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1,200 | Plant ecology is the science of the functional relationships between plants and their habitats – the environments where they complete their life cycles. Plant ecologists study the composition of local and regional floras, their biodiversity, genetic diversity and fitness, the adaptation of plants to their environment, ... | Plant sciences | 0.840526 |
1,201 | Other historically important work sought to provide biotic indices for classifying waters according to the biotic communities that they supported. This work continues to this day in Europe in the development of classification tools for assessing water bodies for the EU water framework directive.A hydrobiologist technic... | Hydrobiology | 0.840526 |
1,202 | Hydrobiology is the science of life and life processes in water. Much of modern hydrobiology can be viewed as a sub-discipline of ecology but the sphere of hydrobiology includes taxonomy, economic and industrial biology, morphology, and physiology. The one distinguishing aspect is that all fields relate to aquatic orga... | Hydrobiology | 0.840526 |
1,203 | The biologist technician usually has a training level bac +2 or bac +3: - DUT biological engineering options biological and biochemical analyzes (ABB), environmental engineering, - BTSA water professions - BTS GEMEAU - water management and control - BTS and regional controls - BTSA Agricultural, Biological and Biotechn... | Hydrobiology | 0.840526 |
1,204 | The following are the research interests of Hydrobiologists: Acidification impact on lake and reservoir ecosystems Ocean acidification Paleolimnology of remote mountain lakes Molecular ecology, phylogeography and taxonomy of Cladocera Chemical communication in plankton (prey-predator interaction) Biomanipulation of wat... | Hydrobiology | 0.840526 |
1,205 | The NCNR provides scientists access to a variety of neutron scattering instruments, which they use in many research fields (materials science, fuel cells, biotechnology, etc.). The SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility is a source of synchrotron radiation, in continuous operation since 1961. SURF III now ... | Physical Measurement Laboratory | 0.84049 |
1,206 | The reports confirm suspicions and technical grounds publicly raised by cryptographers in 2007 that the EC-DRBG could contain a kleptographic backdoor (perhaps placed in the standard by NSA).NIST responded to the allegations, stating that "NIST works to publish the strongest cryptographic standards possible" and that i... | Physical Measurement Laboratory | 0.84049 |
1,207 | In February 2014 NIST published the NIST Cybersecurity Framework that serves as voluntary guidance for organizations to manage and reduce cybersecurity risk. It was later amended and Version 1.1 was published in April 2018.Executive Order 13800, Strengthening the Cybersecurity of Federal Networks and Critical Infrastru... | Physical Measurement Laboratory | 0.84049 |
1,208 | Four scientific researchers at NIST have been awarded Nobel Prizes for work in physics: William Daniel Phillips in 1997, Eric Allin Cornell in 2001, John Lewis Hall in 2005 and David Jeffrey Wineland in 2012, which is the largest number for any US government laboratory. All four were recognized for their work related t... | Physical Measurement Laboratory | 0.84049 |
1,209 | All NASA-borne, extreme-ultraviolet observation instruments have been calibrated at SURF since the 1970s, and SURF is used for measurement and characterization of systems for extreme ultraviolet lithography. The Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) performs research in nanotechnology, both through interna... | Physical Measurement Laboratory | 0.84049 |
1,210 | In computer vision, face images have been used extensively to develop facial recognition systems, face detection, and many other projects that use images of faces. | Comparison of datasets in machine learning | 0.840453 |
1,211 | As datasets come in myriad formats and can sometimes be difficult to use, there has been considerable work put into curating and standardizing the format of datasets to make them easier to use for machine learning research. OpenML: Web platform with Python, R, Java, and other APIs for downloading hundreds of machine le... | Comparison of datasets in machine learning | 0.840453 |
1,212 | The data portals which are suitable for a specific subtype of machine learning application are listed in the subsequent sections. | Comparison of datasets in machine learning | 0.840453 |
1,213 | The data portal sometimes lists a wide variety of subtypes of datasets pertaining to many machine learning applications. | Comparison of datasets in machine learning | 0.840453 |
1,214 | These datasets consist primarily of text for tasks such as natural language processing, sentiment analysis, translation, and cluster analysis. | Comparison of datasets in machine learning | 0.840453 |
