time evolution of a system that can be modeled as being in a probabilistic combination of states at any given time, and the switching between states is determined by a transition rate matrix. The equations are a set of differential equ... | Master equation | 0.841 |
1,151 | Newton's minimal resistance problem is a problem of finding a solid of revolution which experiences a minimum resistance when it moves through a homogeneous fluid with constant velocity in the direction of the axis of revolution, named after Isaac Newton, who studied the problem in 1685 and published it in 1687 in his ... | Newton's minimal resistance problem | 0.840992 |
1,152 | In organic chemistry and biochemistry it is customary to use pKa values for acid dissociation equilibria. p K a = − log K d i s s = log ( 1 K d i s s ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }=-\log K_{\mathrm {diss} }=\log \left({\frac {1}{K_{\mathrm {diss} }}}\right)\,} where log denotes a logarithm to base 10... | Equilibrium constants | 0.840973 |
1,153 | Statistical genetics is a scientific field concerned with the development and application of statistical methods for drawing inferences from genetic data. The term is most commonly used in the context of human genetics. Research in statistical genetics generally involves developing theory or methodology to support rese... | Statistical genetics | 0.840972 |
1,154 | In 1978, Zeldovich noted the magnetic monopole problem, which was an unambiguous quantitative version of the horizon problem, this time in a subfield of particle physics, which led to several speculative attempts to resolve it. In 1980 Alan Guth realized that false vacuum decay in the early universe would solve the pro... | Magnetic monopole problem | 0.840969 |
1,155 | The discovery of flux compactifications opened the way for reconciling inflation and string theory. Brane inflation suggests that inflation arises from the motion of D-branes in the compactified geometry, usually towards a stack of anti-D-branes. This theory, governed by the Dirac-Born-Infeld action, is different from ... | Magnetic monopole problem | 0.840969 |
1,156 | Therefore, the angle between the side of lengths a and b in the original triangle is a right angle. The above proof of the converse makes use of the Pythagorean theorem itself. The converse can also be proved without assuming the Pythagorean theorem.A corollary of the Pythagorean theorem's converse is a simple means of... | Pythagorean equation | 0.840932 |
1,157 | Construct a second triangle with sides of length a and b containing a right angle. By the Pythagorean theorem, it follows that the hypotenuse of this triangle has length c = √a2 + b2, the same as the hypotenuse of the first triangle. Since both triangles' sides are the same lengths a, b and c, the triangles are congrue... | Pythagorean equation | 0.840932 |
1,158 | The converse of the theorem is also true: Given a triangle with sides of length a, b, and c, if a2 + b2 = c2, then the angle between sides a and b is a right angle. For any three positive real numbers a, b, and c such that a2 + b2 = c2, there exists a triangle with sides a, b and c as a consequence of the converse of t... | Pythagorean equation | 0.840932 |
1,159 | For example, in spherical geometry, all three sides of the right triangle (say a, b, and c) bounding an octant of the unit sphere have length equal to π/2, and all its angles are right angles, which violates the Pythagorean theorem because a 2 + b 2 = 2 c 2 > c 2 {\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}=2c^{2}>c^{2}} . Here two case... | Pythagorean equation | 0.840932 |
1,160 | The Pythagorean theorem is derived from the axioms of Euclidean geometry, and in fact, were the Pythagorean theorem to fail for some right triangle, then the plane in which this triangle is contained cannot be Euclidean. More precisely, the Pythagorean theorem implies, and is implied by, Euclid's Parallel (Fifth) Postu... | Pythagorean equation | 0.840932 |
1,161 | On each of the sides BC, AB, and CA, squares are drawn, CBDE, BAGF, and ACIH, in that order. The construction of squares requires the immediately preceding theorems in Euclid, and depends upon the parallel postulate. From A, draw a line parallel to BD and CE. | Pythagorean equation | 0.840932 |
1,162 | The finite simple groups are important because in a certain sense they are the "basic building blocks" of all finite groups, somewhat similar to the way prime numbers are the basic building blocks of the integers. This is expressed by the Jordan–Hölder theorem which states that any two composition series of a given gro... | Simple groups | 0.840929 |
1,163 | The famous theorem of Feit and Thompson states that every group of odd order is solvable. Therefore, every finite simple group has even order unless it is cyclic of prime order. The Schreier conjecture asserts that the group of outer automorphisms of every finite simple group is solvable. This can be proved using the c... | Simple groups | 0.840929 |
1,164 | Sylow's test: Let n be a positive integer that is not prime, and let p be a prime divisor of n. If 1 is the only divisor of n that is congruent to 1 modulo p, then there does not exist a simple group of order n. Proof: If n is a prime-power, then a group of order n has a nontrivial center and, therefore, is not simple.... | Simple groups | 0.840929 |
1,165 | In graph theory, a planar graph is a graph that can be embedded in the plane, i.e., it can be drawn on the plane in such a way that its edges intersect only at their endpoints. In other words, it can be drawn in such a way that no edges cross each other. Such a drawing is called a plane graph or planar embedding of the... | 2-dimensional space | 0.840869 |