1,215 | These datasets are applied for machine learning (ML) research and have been cited in peer-reviewed academic journals. Datasets are an integral part of the field of machine learning. Major advances in this field can result from advances in learning algorithms (such as deep learning), computer hardware, and, less-intuiti... | Comparison of datasets in machine learning | 0.840453 |
1,216 | In the case of nickelocene, the extra two electrons are in orbitals which are weakly metal-carbon antibonding; this is why it often participates in reactions where the M–C bonds are broken and the electron count of the metal changes to 18.The 20-electron systems TM(CO)8− (TM = Sc, Y) have a cubic (Oh) equilibrium geome... | 18 electron rule | 0.840413 |
1,217 | In mathematics and statistics, a quantitative variable may be continuous or discrete if they are typically obtained by measuring or counting, respectively. If it can take on two particular real values such that it can also take on all real values between them (even values that are arbitrarily close together), the varia... | Discrete variables | 0.840397 |
1,218 | This is, for the moment, purely theoretical, as no one knows how to build an efficient quantum computer. Quantum complexity theory has been developed to study the complexity classes of problems solved using quantum computers. It is used in post-quantum cryptography, which consists of designing cryptographic protocols t... | Computational complexity | 0.840391 |
1,219 | A quantum computer is a computer whose model of computation is based on quantum mechanics. The Church–Turing thesis applies to quantum computers; that is, every problem that can be solved by a quantum computer can also be solved by a Turing machine. However, some problems may theoretically be solved with a much lower t... | Computational complexity | 0.840391 |
1,220 | The solution of some problems, typically in computer algebra and computational algebraic geometry, may be very large. In such a case, the complexity is lower bounded by the maximal size of the output, since the output must be written. For example, a system of n polynomial equations of degree d in n indeterminates may h... | Computational complexity | 0.840391 |
1,221 | Adaptive-control Data Mining Engineering Design Feature Selection Function Approximation Game-Play Image Classification Knowledge Handling Medical Diagnosis Modeling Navigation Optimization Prediction Querying Robotics Routing Rule-Induction Scheduling Strategy | Classifier system | 0.840372 |
1,222 | Learning classifier systems, or LCS, are a paradigm of rule-based machine learning methods that combine a discovery component (e.g. typically a genetic algorithm) with a learning component (performing either supervised learning, reinforcement learning, or unsupervised learning). Learning classifier systems seek to iden... | Classifier system | 0.840372 |
1,223 | The name, "Learning Classifier System (LCS)", is a bit misleading since there are many machine learning algorithms that 'learn to classify' (e.g. decision trees, artificial neural networks), but are not LCSs. The term 'rule-based machine learning (RBML)' is useful, as it more clearly captures the essential 'rule-based'... | Classifier system | 0.840372 |
1,224 | As a result, the LCS paradigm can be flexibly applied to many problem domains that call for machine learning. The major divisions among LCS implementations are as follows: (1) Michigan-style architecture vs. Pittsburgh-style architecture, (2) reinforcement learning vs. supervised learning, (3) incremental learning vs. ... | Classifier system | 0.840372 |
1,225 | As a result, LCS algorithms are rarely considered in comparison to other established machine learning approaches. This is likely due to the following factors: (1) LCS is a relatively complicated algorithmic approach, (2) LCS, rule-based modeling is a different paradigm of modeling than almost all other machine learning... | Classifier system | 0.840372 |
1,226 | Typically, most parameters can be left to the community determined defaults with the exception of two critical parameters: Maximum rule population size, and the maximum number of learning iterations. Optimizing these parameters are likely to be very problem dependent. Notoriety: Despite their age, LCS algorithms are st... | Classifier system | 0.840372 |
1,227 | Limited Software Availability: There are a limited number of open source, accessible LCS implementations, and even fewer that are designed to be user friendly or accessible to machine learning practitioners. Interpretation: While LCS algorithms are certainly more interpretable than some advanced machine learners, users... | Classifier system | 0.840372 |
1,228 | The discipline of combinatorial topology used combinatorial concepts in topology and in the early 20th century this turned into the field of algebraic topology. In 1978, the situation was reversed – methods from algebraic topology were used to solve a problem in combinatorics – when László Lovász proved the Kneser conj... | Discrete geometry | 0.840366 |
1,229 | Discrete geometry and combinatorial geometry are branches of geometry that study combinatorial properties and constructive methods of discrete geometric objects. Most questions in discrete geometry involve finite or discrete sets of basic geometric objects, such as points, lines, planes, circles, spheres, polygons, and... | Discrete geometry | 0.840366 |
1,230 | Digital geometry deals with discrete sets (usually discrete point sets) considered to be digitized models or images of objects of the 2D or 3D Euclidean space. Simply put, digitizing is replacing an object by a discrete set of its points. The images we see on the TV screen, the raster display of a computer, or in newsp... | Discrete geometry | 0.840366 |
1,231 | Although polyhedra and tessellations had been studied for many years by people such as Kepler and Cauchy, modern discrete geometry has its origins in the late 19th century. Early topics studied were: the density of circle packings by Thue, projective configurations by Reye and Steinitz, the geometry of numbers by Minko... | Discrete geometry | 0.840366 |
1,232 | A polytope is a geometric object with flat sides, which exists in any general number of dimensions. A polygon is a polytope in two dimensions, a polyhedron in three dimensions, and so on in higher dimensions (such as a 4-polytope in four dimensions). Some theories further generalize the idea to include such objects as ... | Discrete geometry | 0.840366 |
1,233 | Thus, S c {\displaystyle S_{c}} partitions into equivalence classes. Each equivalence class comprises a collection of quadratic irrationalities with each pair equivalent through the action of some matrix. Serret's theorem implies that the regular continued fraction expansions of equivalent quadratic irrationalities are... | Quadratic irrationalities | 0.840321 |
1,234 | This defines an injection from the quadratic irrationals to quadruples of integers, so their cardinality is at most countable; since on the other hand every square root of a prime number is a distinct quadratic irrational, and there are countably many prime numbers, they are at least countable; hence the quadratic irra... | Quadratic irrationalities | 0.840321 |
1,235 | In mathematics, a quadratic irrational number (also known as a quadratic irrational or quadratic surd) is an irrational number that is the solution to some quadratic equation with rational coefficients which is irreducible over the rational numbers. Since fractions in the coefficients of a quadratic equation can be cle... | Quadratic irrationalities | 0.840321 |
1,236 | The Feit–Thompson theorem states that every finite group of odd order is solvable. In particular this implies that if a finite group is simple, it is either a prime cyclic or of even order. | Solvable groups | 0.84029 |
1,237 | Stoney units is a system of geometrized units in which the Coulomb constant and the elementary charge are included. Hartree atomic units are a system of units used in atomic physics, particularly for describing the properties of electrons. The atomic units have been chosen to use several constants relating to the elect... | Systems of measurement | 0.840229 |
1,238 | Natural units are units of measurement defined in terms of universal physical constants in such a manner that selected physical constants take on the numerical value of one when expressed in terms of those units. Natural units are so named because their definition relies on only properties of nature and not on any huma... | Systems of measurement | 0.840229 |
1,239 | In dynamic covalent chemistry covalent bonds are broken and formed in a reversible reaction under thermodynamic control. While covalent bonds are key to the process, the system is directed by non-covalent forces to form the lowest energy structures. | Macromolecular system | 0.840215 |
1,240 | A major application of supramolecular chemistry is the design and understanding of catalysts and catalysis. Non-covalent interactions are extremely important in catalysis, binding reactants into conformations suitable for reaction and lowering the transition state energy of reaction. Template-directed synthesis is a sp... | Macromolecular system | 0.840215 |
1,241 | Porphyrins, and phthalocyanines have highly tunable photochemical and electrochemical activity as well as the potential to form complexes. Photochromic and photoisomerizable groups can change their shapes and properties, including binding properties, upon exposure to light. Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and quinones have mu... | Macromolecular system | 0.840215 |
1,242 | Many supramolecular systems require their components to have suitable spacing and conformations relative to each other, and therefore easily employed structural units are required. Commonly used spacers and connecting groups include polyether chains, biphenyls and triphenyls, and simple alkyl chains. The chemistry for ... | Macromolecular system | 0.840215 |