1,166 | In topology, the plane is characterized as being the unique contractible 2-manifold. Its dimension is characterized by the fact that removing a point from the plane leaves a space that is connected, but not simply connected. | 2-dimensional space | 0.840869 |
1,167 | Other examples are readily found in different areas of mathematics, such as vector addition, matrix multiplication, and conjugation in groups. An operation of arity two that involves several sets is sometimes also called a binary operation. For example, scalar multiplication of vector spaces takes a scalar and a vector... | Binary operation | 0.840847 |
1,168 | In the early 2020s, molecular biology entered a golden age defined by both vertical and horizontal technical development. Vertically, novel technologies are allowing for real-time monitoring of biological processes at the atomic level. Molecular biologists today have access to increasingly affordable sequencing data at... | Molecular Biology | 0.840843 |
1,169 | Hence, there is an isomorphism between the category of groups and the category of discrete groups. Discrete groups can therefore be identified with their underlying (non-topological) groups. There are some occasions when a topological group or Lie group is usefully endowed with the discrete topology, 'against nature'. | Discrete group | 0.840829 |
1,170 | In mathematics, a topological group G is called a discrete group if there is no limit point in it (i.e., for each element in G, there is a neighborhood which only contains that element). Equivalently, the group G is discrete if and only if its identity is isolated.A subgroup H of a topological group G is a discrete sub... | Discrete group | 0.840829 |
1,171 | Subtracting 1 from the right hand side of the Equation (4) and the middle portion gives q C q H = − T C T H {\displaystyle {\frac {q_{\text{C}}}{q_{\text{H}}}}=-{\frac {T_{\text{C}}}{T_{\text{H}}}}} and thus The generalization of this equation is the Clausius theorem, which proposes the existence of a state function S ... | Absolute Temperature | 0.840809 |
1,172 | Thus the efficiency depends only on |qC| / |qH|. Carnot's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient. Thus, any reversible heat engine operating between temperatures T1 and T2 must have the same efficiency, that is to say, the efficiency is the function o... | Absolute Temperature | 0.840809 |
1,173 | For instance, room-temperature nitrogen, which is a diatomic molecule, has five active degrees of freedom: the three comprising translational motion plus two rotational degrees of freedom internally. Not surprisingly, in accordance with the equipartition theorem, nitrogen has five-thirds the specific heat capacity per ... | Absolute Temperature | 0.840809 |
1,174 | This phenomenon is described by the equipartition theorem, which states that for any bulk quantity of a substance in equilibrium, the kinetic energy of particle motion is evenly distributed among all the active degrees of freedom available to the particles. Since the internal temperature of molecules are usually equal ... | Absolute Temperature | 0.840809 |
1,175 | The Boltzmann constant and its related formulas describe the realm of particle kinetics and velocity vectors whereas ZPE (zero-point energy) is an energy field that jostles particles in ways described by the mathematics of quantum mechanics. In atomic and molecular collisions in gases, ZPE introduces a degree of chaos,... | Absolute Temperature | 0.840809 |
1,176 | The earliest versions of classifiers were logic theorem provers. The first classifier to work with a Frame language was the KL-ONE classifier. A later system built on common lisp was LOOM from the Information Sciences Institute. LOOM provided true object-oriented capabilities leveraging the Common Lisp Object System, a... | Deductive classifier | 0.840792 |
1,177 | If the declarations are consistent the classifier can then assert additional information based on the input. For example, it can add information about existing classes, create additional classes, etc. This differs from traditional inference engines that trigger off of IF-THEN conditions in rules. Classifiers are also s... | Deductive classifier | 0.840792 |
1,178 | A deductive classifier is a type of artificial intelligence inference engine. It takes as input a set of declarations in a frame language about a domain such as medical research or molecular biology. For example, the names of classes, sub-classes, properties, and restrictions on allowable values. The classifier determi... | Deductive classifier | 0.840792 |
1,179 | As Levesque demonstrated, the closer a knowledge representation mechanism comes to FOL, the more likely it is to result in expressions that require infinite or unacceptably large resources to compute.As a result of this trade-off, a great deal of early work on knowledge representation for artificial intelligence involv... | Deductive classifier | 0.840792 |
1,180 | A classic problem in knowledge representation for artificial intelligence is the trade off between the expressive power and the computational efficiency of the knowledge representation system. The most powerful form of knowledge representation is First Order Logic (FOL). However, it is not possible to implement knowled... | Deductive classifier | 0.840792 |
1,181 | Class II charges are derived from partitioning the molecular wave function using some arbitrary, orbital based scheme. Class III charges are based on a partitioning of a physical observable derived from the wave function, such as electron density. Class IV charges are derived from a semiempirical mapping of a precursor... | Partial charges | 0.840762 |