1,243 | A computer experiment or simulation experiment is an experiment used to study a computer simulation, also referred to as an in silico system. This area includes computational physics, computational chemistry, computational biology and other similar disciplines. | Computer experiment | 0.8402 |
1,244 | Modeling of computer experiments typically uses a Bayesian framework. Bayesian statistics is an interpretation of the field of statistics where all evidence about the true state of the world is explicitly expressed in the form of probabilities. In the realm of computer experiments, the Bayesian interpretation would imp... | Computer experiment | 0.8402 |
1,245 | {\displaystyle (\mathrm {d} G)_{T,P}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial \xi }}\right)_{T,P}\,\mathrm {d} \xi .\,} If we introduce the stoichiometric coefficient for the i-th component in the reaction ν i = ∂ N i / ∂ ξ {\displaystyle \nu _{i}=\partial N_{i}/\partial \xi \,} (negative for reactants), which tells how many... | Chemical Thermodynamics | 0.840195 |
1,246 | In solution chemistry and biochemistry, the Gibbs free energy decrease (∂G/∂ξ, in molar units, denoted cryptically by ΔG) is commonly used as a surrogate for (−T times) the global entropy produced by spontaneous chemical reactions in situations where no work is being done; or at least no "useful" work; i.e., other than... | Chemical Thermodynamics | 0.840195 |
1,247 | Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. Functional genomics make use of the vast data generated by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA sequencing). Functional genomics focuses on the dynamic ... | Functional genomics | 0.840161 |
1,248 | The promise of functional genomics is to generate and synthesize genomic and proteomic knowledge into an understanding of the dynamic properties of an organism. This could potentially provide a more complete picture of how the genome specifies function compared to studies of single genes. Integration of functional geno... | Functional genomics | 0.840161 |
1,249 | In seeking to explain atomic spectra, an entirely new mathematical model of matter was revealed. As far as atoms and their electron shells were concerned, not only did this yield a better overall description, i.e. the atomic orbital model, but it also provided a new theoretical basis for chemistry (quantum chemistry) a... | Atom physics | 0.84015 |
1,250 | The invention of the periodic system of elements by Dmitri Mendeleev was another great step forward. The true beginning of atomic physics is marked by the discovery of spectral lines and attempts to describe the phenomenon, most notably by Joseph von Fraunhofer. The study of these lines led to the Bohr atom model and t... | Atom physics | 0.84015 |
1,251 | One of the earliest steps towards atomic physics was the recognition that matter was composed of atoms. It forms a part of the texts written in 6th century BC to 2nd century BC, such as those of Democritus or Vaiśeṣika Sūtra written by Kaṇāda. This theory was later developed in the modern sense of the basic unit of a c... | Atom physics | 0.84015 |
1,252 | In mathematics, a plane is a two-dimensional space or flat surface that extends indefinitely. A plane is the two-dimensional analogue of a point (zero dimensions), a line (one dimension) and three-dimensional space. When working exclusively in two-dimensional Euclidean space, the definite article is used, so the Euclid... | Two-dimensional space | 0.840143 |
1,253 | An algorithm that uses geometric invariants to vote for object hypotheses Similar to pose clustering, however instead of voting on pose, we are now voting on geometry A technique originally developed for matching geometric features (uncalibrated affine views of plane models) against a database of such features Widely u... | Object classification | 0.840129 |
1,254 | Object recognition – technology in the field of computer vision for finding and identifying objects in an image or video sequence. Humans recognize a multitude of objects in images with little effort, despite the fact that the image of the objects may vary somewhat in different view points, in many different sizes and ... | Object classification | 0.840129 |
1,255 | For any A, B, and C subgroups of a group with A ≤ C (A subgroup of C) then AB ∩ C = A(B ∩ C); the multiplication here is the product of subgroups. This property has been called the modular property of groups (Aschbacher 2000) or (Dedekind's) modular law (Robinson 1996, Cohn 2000). Since for two normal subgroups the pro... | Lattice of subgroups | 0.840102 |
1,256 | Subgroups with certain properties form lattices, but other properties do not. Normal subgroups always form a modular lattice. In fact, the essential property that guarantees that the lattice is modular is that subgroups commute with each other, i.e. that they are quasinormal subgroups. Nilpotent normal subgroups form a... | Lattice of subgroups | 0.840102 |
1,257 | A common variant of the problem, assumed by several academic authors as the canonical problem, does not make the simplifying assumption that the host must uniformly choose the door to open, but instead that he uses some other strategy. The confusion as to which formalization is authoritative has led to considerable acr... | Monty Hall problem | 0.840064 |
1,258 | One discussant (William Bell) considered it a matter of taste whether one explicitly mentions that (under the standard conditions), which door is opened by the host is independent of whether one should want to switch. Among the simple solutions, the "combined doors solution" comes closest to a conditional solution, as ... | Monty Hall problem | 0.840064 |
1,259 | Many probability text books and articles in the field of probability theory derive the conditional probability solution through a formal application of Bayes' theorem; among them books by Gill and Henze. Use of the odds form of Bayes' theorem, often called Bayes' rule, makes such a derivation more transparent.Initially... | Monty Hall problem | 0.840064 |
1,260 | The emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen has been divided into a number of spectral series, with wavelengths given by the Rydberg formula. These observed spectral lines are due to the electron making transitions between two energy levels in an atom. The classification of the series by the Rydberg formula was important ... | Hydrogen spectrum | 0.840052 |
1,261 | The Bohr model was later replaced by quantum mechanics in which the electron occupies an atomic orbital rather than an orbit, but the allowed energy levels of the hydrogen atom remained the same as in the earlier theory. Spectral emission occurs when an electron transitions, or jumps, from a higher energy state to a lo... | Hydrogen spectrum | 0.840052 |
1,262 | In molecular biology, the iron response element or iron-responsive element (IRE) is a short conserved stem-loop which is bound by iron response proteins (IRPs, also named IRE-BP or IRBP). The IRE is found in UTRs (untranslated regions) of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism. For example, the mR... | Iron response element | 0.840002 |
1,263 | The Unit dummy force method provides a convenient means for computing displacements in structural systems. It is applicable for both linear and non-linear material behaviours as well as for systems subject to environmental effects, and hence more general than Castigliano's second theorem. | Unit dummy force method | 0.839959 |
1,264 | In April 2013, the company released a new version of the sequencer called the "PacBio RS II" that uses all 150,000 ZMW holes concurrently, doubling the throughput per experiment. The highest throughput mode in November 2013 used P5 binding, C3 chemistry, BluePippin size selection, and a PacBio RS II officially yielded ... | SMRT sequencing | 0.839912 |
1,265 | Throughput per SMRT cell is around 500 million bases demonstrated by sequencing results from the CHM1 cell line.On October 15, 2014, PacBio announced the release of new chemistry P6-C4 for the RS II system, which represents the company's 6th generation of polymerase and 4th generation chemistry--further extending the a... | SMRT sequencing | 0.839912 |
1,266 | The resulting P4 attributes provided higher-quality assemblies using fewer SMRT Cells and with improved variant calling. When coupled with input DNA size selection (using an electrophoresis instrument such as BluePippin) yields average read length over 7 kilobases.On October 3, 2013, PacBio released new reagent combina... | SMRT sequencing | 0.839912 |
1,267 | At commercialization, read length had a normal distribution with a mean of about 1100 bases. A new chemistry kit released in early 2012 increased the sequencer's read length; an early customer of the chemistry cited mean read lengths of 2500 to 2900 bases.The XL chemistry kit released in late 2012 increased average rea... | SMRT sequencing | 0.839912 |
1,268 | Sequencing performance can be measured in read length, accuracy, and total throughput per experiment. PacBio sequencing systems using ZMWs have the advantage of long read lengths, although error rates are on the order of 5-15% and sample throughput is lower than Illumina sequencing platforms.On 19 Sep 2018, Pacific Bio... | SMRT sequencing | 0.839912 |
1,269 | Motor units within a motor pool are recruited in a stereotypical order, from motor units that produce small amounts of force per spike, to those producing the largest force per spike. The gradient of motor unit force is correlated with a gradient in motor neuron soma size and motor neuron electrical excitability. This ... | Motor control | 0.839875 |
1,270 | As of 2011, some US clinical laboratories nevertheless used assays sold for "research use only".Laboratory processes need to adhere to regulations, such as the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Good Laboratory Practice, and Food and Drug Administration spec... | Molecular diagnosis | 0.839866 |
1,271 | The industrialisation of molecular biology assay tools has made it practical to use them in clinics. : foreword Miniaturisation into a single handheld device can bring medical diagnostics into the clinic and into the office or home. : foreword The clinical laboratory requires high standards of reliability; diagnostics ... | Molecular diagnosis | 0.839866 |