1,182 | Some methods for assigning partial atomic charges do not converge to a unique solution. In some materials, atoms in molecules analysis yields non-nuclear attractors describing electron density partitions that cannot be assigned to any atom in the material; in such cases, atoms in molecules analysis cannot assign partia... | Partial charges | 0.840762 |
1,183 | The resulting uncertainty in atomic charges is ±0.1e to ±0.2e for highly charged compounds, and often <0.1e for compounds with atomic charges below ±1.0e. Often, the application of one or two of the above concepts already leads to very good values, especially taking into account a growing library of experimental benchm... | Partial charges | 0.840762 |
1,184 | In the mathematical field of algebraic graph theory, the degree matrix of an undirected graph is a diagonal matrix which contains information about the degree of each vertex—that is, the number of edges attached to each vertex. It is used together with the adjacency matrix to construct the Laplacian matrix of a graph: ... | Degree matrix | 0.840744 |
1,185 | 3) They can be arranged into an array and can be named by indices I, J, K f (In three dimensions). These are also known as body fitted grids and works on the principle of mapping the flow domain onto computational domain with simple shape. The mapping is quite tedious if it involves Complex geometry. | Grid classification | 0.840716 |
1,186 | Difficulties associated with the curvilinear grids are related to equations.While in Cartesian system the equation can be solved easily with less difficulty but in curvilinear coordinate system it is difficult to solve the complex equations. Difference between various techniques lies in the fact that what type of grid ... | Grid classification | 0.840716 |
1,187 | This also makes the refinement in the region where the geometry is to be captured more precise. Figure 4 shows the use of block grid technique. | Grid classification | 0.840716 |
1,188 | In order to model this type of geometry we divide the flow region into various smaller sub domains. All these regions are meshed separately and joined up correctly with the neighbors. This type of arrangement is known as Block Structured Grid. | Grid classification | 0.840716 |
1,189 | shows how a cylinder can be approximated with the Cartesian coordinate system. The curve geometry of cylinder in Cartesian coordinate system is approximated by using stepwise approximation. But this method requires large time and is very tedious to work with. | Grid classification | 0.840716 |
1,190 | When the boundary region of the flow does not coincide with the coordinate lines of the structured grid then we can solve the problem by geometry approximation. Figures 1a. and 1b. | Grid classification | 0.840716 |
1,191 | Micropipette aspiration is primarily used for measuring absolute values of mechanical properties. On a cellular scale, it can map in space and time surface tension of interfaces within a tissue. On a tissue scale, it can measure mechanical properties such as viscoelasticity and tissue surface tension. Like AFM, it is a... | Cell biomechanics | 0.840701 |
1,192 | Thus, mechanical properties within cells were only supported qualitatively by observation. With these new discoveries, the role of mechanical forces within biology was not always naturally accepted. In 1850, English physician William Benjamin Carpenter wrote “many of the actions taking place in the living body are conf... | Cell biomechanics | 0.840701 |
1,193 | If they have, these devices have recently also become able to count the number of CTCs in a millimeter of blood. Using this value, medical professionals are able to determine the effectiveness of a chemotherapy treatment.More specific examples include Clare Boothe Luce Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at t... | Cell biomechanics | 0.840701 |
1,194 | By the divergence theorem, Gauss's law for the field P can be stated in differential form as: where ∇ · P is the divergence of the field P through a given surface containing the bound charge density ρ b {\displaystyle \rho _{b}} . | Bound charge | 0.840611 |
1,195 | In this equation, P is the (negative of the) field induced in the material when the "fixed" charges, the dipoles, shift in response to the total underlying field E, whereas D is the field due to the remaining charges, known as "free" charges.In general, P varies as a function of E depending on the medium, as described ... | Bound charge | 0.84061 |
1,196 | Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with contributions and insights from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary... | Plant sciences | 0.840526 |
1,197 | Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of nomenclature of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day for the naming of all biological species. In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plan... | Plant sciences | 0.840526 |
1,198 | Botany, also called plant science (or plant sciences), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "herbs"... | Plant sciences | 0.840526 |
1,199 | The goals of plant ecology are to understand the causes of their distribution patterns, productivity, environmental impact, evolution, and responses to environmental change.Plants depend on certain edaphic (soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too. For example, they can change th... | Plant sciences | 0.840526 |
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