1,272 | Molecular diagnostics is a collection of techniques used to analyze biological markers in the genome and proteome, and how their cells express their genes as proteins, applying molecular biology to medical testing. In medicine the technique is used to diagnose and monitor disease, detect risk, and decide which therapie... | Molecular diagnosis | 0.839866 |
1,273 | The age of the Sun cannot be measured directly; one way to estimate it is from the age of the oldest meteorites, and models of the evolution of the Solar System. The composition in the photosphere of the modern-day Sun, by mass, is 74.9% hydrogen and 23.8% helium. All heavier elements, called metals in astronomy, accou... | Standard Solar Model | 0.83986 |
1,274 | The standard solar model (SSM) is a mathematical treatment of the Sun as a spherical ball of gas (in varying states of ionisation, with the hydrogen in the deep interior being a completely ionised plasma). This model, technically the spherically symmetric quasi-static model of a star, has stellar structure described by... | Standard Solar Model | 0.83986 |
1,275 | The numerical solution of the differential equations of stellar structure requires equations of state for the pressure, opacity and energy generation rate, as described in stellar structure, which relate these variables to the density, temperature and composition. | Standard Solar Model | 0.83986 |
1,276 | The differential equations of stellar structure, such as the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium, are integrated numerically. The differential equations are approximated by difference equations. The star is imagined to be made up of spherically symmetric shells and the numerical integration carried out in finite steps ... | Standard Solar Model | 0.83986 |
1,277 | The SSM serves two purposes: it provides estimates for the helium abundance and mixing length parameter by forcing the stellar model to have the correct luminosity and radius at the Sun's age, it provides a way to evaluate more complex models with additional physics, such as rotation, magnetic fields and diffusion or i... | Standard Solar Model | 0.83986 |
1,278 | Since there are many nuclear species, a computerised reaction network is needed to keep track of how all the abundances vary together. According to the Vogt–Russell theorem, the mass and the composition structure throughout a star uniquely determine its radius, luminosity, and internal structure, as well as its subsequ... | Standard Solar Model | 0.83986 |
1,279 | For simplicity, the stellar structure equations are written without explicit time dependence, with the exception of the luminosity gradient equation: Here L is the luminosity, ε is the nuclear energy generation rate per unit mass and εν is the luminosity due to neutrino emission (see below for the other quantities). Th... | Standard Solar Model | 0.83986 |
1,280 | Nuclear reactions in the core of the Sun change its composition, by converting hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei by the proton–proton chain and (to a lesser extent in the Sun than in more massive stars) the CNO cycle. This increases the mean molecular weight in the core of the Sun, which should lead to a decrease in p... | Standard Solar Model | 0.83986 |
1,281 | pgEd is working with Sandra de Castro Buffington and Hollywood, Health & Society at the Norman Lear Center, University of Southern California (USC) Annenberg School for Communication, to advance awareness about personal genetics through television. They have also worked with the Broad Institute on outreach via fiction. | Personal Genetics Education Project | 0.839853 |
1,282 | pgEd hosts the annual GETed conference, a meeting that brings together experts from across the United States and beyond in education, research, health, entertainment, and policy to develop strategies for accelerating public awareness. Topics covered during these conferences have included reproductive technologies, huma... | Personal Genetics Education Project | 0.839853 |
1,283 | The Personal Genetics Education Project (pgEd) aims to engage and inform a worldwide audience about the benefits of knowing one's genome as well as the ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) and dimensions of personal genetics. pgEd was founded in 2006, is housed in the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School... | Personal Genetics Education Project | 0.839853 |
1,284 | pgEd's advisory board includes Sandra de Castro Buffington, Director, Hollywood Health and Society, George M. Church, Professor of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Juan Enriquez, Managing Director at Excel Venture Management, and Marc Hodosh, Co-Creator of TEDMED. | Personal Genetics Education Project | 0.839853 |
1,285 | pgEd develops tools for teachers and general audiences that examine the potential benefits and risks of personalized genome analysis. These include freely accessible, interactive lesson plans that tackle issues such as genetic testing of minors, reproductive genetics, complex human traits and genetics, and the history ... | Personal Genetics Education Project | 0.839853 |
1,286 | In 2013, pgEd created a mobile educational quiz called Map-Ed. Map-Ed invites players to work their way through five questions that address key concepts in genetics and then pin themselves on a world map. Within weeks of its launch, Map-Ed gained over 1,000 pins around the world, spanning across all 7 continents. Trans... | Personal Genetics Education Project | 0.839853 |
1,287 | In physics, circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular arc. It can be uniform, with a constant rate of rotation and constant tangential speed, or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation. The rotation around a fixed axis of a three-dimensional body in... | Circular motion | 0.839847 |
1,288 | The advent of inexpensive microarray experiments created several specific bioinformatics challenges: the multiple levels of replication in experimental design (Experimental design); the number of platforms and independent groups and data format (Standardization); the statistical treatment of the data (Data analysis); m... | DNA microarray experiment | 0.839844 |
1,289 | The puzzle cannot be solved: it is impossible to change the string MI into MU by repeatedly applying the given rules. In other words, MU is not a theorem of the MIU formal system. To prove this, one must step "outside" the formal system itself. In order to prove assertions like this, it is often beneficial to look for ... | MU puzzle | 0.839839 |
1,290 | In her textbook, Discrete Mathematics with Applications, Susanna S. Epp uses the MU puzzle to introduce the concept of recursive definitions, and begins the relevant chapter with a quote from GEB. | MU puzzle | 0.839839 |
1,291 | The MU puzzle is a puzzle stated by Douglas Hofstadter and found in Gödel, Escher, Bach involving a simple formal system called "MIU". Hofstadter's motivation is to contrast reasoning within a formal system (i.e., deriving theorems) against reasoning about the formal system itself. MIU is an example of a Post canonical... | MU puzzle | 0.839839 |
1,292 | On this level, the MU puzzle can be seen to be impossible. The inability of the MIU system to express or deduce facts about itself, such as the inability to derive MU, is a consequence of its simplicity. However, more complex formal systems, such as systems of mathematical logic, may possess this ability. This is the k... | MU puzzle | 0.839839 |
1,293 | Under what conditions do smooth solutions exist for the Navier–Stokes equations, which are the equations that describe the flow of a viscous fluid? This problem, for an incompressible fluid in three dimensions, is also one of the Millennium Prize Problems in mathematics. Turbulent flow: Is it possible to make a theoret... | Open problems in physics | 0.839823 |
1,294 | What is the relation between BQP and NP? Can quantum algorithms go beyond BQP? Post-quantum cryptography: can we prove that prove that some cryptographic protocols are safe againts quantum computers? Quantum capacity: The capacity of a quantum channel is in general not known. | Open problems in physics | 0.839823 |
1,295 | Temperature: can quantum computing be performed at non-cryogenic temperatures? Can we build room temperature quantum computers? Complexity classes problems: what is the relation of BQP and BPP? | Open problems in physics | 0.839823 |
1,296 | Threshold theorem: Can we go beyond the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era? can quantum computers reach fault tolerance? Is it possible to have enough qubit scalability to implement quantum error correction? | Open problems in physics | 0.839823 |
1,297 | It is unknown whether this is due to unknown physics (such as sterile neutrinos), experimental error in the measurements, or errors in the theoretical flux calculations. Strong CP problem and axions: Why is the strong nuclear interaction invariant to parity and charge conjugation? Is Peccei–Quinn theory the solution to... | Open problems in physics | 0.839823 |
1,298 | Is there a theory that can explain the masses of particular quarks and leptons in particular generations from first principles (a theory of Yukawa couplings)? Neutrino mass: What is the mass of neutrinos, whether they follow Dirac or Majorana statistics? Is the mass hierarchy normal or inverted? | Open problems in physics | 0.839823 |
1,299 | Hierarchy problem: Why is gravity such a weak force? It becomes strong for particles only at the Planck scale, around 1019 GeV, much above the electroweak scale (100 GeV, the energy scale dominating physics at low energies). Why are these scales so different from each other? What prevents quantities at the electroweak ... | Open problems in physics | 0.839823 |
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